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A Public Notice instructing Germans to protect themselves against Jews by boycotting Jewish businesses and Jewish professionals on 1 April 1933. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #14995. Courtesy of Hans Levi. Source Record ID: Co
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1 April 1933: a crowd of Germans gathered in front of a business owned by Jews with a window sign, “Do not Buy from Jews.” - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #78589. Courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, College
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This notice states, “This beautiful city Hersbruck, on this gorgeous spot on the Earth was created only for Germans, and not for Jews. Jews are therefore not welcome here.” - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #74592. Courtesy of John
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- Oral history conducted by Beth B. Cohen, Providence, R.I., 7 April 1994. Courtesy of Beth B. Cohen.
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Designated space for Jews appeared in public parks. Note the “J” on the bench. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #62547. Courtesy of Ralph Harpuder. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
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The Carlebachschule was opened for Jewish students in Leipzig in 1935 when they were no longer permitted to attend public school in Germany. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #26711. Courtesy of William Blye. Copyright of United St
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A slide from a Nazi propaganda lecture entitled, “Race Defilement,” showing so-called “mixed” Jewish and non-Jewish couples, that warned: “Women and Girls, the Jews are your ruin!” - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #49776. Courtes
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Studio portrait of Theresia Reinhardt (b. 1921), a Sinti woman and dancer at the Würzburg State Opera in Germany, 1942. In 1942, Theresia was forcibly sterilized by the Nazis. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #33336. Courtesy of R
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Helene Gotthold with her children, Gisela and Gerd. Helene, a Jehovah’s Witness, was arrested for her anti-Nazi views and beheaded in the Ploetzensee prison, 8 December 1944. Her children survived. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archive
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Friedrich-Paul von Groszheim was arrested for being a gay man. He was humiliated and tortured by the Nazis. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives # ID5364. Courtesy of Friedrich-Paul von Groszheim, Copyright of United States Holocau
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Joseph Muscha Mueller was born in 1932 in Germany to Roma parents. In 1942 two strangers removed him from his classroom. He was forcibly sterilized and deported to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in 1944. Joseph was smuggled out and survived the remaind
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The daughter of a white German woman and a Black French soldier stands among white classmates, Munich, 1936. The image was used as part of a lecture on genetics, ethnology, and “race breeding” at the State Academy for Race and Health, Dresden, Germany.
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Ellen Markiewicz and her brother managed to leave Germany in 1939 on a Kindertransport, a rescue effort that brought thousands of children from Germany, Austria, and former Czechoslovakia to France, Netherlands, and from the United Kingdom between 1938 a
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Badges Jews were forced to wear in Romania, Netherlands, Belgium, France, and Germany. - France: gift of Gershia Luxenburg; Belgium: gift of Augusta Kaplan; the Netherlands: gift of Julia Schor. All from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Colle
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The Blobstein cousins (from left) Hershi, Chaya and Maylech (1928–2022) in Budapest, Hungary, 1944. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #99604. Courtesy of Michael Blain. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
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- RG Number: RG-50.030.0127, Oral History of Edward Lessing. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC..
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Wedding portrait of Rabbi Yitzchak Jedwab (1912–1971) and Lenny Kropveld (1922–2021). Both are wearing the Star of David that all Dutch Jews were forced by law to wear. Netherlands, 1942. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #81799. C
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Felix Nussbaum (1904–1944), Self-Portrait with Jewish Identity Card, circa 1943. - Courtesy of Felix-Nussbaum-Haus at Museumquartier Osnabrück, loan from the Niedersächsische Sparkassenstiftung.Foto: Museumquartier Osnabrück. Photographer: Christian Grov
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A Jewish-owned business in Berlin, Germany destroyed in the November Pogrom, 1938. 10 November 1938. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #86838. Courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, College Park. Copyright of Uni
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- Courtesy of Yale University Press.
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The Lodz ghetto symphony orchestra. Lodz ghetto, Poland, 1942. - Yad Vashem Photo Archives, Archival Signature # 4613_659, 1942. Courtesy of Moshe Shalvi. Copyright Yad Vashem.
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A portrait of students attending a clandestine school in Mielec ghetto, Poland, 1940. - Yad Vashem Photo Archives, Archival Signature 5187_3. Courtesy of Irena Eber. Copyright Yad Vashem.
