Palestine question – Final documents of NAM Summit – Letter from Zimbabwe (excerpts)

Letter dated 30 September 1986 from the Permanent Representative of

Zimbabwe to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General

I have the honor to forward a copy of the final documents adopted by the Eighth Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries held at Harare, Zimbabwe, from 1 to 6 September 1986, with the request that it may be circulated among Member States as an official document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 19, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 79, 81, 107 and 108, and of the Security Council.

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I.  POLITICAL DECLARATION

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I.  INTRODUCTION

1. The Eighth Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries was held in Harare, Zimbabwe, from 1 to 6 September 1986.

2. The Conference was preceded by a Conference of Foreign Ministers of Non-Aligned Countries from 28 to 29 August 1986.

3. The representatives of the following countries and organizations which are members of the Movement participated in the Eighth Conference: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine Liberation

Organization, Panama, Peru, Qatar, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, South West Africa People's Organization, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Viet Nam, Yemen Arab Republic, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

4. The representatives of the following countries and organizations, as well as national liberation movements, attended the Conference as Observers: Brazil, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Uruguay, Venezuela, African National Congress, Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization, Front de Liberation Nationale Kanak et Socialiste, League of Arab States, Organization of the Islamic Conference, Organization of African Unity, Pan Africanist Congress of Azania, Socialist Party of Puerto Rico, United Nations.

5. Guest delegations were present at the Conference from the following countries and organizations: Australia, Austria, Dominican Republic, Finland, Greece, Holy See, Mongolia, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Commonwealth secretariat, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Committee of the Red Cross, International Conference on the Question of Palestine, International Fund for Agricultural Development, Latin American Economic System, Preferential Trade Area, Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference, United Nations Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean, United Nations Commissioner for Namibia, United Nations Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, United Nations international Children's Emergency Fund, United Nations Council for Namibia, United Nations Development Program, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural organization, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid, United Nations Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, World Food Program and World Health Organization.

6. At the inaugural ceremony, the Conference heard a keynote address delivered by The Honorable Prime Minister of the Republic of Zimbabwe, Comrade R. G. Mugabe. It was decided by acclamation to include the text of the address as a document the Conference.*

7. The Conference paid tribute to the late Shrimati Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India and Chairperson of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, an indefatigable champion of non-alignment whose dynamism and vitality has left an indelible impression on the Movement.

8. The Conference also paid homage to the memory of the late Forbes Burnham, who, as President of Guyana, had made an outstanding contribution to the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries. The Conference also paid tribute to the late J. M. G. Adams, Prime Minister of Barbados, for the contribution he had made to the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries.

9. The Conference further paid homage to the late Le Duan, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Viet Nam, a memorable figure in the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries.

10. Aware of the significance and appropriateness of their meeting in southern Africa, at a critical juncture in the history of the subregion, and convinced that apartheid was not only a crime against humanity but also a threat to international peace and security, the Heads of State or Government stressed the urgent need to intensify the struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neocolonialism, apartheid, racism, zionism and all forms of destabilization, expansionism, foreign occupation, domination and hegemonism.

11. In this context, the Heads of State or Government pledged the full and active solidarity of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries with the oppressed peoples of South Africa and Namibia as well as the Governments and peoples of the front-line and other independent southern African States.

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* See appendix II.

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XVII. SITUATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST

153. The Heads of State or Government expressed concern over the deterioration of the situation in the Middle East as a result of the continued Zionist occupation of Palestine and the other Arab territories, and the Israeli policy and practices clearly manifested by Israel's expansionist acts of aggression in the region which pose a dangerous threat to international peace and security.

154. They reaffirmed the active solidarity of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries with the Arab countries which are victims of Israeli aggression and with the just struggle of the Palestinian people, under the leadership of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), its sole and legitimate representative, for the restoration of its usurped national rights and the recovery of the occupied territories.

155. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed their Governments' commitment to supporting the Arab front-line States and the PLO in the face of Israeli threats and Zionist aggression, as well as their struggle to liberate their territories.

156. They reaffirmed that the question of Palestine is at the heart of the Middle East crisis and the root cause of the Arab Israeli conflict, that partial solutions confined to some aspects of the conflict and excluding others can only lead to further complications and a deterioration of the situation in the Middle East, and that a just and comprehensive peace in the region can only be based on Israel's total and unconditional withdrawal from all the occupied Arab and Palestinian territories, including Jerusalem, and the restoration of all the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including their right to return to their homeland, the right to self-determination without foreign intervention and the right to establish their own independent and sovereign State on their national territory on the basis of United Nations General Assembly resolution 3236 (XXIX) of 22 November 1974, and its relevant resolutions.

