|
CSD-14/15
Air Pollution/Atmosphere |
Climate Change |
Energy for Sustainable Development | Industrial Development
Energy for Sustainable Development
Increasing access to
energy
for the poor
|
Country |
Initiative |
Summary Description |
|
European Commission |
EU Energy Initiative for Poverty Eradication
and Sustainable Development |
This initiative supports improving access to adequate
sustainable energy services for the poor through a menu of
institutional and technical alternatives; raising awareness
among decision makers on the important role energy can play in
poverty reduction; and mobilizing new resources from the private
sector and financial institutions. Activities are driven by the
needs and priorities of the participating developing countries. |
|
Kiribati |
Solar Energy for Outer Islands Project |
The overall objective of this project is to provide solar
lighting for rural households in order to improve the living
standards in the outer islands of Kiribati and reduce migration
to the capital South Tarawa. So far, the installation of 1710
solar home systems on 18 islands has been completed. The
feedback received from the users through a survey revealed quite
positive impacts from the project on environment, health, labor
and education. |
|
Norway |
Uganda's Rural Electrification Programme
|
With the support of Norway, the electrification programme was
launched in Uganda's rural areas, where only 3% of the
population has access to stable electricity supplies, and aims
to connect 400,000 households to the power grid over a 10-year
period. An objective is to revive commercial activity in the
area and thus have a positive social impact. Environmental
impact assessments are underway to ensure that all environmental
and socio-economic issues are managed according to international
standards. |
|
Uganda |
Uganda's Rural Electrification Programme
|
With the support of Norway, the electrification programme was
launched in Uganda's rural areas, where only 3% of the
population has access to stable electricity supplies, and aims
to connect 400,000 households to the power grid over a 10-year
period. An objective is to revive commercial activity in the
area and thus have a positive social impact. Environmental
impact assessments are underway to ensure that all environmental
and socio-economic issues are managed according to international
standards. |
|
United States of America |
|
Local Capacity Development for
Better Energy Governance – the Caucasus Environmental NGO
Network |
The project created six Energy Services Consumers Associations (ESCAs)
in Tbilisi to act as a liaison between consumers and energy
sector representatives. They take part in public education
processes, facilitate dispute resolution in the energy sector,
and advocate consumers’ rights at the grassroots level. The
ESCAs have attended to requests from 1,500 families, helped over
60 families apply for state subsidies, and successfully
advocated for the rehabilitation of street lighting in all
districts. |
|
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Renewable energy including hydro power
|
Country |
Initiative |
Summary Description |
|
Denmark |
Support Energy Sector Management
Assistance Programme
|
In 2004, the World Bank made a commitment to increase its
lending to renewable energy and energy efficiency with 20
percent annually over a five year period. Denmark has welcomed
this commitment and decided to support the World Bank in scaling
up lending for renewable energy through the Energy Sector
Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP), which is a key
instrument in promoting sustainable energy solutions to the
Bank’s clients. Denmark wishes to help improve the framework
conditions for renewable energy and ensure that renewable energy
is considered on equal terms with conventional energy systems
for the benefit of the energy poor and the global and local
environment. |
|
European Commission |
The Johannesburg Renewable Energy Coalition
|
Governments from 90 countries are working together to promote
renewable energy sources with concrete, ambitious and agreed
objectives. Members of this partnership are both developing
their own national renewable energy policies and supporting
regional and international political initiatives in this area.
Such actions are aimed at guiding investments and developing
global renewable energy markets. |
|
The Global Renewable Energy Fund of Funds |
The European Commission, as part of the Johannesburg Renewable
Energy Coalition, is sponsoring the development of an innovative
public-private financing mechanism to enhance access to
affordable risk capital by renewable energy business and project
developers. The Global Renewable Energy Fund of Funds should
help close the financing gap for developing renewable energy
markets and services worldwide. |
|
Kiribati |
Solar Energy for Outer Islands Project
|
The overall objective of this project is to provide solar
lighting for rural households in order to improve the living
standards in the outer islands of Kiribati and reduce migration
to the capital South Tarawa. So far, the installation of 1710
solar home systems on 18 islands has been completed. The
feedback received from the users through a survey revealed quite
positive impacts from the project on environment, health, labor
and education. |
| Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
Renewable Energy Technology in
Asia: A Regional Research and Dissemination programme (RETs in
Asia) |
Through this sub-regional
programme for 6 Asian States, Lao PDR has been able to
strengthen local capacity through training, technology transfer
and adaptive research. Awareness of energy technologies has
increased through demonstration of photovoltaic systems and
development of PV systems/accessories. |
| Mali |
Femmes et les Energies Nouvelles et
Renouvelables (FENR) |
L’objectif fondamental
du Projet est de contribuer à la stratégie nationale en qui
concerne la protection de l’environnement, la lutte contre la
désertification, la lutte contre la pauvreté et la valorisation
des ressources naturelles. Le projet vise aussi à appuyer
également la participation des femmes dans les programmes de
développement du secteur de l’énergie. Le Centre National de
l’Energie Solaire et des Energies Renouvelables (CNESOLER) a
assuré la réalisation du Projet en collaboration avec la DNAFLA
(actuelle éducation non formelle) les opérations de
développement dans les régions, les ONG et le secteur privé. Sur
le plan institutionnel, le projet a contribué au renforcement
des capacités du CNESOLER et des ressources humaines au niveau
national de 20 services techniques constituant le comité
technique du projet. Sur le plan de contribution au
développement et à la protection de l’environnement, le projet a
contribué parmi d’autres au renforcement des capacités des
ressources humaines pour le développement du monde rural à
travers les formations en langue nationale bamanan des groupes
cibles et les réparateurs locaux. |
|
Norway |
|
Norwegian Wind Power Policy |
This policy supports increased production of energy through wind
power as part of an integrated strategy for renewable energy,
energy saving and energy efficiency. |
|
Sweden |
Fossil Fuel Free Växjö |
One of the goals of the city of Växjö is to cut by half by 2010
the 1993 emission levels of greenhouse gases by increasing its
use of bioenergy and phasing out use of fossil fuel completely.