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- The Diary of Dawid Sierakowiak: Five Notebooks from the Lodz Ghetto. 18 March 1942. Courtesy of Oxford University Press.
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Child in the Lodz ghetto, Poland, circa 1940–1944. - Photograph by Mendel Grossman (1913-1945) who died on a death march, 30 April 1945. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #24635, Courtesy of Moshe Zilbar, Source Record ID: Collectio
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A job was key to survival in the ghetto. A box-making workshop in the Glubokoye ghetto, Poland, where children were put to work, circa 1941–1942. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #08059. Courtesy of Karl Katz. Copyright United Sta
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Forced labour: Women pressing Nazi uniforms in the laundry of the Glubokoye ghetto, Belarus. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #08057. Courtesy of Karl Katz. Copyright United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and Beit Lohamei Haghet
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Down and feathers that once belonged to Jews are stockpiled in the Assumption Church of Our Lady Mary in Lodz, Poland, in preparation for shipment to Germany, circa 1940–1944. Photograph by Mendel Grossman (1913–1945) who died on a death march, 30 April
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Trains were key to facilitating the implementation of the Nazi plan for annihilation. Lodz ghetto deportation, Poland, April 1942. Photograph by Walter Genewein, the Nazi chief accountant in the Lodz ghetto who was also an amateur photographer. - United
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Saying goodbye in the Lodz ghetto, Poland, before deportation, September 1942. Photograph by Mendel Grossman (1913–1945) who died on a death march, 30 April 1945. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #23698.Gift of Hana Greenbaum and
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Rounding up the children from the Lodz ghetto, Poland, for deportation to the Chelmno death camp, Poland, September 1942. None of the children survived. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #50334. Courtesy of Instytut Pamieci Narodow
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- RG Number: RG-50.030.0500, Oral History Interview with Paula S. Biren, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC.
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Deportation of Jews in Budapest, Hungary, by the Hungarian Arrow Cross Party, circa 1944. Photographer unknown. - Yad Vashem Photo Ar. Copyright Yad Vashem Photo Archives, Archival Signature FA58_72. Photographer unknown.
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Nine-year-old Anna Maria “Setella” Steinbach, a young Romani girl, stares out of a cattle car used for deportation from Westerbork transit camp, Netherlands, 1944. Three months later Setella was murdered in Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi Concentration an
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Roma and Serbian men rounded up for deportation to the Jasenovac concentration camp in former Yugoslavia, circa 1942–1943. Between 8,000 and 15,000 Roma were murdered at the camp. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives # #85799 Courtesy
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Deportation of Jews from the Lodz ghetto, Poland, September 1942. Photograph by Lodz ghetto survivor Henryk Ross. - Photograph by Lodz ghetto survivor Henryk Ross. Copyright Yad Vashem Photo Archives, Archival Signature 2631/27.
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Shoes left after a deportation from the Kovno ghetto, Lithuania, circa 1943. The photograph was taken by Kovno ghetto survivor, George Kadish. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #81082. Courtesy of George Kadish/Zvi Kadushin, photog
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Simon Jeruchim (b.1929) painted these watercolours while in hiding, France 1944. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #97018. Courtesy of Simon Jeruchim. Source Record ID: Collections: 2001.328.4. Copyright of United States Holocaust
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Group of girls in the town of Eisiskes, Lithuania before the Second World War. They were murdered by the Einsatzgruppen on 25–26 of September 1941. Out of 3,500 of Eisiskes’s Jews, only a few dozen survived the Holocaust. - United States Holocaust Memori
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- Flora Herzberger memoir, RG-02.162. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives, Washington DC.
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Jewish women and children from Subcarpathian Rus awaiting selection after arrival at Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi Concentration and Death Camp (1940–1945), May 1944. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #77255. Courtesy of Yad Vashe
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Jewish women from Subcarpathian Rus selected as slave labourers at Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi Concentration and Death Camp (1940–1945), May 1944. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #77368. Courtesy of Yad Vashem (Public Domain).
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Glasses belonging to victims murdered in Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi Concentration and Death Camp (1940–1945), October 1945. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives # 14877, courtesy of Philip Vock. Copyright Yad Vashem Photo Archives
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Teri Zinger and her son, Yehonatan, in Rozsnyo, former Czechoslovakia, 1936. They were gassed in Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi Concentration and Death Camp (1940–1945), 15 June 1944. - Copyright Yad Vashem Photo Archives, Archival Signature 10011/4., Co