157. The Heads of State or Government condemned any accord or treaty that violates or infringes the rights of the Arab nation and the Palestinian people as recognized by the Non-Aligned Movement, in accordance with international law, the Charter of the United Nations and relevant resolutions, thereby obstructing the liberation of Jerusalem and of the occupied Arab and Palestinian territories and preventing the Palestinian Arab people from exercising their inalienable rights. They condemned unilateral and partial solutions.

158. The Heads of State or Government strongly condemned the establishment of Israeli settlements in the occupied Arab and Palestinian territories, the judaization of Jerusalem and its proclamation as the capital of the Zionist State and reaffirmed that all measures carried out by Israel with a view to altering the political, cultural, religious, demographic and other features of the occupied Arab and Palestinian territories are illegal and null and void.

159. The Heads of State or Government requested the United Nations to take effective steps, including imposition of the sanctions stipulated in Chapter VII of the Charter, against Israel with a view to enforcing immediate and total withdrawal and ending the Israeli occupation of all the Palestinian territory as well as other Arab territories, including the city of Al Quds (Jerusalem) occupied since 1967 by Israel.

160. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed that Israel's decision taken on 14 December 1981 to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration on the Syrian Arab Golan Heights is null and void and is invalid.  It is also considered an act of aggression under the provisions of Article 39 of the Charter of the United Nations.

161. The Heads of State or Government condemned anew Israel's insistence on its continuing occupation of the Golan Heights and its non-implementation of the relevant United Nations resolutions, in flagrant violation of the provisions of the Hague Convention of 1907 and the 1949 Geneva Convention on the Protection of Civilians in Time of War.

162. The Heads of State or Government called upon the Security Council to take effective measures, including the imposition on Israel of sanctions provided for in Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, in order to achieve the immediate withdrawal of the Israeli, forces from the Syrian Arab territories. They reiterated their total support for, the struggle of the Syrian Arab Republic to liberate its occupied lands. The Heads of State or Government hailed the movement of revolt of the Syrian Arab inhabitants of the Golan Heights against Israeli occupation.

163. The Heads of State or Government condemned the "strategic alliance" between the United States of America and Israel and emphasized that such an alliance strengthened the aggressive role of the expansionist régime of Tel Aviv that seeks to destabilize the region, and encourages that régime to pursue and escalate its aggression, all of which constitutes a dangerous threat to international stability and to peace and security in the Middle East. They also condemned the policy of the United States of America aimed at developing military industries in Israel, including the military aircraft industry, and securing its participation in the so-called "Star Wars" program.

164. The Heads of State or Government endorsed the conclusions and agreements reached by the Seventh Summit Conference condemning all such policies, and in particular the United States policy that assists Israel to pursue its occupation of Palestinian and other Arab territories, including Jerusalem, and prevents the Palestinian people from exercising its inalienable rights. In this regard, Heads of State or Government observed that the United States continues to support Israel in many areas, particularly by establishing a free zone agreement for mutual co-optation within the framework of their "strategic alliance" which threatens the security of the region, and the world, and confirms the total bias of the United States in favor of Israel.

165. The Heads of State or Government strongly condemned Israel's exploitation of the natural resources and wealth of the occupied Palestinian and other Arab territories, in defiance of the Hague and Geneva Conventions and the principle of permanent sovereignty of States over their natural wealth, and called upon all States and international bodies to abstain from recognizing Israel's authority and to refrain from any co-operation with it.

166. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed their adherence to the resolution adopted at their Seventh Summit Conference held at New Delhi from 7 to 12 March 1983, urging non-aligned countries to work for a boycott of Israel in the diplomatic, economic, military and cultural fields and in the sphere of maritime and air transport, and called upon the Security Council to enforce the provisions of Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations in order to oblige Israel to put an end to its occupation of Arab and Palestinian territories and to enable the Palestinian people to recover their national rights, in conformity with the relevant resolutions of the United Nations and other international forums and the recommendations of the United Nations Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian people adopted by the General Assembly.