Findings have shown that total energy use in Växjö fell by 3%
since 1993, and the share of renewable energy has increased by
43.5%. |
|
Switzerland |
Swiss Energy |
Objectives of the programme are to reduce fossil energy
consumption, increase the use of renewable sources of energy
and cap the growth of electricity demand. The results show that
from 1990-2003, electricity production and heat production from
new renewables increased, and CO2 emissions from stationary
fossil fuel fell. |
|
Thailand |
Solar Home System |
This programme aims to provide sufficient and reliable
electricity supply through solar energy for 5,000 households in
remote areas. This successful programme has helped to improve
the quality of life for the people affected, particularly in
terms of providing access to news and other information. |
|
Turkey |
The Draft Law on the Utilization of
Renewable Energy Sources for the Purpose of Generating
Electricity |
The objectives of this draft law include: to increase the
renewable share in electricity generation, to support the
investors in the field of electricity generation using renewable
energy resources and to increase the private sector investments.
While the draft law has yet to be enacted, applications from the
private sector to the State Hydraulic Works and Energy Market
Regulating Authority (EMRA) to implement the renewable energy
projects has already surged in anticipation. |
|
Renewable Energy Project |
This project is intended to provide investment finance to
encourage private enterprises to develop small hydro power
plants, wind and geothermal energy resources. Two projects are
currently under consideration. |
|
The Draft Law on Geothermal Resources
and Spring Waters |
This draft law seeks to develop geothermal resources in a
sustainable manner and to increase the use of geothermal energy.
Although the draft law is yet to be enacted, the government
estimates that 500,000 residences could be heated by geothermal
power by 2010, representing heat use of about 3,500 MWth. |
|
Uganda |
The Uganda Photovoltaic Pilot Project
for Rural Electrification |
This Project is aimed at popularizing the use of photovoltaics
in rural areas where the hydropower grid has not reached. Some
of the capacity building achievements include: increased
awareness in rural areas among decision makers on environmental
issues of energy use and the importance of PV systems; capacity
building of the governments to promote, monitor and evaluate PV
projects and review policies; establishment of national level
solar based rural electrification policies; and the creation of
an NGO called Uganda Renewable Energy Association. |
|
United States of America |
Renewable Energy Resource Assessment for
Stimulating Investment in Sri Lanka and the Maldives |
In Sri Lanka and the Maldives, traditional energy sources such
as coal, natural gas, and oil are largely imported resources
that are expensive and create few in-country jobs during their
extraction and refinement. Wind and solar resource assessments
were conducted for Sri Lanka and the Maldives and incorporated
into Geographic Information Systems software. Wind and solar
maps show the quantity, distribution and availability of the
resources, and confirmed that both countries have ample
resources to provide a significant portion of their electrical
needs from renewable energy sources (over 24 GW of wind electric
production is possible in Sri Lanka). |
|
Solar Water Heating for Municipal
Infrastructure Delivery in South Africa |
Even though the majority of South Africa’s population uses
electricity to heat water, the widespread adoption of solar
water heaters is unlikely without a sustained effort to overcome
financing, awareness, and service infrastructure barriers. USAID
has helped build support within the eThekwini (Durban)
Municipality for solar water heaters by installing more than 200
units. Consumer acceptance of these appliances has been
positive, but many potential users are discouraged by the
first-cost barrier. This project seeks to improve government and
micro-finance institution ability to lend for solar water
heating systems. |
|
Solar PV for Public Buildings and Health
Clinics in Uganda |
The project collaborates with American and African church
leadership, NGOs, and governments to provide power and light to
public facilities, including health clinics, hospitals, schools,
and orphanages. The solar electrification effort in health
clinics and hospitals has a key role to play in combating
diseases, including HIV/AIDS, by providing the ability to
refrigerate vaccines and other medicines, as well as operate
medical equipment powered by solar energy. The provision of good
lighting further enables the medical staff to better treat
patients around the clock. |
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Energy
efficiency and demand-side management
|
Country |
Initiative |
Summary Description |
|
Australia |
International initiative for
aligned testing methods and performance requirements for compact
fluorescent lamps (CFLs) |
CFLs are now a highly significant globally traded commodity, and
the volume of production, the energy and environmental
implications and the volume of international trade make this
product type a high priority for concerted and coordinated
international action. This project will result in the
coordinated development of a uniform testing methodology for the
performance features of CFLs, suitable for national and
international standard bodies to measure CFL performance. |
|
China |
SEPA/UNDP/GEF-China Energy Efficient
Refrigerator Project |
This project aims mainly to promote the widespread
commercialization of energy-efficient refrigerators so as to
reduce the emission of the greenhouse gases that contribute to
the global climate change by removing technical, market,
commercial, information and other barriers to increased market
penetration of the technologies and products. The activities
developed for the project can be generally grouped into those
providing a “technology push” to increase the supply of energy
efficient refrigerators, and those providing “demand pull” to
raise retailer and consumer understanding of the benefits of
energy efficient refrigerators in China. Compared with the
conventional design of other GEF projects, the energy-efficient
refrigerator project focuses on the creation of an
energy-efficient refrigerator market, and has its unique traits
in the project design. |
|
Fiji |
Appliance Labelling Programme for
Refrigerators and Freezers in Fiji |
The Fiji Government, through the Department of Energy (DOE) and
in conjunction with SOPAC, began a Pilot Programme on Energy
Labelling of Refrigerators and Freezers in 1998. Among the main
objectives of the programme were to assess consumer responses to
energy efficiency labels with a view to deciding on a
comprehensive scheme that would encompass all retailers of