167. The Heads of State or Government stressed the urgent need to organize the International Peace Conference on the Middle East, in conformity with paragraph 6 of the Geneva Declaration and United Nations General Assembly resolution 38/58C of 13 December 1983, in order to achieve a just and comprehensive solution to the Middle East problem, based essentially on the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination and the right to establish an independent and sovereign Palestinian State in its national homeland, Palestine, in conformity with the United Nations General Assembly resolutions 3236 (XXIX) of 22 November 1974 and ES-7/2 of 29 June 1980. The Heads of State or Government emphasized that the participation in the conference of all parties directly concerned in the Arab-Israeli conflict, including the PLO and the Permanent Members of the United Nations Security Council, will be a sine qua non for the attainment of the objectives sought by the Conference.

168. The Heads of State or Government of non-aligned countries call on the United Nations Security Council to consider setting up a Preparatory Committee with the participation of the Council's permanent members to examine effective ways and means of holding the International Conference sponsored by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 38/58 C concerning the Middle East crisis, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and United Nations resolutions pertaining to the Arab-Israeli conflict.

169. The Heads of State or Government stressed the Security Council's responsibilities in providing an adequate institutional framework for guaranteeing compliance with agreements stemming from this Conference, and condemned the negative United States and Israeli attitudes towards it.

170. The Heads of State or Government expressed their full support for the establishment of a nuclear-free zone in the Middle East aimed at reducing tensions and increasing security in the region, in conformity with the relevant resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly, in particular resolution S-10/12. In view of this, they appealed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations to adopt concrete measures in order to establish favourable conditions for the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.

171. The Heads of State or Government strongly condemned Israel's barbaric armed aggression and terrorist attack on 1 October 1985 against the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Tunisia in flagrant violation of the Charter of the United Nations and international law. They expressed deep distress at the heavy loss of life among Tunisian and Palestinian civilians and the damage to property resulting from the attack on the premises of the PLO, designed to destroy the heroic Palestinian resistance. Recalling Security Council resolution 573 (1985), the Heads of State or Government urged that immediate measures be taken to compel Israel not to resort to such acts and to pay adequate compensation to Tunisia for the damage it had suffered. The Heads of State or Government affirmed their sympathy, solidarity and support for the Government of Tunisia in the face of this aggression.

172. The Heads of State or Government condemned the act of piracy by Israel on 4 February 1986 in intercepting and forcibly diverting a Libyan civilian aircraft in international airspace and its declared intention of persisting in committing such acts. The Heads of State or Government urged the international community to take urgent and effective measures to prevent Israel from repeating such terrorist and provocative acts which jeopardized the lives and safety of passengers and crew and violated provisions of international conventions safeguarding civil aviation. They viewed the United States of America's use of the right of veto at the Security Council to prevent the latter from condemning Israel as support for Israeli terrorism and piracy.

173. The Heads of State or Government stressed the urgent need to adopt appropriate measures to counter the threat posed to Africa's regional security by Israel, taking into account its it- close co-operation with the apartheid regime of South Africa in the military, economic and nuclear fields, and the contribution of these to the perpetuation of the illegal occupation of Namibia and the strengthening of the aggressive and repressive apparatus of the criminal apartheid regime against the peoples of South Africa and the neighbouring States. They urged the member States in particular to take all necessary measures to face the danger arising from the implementation of the joint economic plan of the two racist regimes to cancel out the effects of any measures designed to impose global and mandatory sanctions.

XVIII. ISRAELI AGGRESSION AGAINST IRAQI NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS

174. The Heads of State or Government condemned Israel for its armed aggression against Iraqi nuclear installations, which are subject to the safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), as a violation of the IAEA system of safeguards and the inalienable right of peoples to use atomic energy for peaceful purposes. The Heads of State or Government requested the Security Council to take effective measures to ensure the implementation by Israel of Security Council resolution 487 (1981). The Heads of State or Government observed that Israel has not committed itself as yet not to strike or threaten nuclear installations in Iraq or elsewhere, including installations subject to the safeguards of IAEA. The Heads of State or Government, therefore, requested IAEA to seek additional measures effectively to ensure that Israel undertakes not to strike or threaten peaceful nuclear installations in Iraq or elsewhere in contravention of the Charter of the United Nations and in violation of the IAEA safeguards system. The Heads of State or Government also stressed their rejection of the attempts made by some States to delete the item "The armed Israeli aggression on the peaceful Iraqi nuclear installations" from the agenda of the United Nations General Assembly, unless Israel complies with Security Council resolution 487(1981).