refrigerators and freezers in Fiji and could be extended to
other electrical appliance such as air-conditioners; and, to
evaluate the impact of energy labeling of refrigerators and
freezers with respect to potential energy savings. |
|
Hungary |
Public Sector Energy Efficiency Programme |
The project seeks to remove the barriers to a sustained market
of energy efficiency services and promote the implementation of
energy efficiency policies and programmes in municipalities,
hospitals and other public institutions. The development of the
Audit Fund which supported more than 130 municipal applications
of energy audits and feasibility studies of more than 700
municipal institutions is one of the successful outcomes of the
project. |
|
Japan |
Technological development programme for practical application of
a Photovoltaic system |
The main objective of this ongoing programme is, by 2010, to
reduce drastically the current level of electricity generating
cost (JPY49/kwh) from photovoltaics to the current level of
household electricity cost (JPY23/kwh) level. |
Top runner programme: Japan’s Approach to Energy Efficiency and
Conservation Measures
|
This ongoing programme intends to improve the energy efficiency
of vehicles and consumer equipment in the market. It is designed
as a main measure in transportation, business and the private
sector to implement the Achievement Programme of the Kyoto
Protocol. The plan is to reduce CO2 emissions by 50 million tons
by 2010. |
|
Field demonstration of biofuels at local area |
The main objectives of the initiative are to promote ethanol
direct brending (E3) in local areas; to reduce net emissions of
CO2; and to increase the self-sufficiency ratio in energy
supply. |
|
Republic of Korea |
Energy Efficiency Standards and
Labeling Programme |
The programme is a mandatory system for all manufacturers and
importers that involves indicating the energy efficiency grade
from the 1st to 5th grade on products that consume energy. The
programme is applied to household appliances, lighting equipment
and motor vehicles, and will continue to be expanded. By the
revised 1997 Rational Energy Utilization Act products that fail
to meet minimum efficiency standards or maximum energy use must
either be improved within 6 months or have their production or
sale prohibited. |
|
Certification of High Efficiency
Energy-using Appliances Programme |
This Programme certifies that products meet specified efficiency
standards. The list of certified products is broadly distributed
among public institutions, and the Public Procurement Service
revised awards bonus points to users of highly efficient energy
equipment. The Programme has also raised awareness among public
institutions, leading to its gradual expansion. |
|
e-Standby Programme |
This programme is directed toward energy-saving measures for
electronic appliances. An Energy-Saving Label is attached to
products that meet specified standards by switching to
energy-saving mode when not in use. The programme relies on
voluntary agreements between manufacturers and the government,
with a strong element of public awareness-raising. |
|
Standby Power 1W Programme |
The Standby Power 1W Programme is a long-term national
initiative to lower the standby power of electronic appliances
sold in Korea to below 1W until 2010 as a fundamental energy
saving measure. Standby Korea 2010, a roadmap for cutting
standby power, will be established by the end of 2005.
Twenty-two institutes, representing consumer groups, electronic
appliance manufacturers and policymakers, are participating in
the programme committee. The programme is expected to contribute
greatly to improve the competitiveness of Korean industry by the
development of energy saving technologies. |
|
Switzerland |
Swiss Energy |
Objectives of the programme are to reduce fossil energy
consumption, increase the use of renewable sources of energy
and cap the growth of electricity demand. The results show that
from 1990-2003, electricity production and heat production from
new renewables increased, and CO2 emissions from stationary
fossil fuel fell. |
|
Thailand |
Development of Transmission systems and power stations
|
This ongoing programme is intended to provide a reliable and
sufficient supply of energy, especially for medium and large
enterprises and to improve the efficiency and sustainability of
the power system. The programme, which continues until 2010, has
already had a positive effect on the electricity system and in
expanding electricity supply throughout the country, including
to rural areas. |
|
The development and improvement of the distribution and supply
system |
This programme aims to provide a sufficient and reliable energy
supply and to improve the operation of the electricity supply
and distribution system. Among the many positive results to
date, the programme has provided enough electricity to support
the growing number of businesses and industries, including
tourism, in some expanding cities and in new emerging economic
areas in the provinces. |
|
The construction of submerged cable lines to supply electricity
to Koh Samui |
One of the main objectives of this programme is to provide
sufficient and reliable electricity supply to Koh Samui, an
important tourist destination. A result of this programme has
been support to sustained tourism industries through provision
of adequate electricity. |
|
The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia |
Strategy for Energy Efficiency of the Former Yugoslav Republic
of Macedonia by 2020 |
The main objective of the strategy is to develop a framework for
accelerated adoption of the practices for energy efficiency in a
sustainable manner through implementation of series of
programmes and initiatives that focus on efficiency of the final
consumers. The plan for implementation, which is an integral
part of the Strategy, contains programme initiatives for
residential buildings; commercial buildings; buildings and
public institutions; industrial facilities; and, street
lightning. With the successful realization of these programmes,
the Strategy is expected to yield on average 16% savings of the
energy consumption. |
|
Uganda |
The Initiative in Promoting Energy
Efficiency |
The main objectives of this Initiative are to set efficiency
standards for the utilization of various types of energy
sources, monitor the efficient utilization of energy, provide
advice and technical guidance to energy users on improving
efficiency of utilization and on the minimization of
environmental pollution related to energy use. Some of the
Initiative’s achievements include: Seminars on energy
conservation and tariff impacts helped to educate consumers;
households have been sensitized on energy saving measures; a
number of successful energy audits have been carried out; and an
Energy Efficiency Directory and Guide were developed that helped
to promote efficient use of energy by firms and establishments.