XIX. QUESTION OF PALESTINE

175. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed that the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries as a whole had undertaken to give its support to the Palestinian people in their just struggle for the liberation of their homeland and the recovery of their inalienable national rights.

176. The Heads of State or Government stressed that a comprehensive, just and durable solution to the situation in the Middle East cannot be achieved without the total and unconditional withdrawal of Israel from all Palestinian and other Arab territories it has occupied since 1967, including Jerusalem, and the regaining and exercise in Palestine of the legitimate and inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including the right to return to their homes, the right to self-determination without external interference and the right to national independence as well as the right to establish a sovereign independent State in Palestine, in conformity with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations and relevant resolutions.

177. The Heads of State or Government affirm that the persistence of Israeli occupation of the Palestinian Arab territories, including Jerusalem, will prevent the Palestinian people from achieving their political, social and economic development; impeding the improvement of their living conditions. They also condemn the United States-supported Israeli policy aiming at linking the economy of the occupied Palestinian territories to that of Israel, thereby impeding the Palestinian people in pursuing their struggle for liberation, independence and in asserting their Palestinian identity.

178. The Heads of States or Government reaffirmed their firm support for the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the sole and legitimate representative of the Palestinian people, and emphasized that the PLO alone has the full right to represent the Palestinian people. They affirmed the right of the PLO to participate on an independent and equal footing, in accordance with international law, in all endeavours, international conferences and activities whose objectives are to ensure respect for, and attainment of the exercise of the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people.

179. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the resolutions of the Palestinian National Council, including those of the seventeenth session, held in Amman from 22 to 29 November 1984, which reaffirmed its strict adherence to the inalienable national rights of the Palestinian people and the legitimacy of the struggle waged under the leadership of the PLO. They made an appeal for additional support for this struggle and towards the escalation and intensification of armed struggle against the forces of Zionist occupation.

180. They ^further reaffirmed their strict adherence to the principles of non-interference and non-intervention in the internal and external affairs of the Palestinian people and the right of the PLO to free and independent decision-making.

181. The Heads of States or Government condemned the United States and Israeli campaign to destroy the infrastructure of the PLO and to "eliminate" the Palestinian freedom-fighters. They equally condemned the armed aggression perpetrated by Israel and supported by the Government of the United States of America against the PLO and the host Arab States, as well as its insidious campaigns aimed at distorting the truth about the Palestinian people's liberation struggle and calling into question the policy pursued by the PLO.

182. The Conference considered that the attainment and exercise of the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, as defined in United Nations General Assembly resolutions 3236 (XXIX) and ES-7/2 of 22 November 1974 and 29 June 1980, respectively, and Israel's total, immediate and unconditional withdrawal from all the Palestinian and other Arab territories occupied since 1967, including Jerusalem, would contribute to the re-establishment of legality in international relations and the strengthening of the process of democratization, and to the establishment of peace and stability in the Middle East. To this effect, the Heads of State or Government reiterated their call for a speedy implementation of General Assembly resolution 38/58 C of 13 December 1983 and stressed anew the necessity for the early convening of the International Peace Conference on the Middle East, emphasizing the major responsibility shouldered by the Security Council in facilitating the convening of the Conference and providing the appropriate institutional arrangements to guarantee the implementation of the expected agreements of the Conference. The Heads of State or Government condemned the negative attitude of Israel and the United States towards the holding of that conference and expressed the hope that the United States would reconsider this negative attitude. They stressed the need to give full encouragement and support to the United Nations Secretary-General to enable him to continue his consultations and endeavours for the holding of the conference.

183• The Heads of State or Government expressed grave concern at the situation in the Palestinian refugee camps in the areas of armed conflict resulting from the Israeli invasion and occupation of Lebanese territories. They reiterated the need to provide guarantees to protect the safety of the Palestinian refugees and called upon the Secretary-General of the United Nations to provide guarantees for such protection in implementation of Security Council resolution 581 (1982), and in compliance with the responsibilities of the United Nations.

184. The Heads of State or Government condemned Israel for its denial of the inalienable right of the Palestinians to return to their homes and properties in Palestine and for preventing them from exercising this inalienable right.