Key lessons include the importance of addressing the financial
benefits of energy efficiency measures for energy users, and the
crucial need to have top management support for introducing
energy management strategies in large organizations. |
|
The Sustainable Energy Use in
Household and Industry (SEUHI) Project |
The main objective of this Project is to increase the efficiency
of biomass energy production and utilization, raise people’s
living standards through promotion of less indoor polluting
biomass technologies, and conservation of the environment.
Specifically, the Project aims to increase fuel efficiency and
increase the efficiency of wood cook-stoves and charcoal
production. Among key lessons learned are the following:
consideration of socio-cultural, gender and environmental
factors plays a key role in implementation of biomass energy
projects; bylaws and other forms of regulations that enforce
compliance should be put into place at institutional,
industrial, local and national levels; and the needs of the
beneficiary communities must be taken into account during the
formulation and implementation of the project. |
|
United States of America |
Efficient Use of Energy and Water in
Municipal Water Utilities in South Africa |
An innovative pressure management technology applied in the
water system supplying Sebokeng and Evaton, two previously
disadvantaged residential areas located in the Emfuleni Local
Municipality, South Africa. A BOTT (Build Operate Train and
Transfer) approach and shared-savings performance contract were
used in which the contractor will be paid from water savings to
provide a basket of services including financing of capital,
design, implementation, commissioning, operation and maintenance
over the contract period as well as training of municipal staff
in operations prior to handover of the installation. Water
savings from this project are expected to be at least 7 billion
liters per year (equivalent to about $3.5 million/year), which
will translate into energy savings of more than 14 million kWh
per year. |
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Fuel efficiency and cleaner fuel for
transportation
|
Country |
Initiative |
Summary Description |
|
Australia |
Improving the Quality of Australian
Transport Fuels |
This case study considers the approach taken by the Australian
Government to regulate the quality of fuel supplied in Australia
and to ensure that any fuel standards are applied equally to
both imports and domestically produced petroleum fuels and are
compatible with relevant international or internationally
accepted standards to ensure that competition and trade are not
impeded. |
| Canada |
Vehicles, Engines and Fuels Case Study |
Transportation is the largest source of air pollution in Canada.
Under the 10-year Federal Agenda for Cleaner Vehicles, Engines
and Fuels, two kinds of initiatives are undertaken: a) Emission
Initiatives through regulations under the Canadian Environmental
Protection Act and emission control programs to reduce
transportation emissions; and b) Clean Fuel Initiatives,
including a plan of action with several measures to protect the
health and environment of Canadians by improving the quality of
diesel fuel and, for example, by reducing the level of sulphur
by 2006 in on-road diesel fuel used by trucks and buses. |
| Slovakia |
Programme to
rationalize consumption of fuels and energy in transport |
This programme includes
27 policy measures to influence the effective consumption of
fuel and energy in the transport sector. |
| United
States of America |
Heavy-Duty Diesel Retrofit Demonstration
Project in Mexico City (Partnership for Clean Fuels and
Vehicles) |
Particulate emissions
can be reduced by as much as 90% in Mexico City buses if
vehicles and fuels are addressed simultaneously. The Mexico City
diesel retrofit demonstration project has successfully installed
two types of emission control devices on 20 city buses and was
designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of available emissions
control technologies and low-sulfur fuel on reducing emissions
from existing diesel buses now on the road in Mexico City
Numerous partners, including the Partnership for Clean Fuels and
Vehicles, are coordinating efforts to determine the best means
by which to reduce particulate emissions from existing diesel
vehicles. |
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Managing transportation demand (e.g.
improved city planning, promotion of public transit, intermodal
shifts)
|
Country |
Initiative |
Summary Description |
| Slovakia |
Principles of
Slovakia’s State transport policy |
The main objective of
this long-term policy (to 2015) is to develop a sustainable and
balanced transport system. |
| Switzerland |
Heavy vehicle fee (HVF) and Modal
shift freight from road to rail |
Both the heavy vehicle fee and the
policy of transferring traffic from road to rail have been
successfully used to improve road performance, promote public
transport and reduce vehicle emissions. |
| United Kingdom |
The Local
Transport Strategy |
The objective of the Strategy is to achieve
an efficient, equitable and safe transport system by reducing
traffic on the roads and supporting air quality targets. The
Initiative’s main achievements include promoting healthy
lifestyles and a greater understanding and awareness of the
impacts of transport, environmental innovation and an integrated
policy framework. |
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Capacity-building in energy policy
formulation and management
|
Country |
Initiative |
Summary Description |
| Bahamas |
National
Energy Policy |
The aim of this programme, which
will begin in 2006, is to develop and implement the country’s
first National Energy Policy. A Drafting Committee was
established in the winter 2005 to further the process. |
| Mexico |
Climate Change Strategy for the
Energy Sector |
In February 2005 the Energy
Ministry created the Energy Sector Climate Change Committee as
the way to ensure coordination among its members for the
definition of the Sector’s policies and activities regarding
Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM).
The Energy Sector Climate Chanve Committee facilitates energy
policy formulation working with the Interministerial Commission
for Climate Change, an inter-ministerial body, headed by the
Environment Ministry (SEMARNAT). The main objectives of the
initiative include: formulation of Energy Sector policies and
position for the Interministerial Commission; development of a
portfolio of projects on mitigation and sinks for participation
in the CDM; and participation in the development of the National
Communications prepared for the UNFCCC, among others. |
| United Kingdom |
The Beacon
Council Sustainable Development Programme |
The Programme objectives are to
demonstrate policy innovation and best practices in sustainable
energy provision and highlight leadership skills to empower
communities. The Programme helped local authorities to learn
best practices in driving sustainable energy initiatives;
established partnerships brining together public health,
business, and education and energy suppliers; created an Energy
Efficiency Advice Centre that helps businesses and local
communities audit small and medium-sized local businesses; and
established a climate change strategy with regularly reviewed
actions, timescales and reporting mechanisms. |
| United States of America |
Local Capacity Development for Better Energy Governance – the
Caucasus Environmental NGO Network |
The project created six Energy
Services Consumers Associations (ESCAs) in Tbilisi to act as a
liaison between consumers and energy sector representatives.
They take part in public education processes, facilitate dispute
resolution in the energy sector, and advocate consumers’ rights
at the grassroots level. The ESCAs have attended to requests
from 1,500 families, helped over 60 families apply for state
subsidies, and successfully advocated for the rehabilitation of
street lighting in all districts. |
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Energy sector
reforms (e.g. Energy
laws, legal and regulatory initiatives)
|
Country |
Initiative |
Summary Description |
|
Australia |
Energy Market Reform |
The activities outlined in this case study encompass a broad
range of policy initiatives related to reform of the electricity
and gas markets. |
|
Ecuador |
Electricity Sector Reforms |
Ecuador initiated electricity sector reforms in the mid 1990s
with the adoption of new sector legislation and regulations, the
creation of regulatory and electricity wholesale market
institutions, and the break-up of the national monopolies. The
new electricity sector law and derived secondary regulations
included policies and mechanisms to make services more
accessible and affordable to the poor, as well as to make the
power sector more environmentally sound. An ongoing second stage
programme was started in 2002 for deepening sectoral electricity
reforms that extends the market-oriented reforms and addresses
explicity the most critical issues still pending in the sector.
Following the strategic lines for consolidation of the sector
reform, the scope of the programmes encompass: regulatory
framework, rural electrification, energy efficiency and
environment management. |
|
Mexico |
Large-scale Renewable Energy Development Project |
The general objective of the Project is to address and reduce
the barriers to development of grid-connected renewable energy
technologies and markets in Mexico. This will be achieved by
providing a range of technical assistance and detailed
system-based analysis to address current least-cost impediments
to renewable energy in Mexico’s electricity resource
procurement, and providing tariff incentive support for
renewable energy generation to stimulate organizational learning
and cost reduction. The project proposes a two-phase, single
project approach to address key policy and tariff issues
currently hindering renewable energy development, and creates a
trust fund to provide incentives to renewable energy electricity
generation for independent power producers. The first phase of
the project focuses on wind energy, and the second phase, on
other sources of renewable energy. |
| Turkey |
The
Draft Law on the Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources for the
Purpose of Generating Electricity |
The objectives of this draft law
include: to increase the renewable share in electricity
generation, to support the investors in the field of electricity
generation using renewable energy resources and to increase the
private sector investments. While the draft law has yet to be
enacted, applications from the private sector to the State
Hydraulic Works and Energy Market Regulating Authority (EMRA) to
implement the renewable energy projects has already surged in
anticipation. |
| Strategy
Paper for the Electricity Market Reform |
The Strategy Paper describes the
major steps to be undertaken to move toward a fully competitive
market, including privatization of distribution assets and
generation plants, transitional arrangements and other important
aspects of the market reform process. Considerable progress has
been achieved in restructuring of state owned enterprises in the
electricity sector. |
| Uganda |
Uganda’s
Implementation of Power Sector Reforms |
The main objectives of this
Initiative are to make the power sector financially viable,
increase its efficiency, and improve both its commercial
performance and the reliability and quality of electricity
supply. Key milestones that have been achieved include the
establishment of the Electricity Regulatory Authority, the
emplacement of a viable electricity market structure, and
increased private sector investment. Key lessons learned
include: reforms should be built on strong policy and legal
frameworks; areas with high commercial risks should be tackled
first; and public awareness is important. |
| United States of
America |
U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency’s Voluntary Methane Programs |
The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency’s methane programs are designed to overcome a wide range
of informational, technical, and institutional barriers to
reducing methane emissions, while creating profitable activities
for the coal, natural gas, petroleum, landfill, and agricultural
industries. These programs are designed to provide industry and
other stakeholders with technical assistance, facilitate
technology transfer, and address barriers to project
development. In 2003 alone, these programs – including the
Natural Gas STAR program, the Coalbed Methane Outreach Program,
the Landfill Methane Outreach Program, and the AgSTAR program –
reduced emissions by 11.5 million metric tons of carbon