185. The Heads of State or Government expressed concern over the fact that the Palestinians and other Arabs living in the Israeli-occupied territories lacked all forms of legal protection and were victims of repressive legislation, the "iron-fist" policy, arbitrary mass arrests, torture, displacement of persons, expulsion and the destruction of homes, in flagrant violation of their human rights and of the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention.

186.* The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed their rejection of all Israeli policies and practices aimed at altering the geographic features of the occupied Palestinian and other Arab territories, including Jerusalem, or altering the demographic structure therein, particularly Israel's plans to displace and transfer Palestinian refugee camps to new sites. They reiterated their demand to all nations not to recognize such alterations and to cease and sever any co-operation with Israel that might encourage it to pursue its policies and practices in violation of Security Council resolution 465 (1980).

187. The Heads of State or Government condemned Israeli policies aimed at bringing the influx of new Jewish immigrants to settle in occupied Palestine which takes place at the expense of the indigenous Arab population who suffer the yoke of Israeli occupation, explusion and the usurpation of their lands on the one hand, and at the expense of the Palestinians' right to return to their homes and property on the other. They further urged all States to refrain in this context from offering Israel or world Zionism facilities or encouragement under any form whatsoever as may enable it to persist in pursuing its colonization and expansionist policies.

188.* The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed their adherence to the resolutions adopted by the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries convened from 7 to 12 March 1983 at New Delhi on urgent action by the non-aligned countries for the boycott of Israel in the diplomatic, economic, military and cultural fields and the area of sea and air traffic and also urging the Security Council to apply the provisions of Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations against Israel. They further urged all States to refrain from any co-operation with the Zionist regime that might encourage it to continue pursuing its policy of State terrorism and the commission of terrorist and expansionist acts against neighbouring countries. 189* The Heads of State or Government strongly condemned the aggression committed against the holy places in the Palestinian and other occupied Arab territories. In this context, they expressed full support for the relevant resolutions adopted by the Organization of the Islamic Conference.

190. The Heads of State or Government expressed anew their support of the Arab Peace Plan adopted by the Twelfth Arab Summit Conference held at Fez from 6 to 12 September 1982, as reaffirmed by the Extraordinary Arab Summit Conference held in Casablanca from 7 to 9 August 1985. They further affirmed their support for the resolutions adopted in support of the Peace Plan by Arab and other international conferences.

191. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the efforts of the Committee of Eight Non-Aligned Countries on Palestine, established at the Seventh Summit in New Delhi, at the level of Heads of State, comprising Algeria, Bangladesh, Cuba, India, the Palestine Liberation Organization, Senegal, Yugoslavia and Zambia. They pointed out that this Committee has played an important role in the efforts to resolve the Palestinian issue, which is the core of the Middle East crisis. Therefore, they decided that the Committee should continue its work with a view to contributing to the convening of the International Peace Conference on the Middle East under the auspices of the United Nations, actively approaching the members of the United Nations Security Council and, in other appropriate ways, initiating and directing the efforts of non-aligned countries to resolve the Question of Palestine in a manner conducive to a comprehensive, lasting and just solution to the Middle East crisis. They also decided that Zimbabwe, as current Chairman of the Movement, become an additional member of the Committee and its Chairman.

*Reservation Zaire

XX. LEBANON

192. The Heads of State or Government expressed grave concern at the dangerous situation that continues to confront Lebanon. They reaffirmed previous resolutions adopted in this respect by the non-aligned countries, particularly those adopted by the Seventh Summit Conference. They demanded the full implementation of Security Council resolutions 425 and 426 (1978), 508 (1982) and 509 (1982) calling for the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of Israeli forces from all Lebanese territories and for the deployment of UNIFIL and the Lebanese army up to the internationally recognized boundaries of Lebanon. They also declared their solidarity with the Lebanese people and Government and reaffirmed their full support for Lebanon's safety, for its territorial integrity, and for its right to exercise sovereignty throughout its territories within its internationally recognized boundaries.

193. The Heads of State or Government condemned the Israeli aggression against Lebanon and the continued Israeli occupation of parts of South Lebanon, as well as the inhuman practices of the occupation forces in these territories in flagrant violation of the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 and they expressed their appreciation and full support for the National Lebanese Resistance aiming at the liberation of Southern Lebanon from the Israeli occupation. The Heads of State or Government urged the United Nations to ensure the protection of the civilian population, including the Palestinian refugees who live under Israeli occupation.

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