equivalent (MMTCE), the equivalent of over 100 billion cubic
feet (bcf) of natural gas. Today there over 360 landfill gas to
energy projects, almost three times as many as 1994, generating
approximately 8 billion kWh hours of electricity per year. |
|
Phaseout of
Leaded Gasoline in Sub-Saharan Africa (Partnership for Clean
Fuels and Vehicles) |
The Partnership for Clean Fuels and
Vehicles has supported stakeholder groups in developing and
implementing action plans for lead phase-out in Sub-Saharan
Africa. These action plans include national-level workshops,
public outreach and awareness raising, and sharing information
on health impacts, vehicle impacts, and relevant technical and
financial issues. By the end of 2005, 48 of the 49 countries in
Sub-Saharan Africa will phase lead out of gasoline, affecting
733 million people. |
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Advanced energy
technologies
|
Country |
Initiative |
Summary Description |
|
China |
SEPA/UNDP/GEF-China Energy Efficient
Refrigerator Project |
This project aims mainly to promote the widespread
commercialization of energy-efficient refrigerators so as to
reduce the emission of the greenhouse gases that contribute to
the global climate change by removing technical, market,
commercial, information and other barriers to increased market
penetration of the technologies and products. The activities
developed for the project can be generally grouped into those
providing a “technology push” to increase the supply of energy
efficient refrigerators, and those providing “demand pull” to
raise retailer and consumer understanding of the benefits of
energy efficient refrigerators in China. Compared with the
conventional design of other GEF projects, the energy-efficient
refrigerator project focuses on the creation of an
energy-efficient refrigerator market, and has its unique traits
in the project design. |
|
Japan |
Development and diffusion of clean coal technology |
The main objectives of this ongoing programme are to stabilize
energy supply to help resolve global environmental issues by
promoting development and diffusion of clean coal technology at
home and abroad; to further apply cleaner and more efficient
coal technology in Asia; to decrease environmental impact by
reducing air pollutants such as NOx and Sox; and, to promote
energy savings by reducing inefficient use of coal in China. |
| United States of
America |
Methane to Markets: An
international public-private partnership to advance the recovery
and use of methane as a clean energy source |
The Methane to Markets Partnership
is a multilateral initiative uniting public and private
interests to advance the recovery and use of methane as a clean
energy source. Currently, 17 national governments and over 190
private sector and non-government organizations are working
collaboratively to advance project development in four major
methane emission source areas: landfills, underground coal
mines, animal waste management operations, and natural gas and
oil systems. This initiative brings together the technical and
market expertise, financing, and technology necessary for
project development and has the potential to deliver by 2015
annual reductions in methane emissions of up to 50 million
metric tons of carbon equivalents or recovery of 500 billion
cubic feet (Bcf) of natural gas. This would be equivalent to
removing 33 million cars from the roadways for one year or
providing the energy to heat approximately 7.2 million homes for
one year. |
|
U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency’s Voluntary Methane Programs |
The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency’s methane programs are designed to overcome a wide range
of informational, technical, and institutional barriers to
reducing methane emissions, while creating profitable activities
for the coal, natural gas, petroleum, landfill, and agricultural
industries. These programs are designed to provide industry and
other stakeholders with technical assistance, facilitate
technology transfer, and address barriers to project
development. In 2003 alone, these programs – including the
Natural Gas STAR program, the Coalbed Methane Outreach Program,
the Landfill Methane Outreach Program, and the AgSTAR program –
reduced emissions by 11.5 million metric tons of carbon
equivalent (MMTCE), the equivalent of over 100 billion cubic
feet (bcf) of natural gas. Today there over 360 landfill gas to
energy projects, almost three times as many as 1994, generating
approximately 8 billion kWh hours of electricity per year. |
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Energy and rural
development
|
Country |
Initiative |
Summary Description |
|
Australia |
Rural Electrification for Renewable
Energy |
Over the past two decades, Australian governments and business
have taken several initiatives to address impediments to the
introduction of new rural electrification technologies which
deliver economic, social and environmental benefits. The
activities outlined in this case study encompass a broad range
of policy initiatives aimed at this objective. |
|
Denmark |
Fuel Wood in Burkina Faso |
Denmark has for many years supported the energy sector in
Burkina Faso, mainly with conventional energy production and
supply. Groups of woodcutters have been trained in forest
management, fuel wood cutting and storing and in management,
including price negotiations. Half of the income from the fuel
wood is going to the collector of fuel wood himself. Forest
management and forest assistance is taking 40% and the remaining
10% is given to the village management fund. Several other
villages have expressed keen interest in being trained in fuel
wood management, as they have seen the direct benefits to the
participants. |
|
Nepal Energy Sector Assistance
Programme (ESAP) |
Denmark has since 1999 supported the Alternative Energy
Promotion Centre (AEPC) under the Ministry of Science and
Technology in Nepal. The support is focused on three main areas:
1) increased access to electricity produced from renewable
energy sources (hydro and solar) to the rural population; 2)
increased use of improved cooking stoves among the rural
population and 3) capacity development of the Centre itself.
Over the years more than 100,000 households have benefited from
the improved cooking stoves-resulting in improved health among
women and small children due to significantly less smoke in the
kitchens. More than 40,000 households have been equipped with
solar home systems by the private sector. While AEPC/ESAP
supports the installation through a subsidy system, the
industrial household pays the majority of the investment.
Similar benefits are experienced by 3000 households in
installation and financing of micro hydro schemes based on a
village approach. |
|
Japan |
Biomass Town |
The main objectives of this initiative include: launching within
500 local communities a system which utilizes more than 90% of
waste biomass in terms of carbon equivalent or more than 40% of
unused biomass in terms of carbon equivalent; promoting use of
biomass energy adequate to local characteristics fostering new
strategic industries; and stimulating the agriculture, forestry
and fishery sectors in the related rural communities. |
|
Kiribati |
Solar Energy for Outer Islands Project
|
The overall objective of this project is to provide solar
lighting for rural households in order to improve the living
standards in the outer islands of Kiribati and reduce migration
to the capital South Tarawa. So far, the installation of 1710
solar home systems on 18 islands has been completed. The
feedback received from the users through a survey revealed quite
positive impacts from the project on environment, health, labor
and education. |
|
Lithuania |
Energy
Efficiency/Housing pilot project |
One of the main objectives of this programme is to improve
efficiency of energy consumption in buildings, as provided for
in the Lithuanian Housing Strategy. As a result, approximately
450 associations of owners of multi-apartment buildings made use
of the opportunities provided by the project and renovated their
multi-apartment buildings. |
|
Mexico |
Mexican Rural Electrification Programme
|
The objective of this initiative is to electrify rural and
indigenous communities in the states of Guerrero, Oaxaca,
Chiapas and Veracruz using renewable energy powered energy
solutions associated with productive activities in the pilot
localities. A key aspect was the involvement of local
communities and identification of their needs. Four workshops
were organized to evaluate the status of rural electrification
in Mexico and to assess the potential of covering the entire
country. The result of these workshops, which involved more than
350 stakeholders, was a set of recommendations on which the
strategy was designed. The workshops also contributed to
capacity-building of technicians from several states in planning
and design of energy solutions in the rural areas. |
|
South Africa |
Basa Njengo Magogo method |
The BNM method is an attractive intervention to address air
pollution caused by domestic coal burning due to the relative
low cost associated with its implementation. The method has a
direct impact on the way in which coal combusts in the
lightening process, resulting in a significant reduction in
visible smoke and particulate matter. The method is based on the
principle of putting the coal first in the brazier, followed by
newspaper, and then wood on top. The BNM method was widely
accepted by the households from the early stage of its
introduction, and has had positive impact in reducing air
pollution. It resulted in coal savings and associated monetary
savings, as coal is burned more efficiently with the application
of the method. |
|
Suriname |
Energy Pilot Project Poketi |
This pilot project, which was completed in 1981, had the
objective of providing electricity in the remote community of
Poketi using hydro energy. The project was successful in
providing all houses in the community with access to electricity
with the construction of a small scale hydropower plant and
enhanced electricity capacity. However, the expansion of the
electricity distribution network and the installation of a
sawing machine for wood resulted in the break down of the power
plant. Lack of technical knowledge of the management unit that
took over the project was also a problem. |
| Thailand |
Development of Transmission systems
and power stations |
This ongoing programme is intended
to provide a reliable and sufficient supply of energy,
especially for medium and large enterprises and to improve the
efficiency and sustainability of the power system. The programme,
which continues until 2010, has already had a positive effect on
the electricity system and in expanding electricity supply
throughout the country, including to rural areas. |
| The expansion of electricity
services into rural villages in remote areas |
The programme is designed to provide
sufficient and reliable energy supply to every single household
in rural villages, particularly in remote areas, and to enhance
efficiency and sustainability of the power system. The programme,
which ends in 2006, has succeeded in supplying all areas
throughout the country, thereby enhancing the quality of life of
villagers and supporting other developments in provincial and
rural areas. |
| Solar Home System
|
This programme aims to provide
sufficient and reliable electricity supply through solar energy
for 5,000 households in remote areas. This successful programme
has helped to improve the quality of life for the people
affected, particularly in terms of providing access to news and
other information. |
|
Solar Home System |
This programme aims to provide
sufficient and reliable electricity supply through solar energy
for 5,000 households in remote areas. This successful programme
has helped to improve the quality of life for the people
affected, particularly in terms of providing access to news and
other information. |
|
The construction of submerged cable lines to supply electricity
to Koh Sichang and Koh Larn, Chonburi Province |
One of the main objectives of this programme is to provide
sufficient and reliable electricity supply to Koh Sichang and
Koh Larn, significant tourist destinations. A result of this
programme has been support to sustained tourism industries
through provision of adequate electricity. |
| Uganda |
The Energy
for Rural Transformation (ERT) Programme |
The main objective of this private
sector-led programme is to increase electricity access in rural
areas from 1% to 10% by 2012. The programme aims specifically to
improve the farmers’ incomes, reduce levels of poverty and
better peoples’ lives through the provision of energy for social
services. In the past 3 years, rural electricity increased to
about 4%, and other notable achievements include construction of
power lines (one of which will employ about 6,000 people), more
renewable energy projects and several rural electrification
schemes. |
| The
Uganda Photovoltaic Pilot Project for Rural Electrification |
This Project is aimed at
popularizing the use of photovoltaics in rural areas where the
hydropower grid has not reached. Some of the capacity building
achievements include: increased awareness in rural areas among
decision makers on environmental issues of energy use and the
importance of PV systems; capacity building of the governments
to promote, monitor and evaluate PV projects and review
policies; establishment of national level solar based rural
electrification policies; and the creation of an NGO called
Uganda Renewable Energy Association. |
| United States of America |
The Alliance for Mindanao
Off-Grid Renewable Energy. |
In the Philippines, USAID is developing off-grid renewable
energy systems in 170 remote rural communities in the Autonomous
Region in Muslim Mindanao. Through solar-powered battery
charging stations and individual batteries for households and
public facilities, residents are now saving 70% each month in
what they previously spent on kerosene for light. Residents now
have increased opportunities for productive activities. As of
June 2003, over 1,200 households were electrified with solar
battery charging stations, and 40 barangay associations and
Operations and Maintenance Fund mechanisms were established. |
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Consumer education and
awareness-raising
|
Country |
Initiative |
Summary Description |
| Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
Renewable Energy Technology in
Asia: A Regional Research and Dissemination programme (RETs in
Asia) |
Through this sub-regional
programme for 6 Asian States, Lao PDR has been able to
strengthen local capacity through training, technology transfer
and adaptive research. Awareness of energy technologies has
increased through demonstration of photovoltaic systems and
development of PV systems/accessories. |
| Republic of Korea |
Energy Saving Circuit Exhibition |
The Energy-Saving Circuit Exhibition has been held around the
major cities of Korea every year since 2000 to raise public
awareness of energy savings and to popularize high efficiency
equipment as an effort to respond to high oil prices and climate
change. The exhibition includes examples of real applications of
new and renewable energy in daily life, and demonstrations of
ways to save an average 10% of electricity per household. The
Korea Energy Management Corporation (KEMCO) experts provide
energy-saving advice and information to the audience. |
| United States of
America |
Phaseout of
Leaded Gasoline in Sub-Saharan Africa (Partnership for Clean
Fuels and Vehicles) |
The Partnership for Clean Fuels and
Vehicles has supported stakeholder groups in developing and
implementing action plans for lead phase-out in Sub-Saharan
Africa. These action plans include national-level workshops,
public outreach and awareness raising, and sharing information
on health impacts, vehicle impacts, and relevant technical and
financial issues. By the end of 2005, 48 of the 49 countries in
Sub-Saharan Africa will phase lead out of gasoline, affecting
733 million people. |
|
Indonesian Lead Information Center (Partnership for Clean Fuels
and Vehicles) |
EPA, USAID, and other partners have
supported blood lead level testing efforts in two cities in
Indonesia; data from these tests indicates that a significant
number of children tested have blood lead levels higher than the
World Health Organization standards. EPA has helped the Joint
Committee for Leaded Gasoline Phase Out (an Indonesian NGO) open
a Lead Information Center that can collect and disseminate
information on lead contamination as well as specific
information on lead issues in Indonesia. This initiative has
also provided Indonesian community activists with training on
developing effective public health awareness campaigns about
lead contamination, which should increase support for
nation-wide lead phase out in Indonesia. |
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Innovative financing
solutions and technology transfer (e.g. public-private partnerships,
pricing fiscal and financial incentives)
|
Country |
Initiative |
Summary Description |
|
Hungary |
Public Sector Energy Efficiency Programme
|
The project seeks to remove the barriers to a sustained market
of energy efficiency services and promote the implementation of
energy efficiency policies and programmes in municipalities,
hospitals and other public institutions. The development of the
Audit Fund which supported more than 130 municipal applications
of energy audits and feasibility studies of more than 700
municipal institutions is one of the successful outcomes of the
project. |
| Turkey |
Renewable Energy Project |
This project is intended to provide
investment finance to encourage private enterprises to develop
small hydro power plants, wind and geothermal energy resources.
Two projects are currently under consideration. |
| United States of
America |
Clean Energy
Financing in Central America |
In Latin America and the Caribbean,
a key barrier to affordable financing for project developers and
small businesses has been high collateral and project equity
requirements for bank loans. To address these barriers, the
recently established Central American Renewable Energy and
Cleaner Production (CAREC) Facility will provide innovative,
“mezzanine” financing for renewable energy, energy efficiency
and clean production projects in seven countries (Belize, Costa
Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama).
Mezzanine financing serves as a bridge to help entrepreneurs
access bank loans by, for example, offering unsecured loans or
additional project equity. The fund’s ~US$20 million capital
will be used to co-finance energy projects with local banks, and
is expected to leverage over $65m in private investment for
clean energy projects. CAREC is supported by a portable, partial
credit guarantee from USAID and builds off a 5-year technical
assistance program, implemented by E+Co (a U.S.-based NGO) to
provide training and capacity building for clean energy project
developers and local banks.
|
|
Microcredit for Farmers to Install Biogas Plants in Nepal |
In order to make biogas more
readily accessible, this program worked with the Nepal Rastra
Bank (Central Bank) to increase the limit for microcredit per
household from $435 to $725. In addition, the program works to
ensure that biogas investments are eligible for microcredit at
affordable interest rates and to facilitate loans through rural
based microcredit lenders. Over 600 biogas plants have been
constructed using microcredit, benefiting 3,000 people,
mitigating 2,700 tons of carbon dioxide. Microfinance
institutions have reported a near 100% repayment rate on loans. |
| Solar Water
Heating for Municipal Infrastructure Delivery in South Africa |
Even though the majority of South
Africa’s population uses electricity to heat water, the
widespread adoption of solar water heaters is unlikely without a
sustained effort to overcome financing, awareness, and service
infrastructure barriers. USAID has helped build support within
the eThekwini (Durban) Municipality for solar water heaters by
installing more than 200 units. Consumer acceptance of these
appliances has been positive, but many potential users are
discouraged by the first-cost barrier. This project seeks to
improve government and micro-finance institution ability to lend
for solar water heating systems. |
| DCA Facility
for Municipal Energy Efficiency In Bulgaria |
USAID worked with United Bulgarian
Bank (UBB) to develop a $10 million lending facility for
municipal energy efficiency projects. USAID’s Development Credit
Authority (DCA) provides partial guarantees to every loan issued
by this facility, thereby decreasing the risk of lending and
increasing the amount of money lent. The projects financed by
the facility will enable municipalities to lower energy costs,
improve the quality of services delivered, and reduce harmful
emissions. Two street lighting loans totaling $280,000 have
already been approved through this facility, and nine other
projects are being developed. One of the street lighting
projects will reduce electricity demand by 162 kW. |
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