Reports and Publications

OSAA produces a number of publications within its mandate. These range from mandated Secretary-General’s reports to policy briefs on various issues affecting Africa. The reports provide the research needed for OSAA to carry out its advisory, advocacy, coordination and monitoring roles.

Remittances In West Africa: Challenges and Opportunities for Economic Development

Remittances represent a critical source of finance for many African economies, particularly in West Africa, where they account for a significant proportion of the sub-region's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at 7.6 per cent. In 2022, the sub-region received nearly $34 billion in remittances. In relative terms, these flows represent more than double the amount of Official Development Assistance (ODA) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) combined.

Despite the obstacles hindering the growth of remittances, the sub-region has witnessed the emergence of several initiatives centred around facilitating the mobilization of the African diaspora and strengthening the developmental impact of remittances through harnessing the potential of mobile money and digital payment systems.

The policy paper examines the role of remittances in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) sub-region of Africa and the opportunities and challenges associated with engaging the African diaspora. It advocates redefining remittances as domestic resources, highlighting their potential as a catalyst for long-term growth. By identifying the main obstacles hindering remittance flows and examining selected case studies from the sub-region, the paper highlights the emerging innovative approaches and best practices, providing insights for maximizing and leveraging remittances for sustainable development. Finally, it proposes policy levers to optimize remittances' impact on economic development and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

 

Available in full colour (English)

Indigenous Social Protection Schemes as Building Blocks for Extending Social Protection Coverage in Africa

Social protection is critical in reducing poverty, exclusion, and inequality while enhancing political stability and social cohesion. It is an essential policy tool to prevent and recover from economic crises, natural disasters, and conflicts. Formal social protection coverage remains low in African countries and underinvested in areas such as child benefits, maternity protection, employment injury protection, and disability benefits. However, the discourse about social protection extension in Africa has been mostly on formal social protection, with limited recognition of traditional, non-formal social protection schemes that are an essential part of everyday life for most of the African population.

Africa is not an empty space when it comes to social protection. Indigenous, grassroots social protection mechanisms founded on African traditional values and based on kinship or self-organized mutual aid have long acted as an important tool for welfare protection and social cohesion. This policy paper examines the unique role of traditional social protection in African countries, and presents examples of traditional, community-based social protection mechanisms from different parts of the continent. This paper aims to highlight the need for an integrated approach to social protection in Africa, one that recognizes the strengths of traditional mechanisms and incorporates them into the national social protection strategy. As African nations are faced with the compounding risks from poverty, food insecurity, climate change, and conflict and instability, this new, integrated social protection system can help support human capital development, increase access to decent work, and promote a sense of shared responsibility towards Africa’s long-term development and prosperity.

 

Available in full colour (English)

STEM Education in Africa: Paving the Way for Innovation and Growth

This factsheet on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education in Africa presents data and facts on how African Governments need to invest more in STEM. African Governments have recognized the critical role that STEM education can play in enhancing Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) as enablers for addressing many challenges that the continent faces, such as poverty and inequalities, diseases, climate change impact, food and nutrition security, and digitization, among others.

However, African countries fall behind in STEM education outputs compared to the rest of the world. This lack of investment has led African countries to have limited capacity and output of technical skills training that is crucial for technicians and other related professions needed to support STI-based economic activities.

The fact sheet advocates for greater investment in STEM education, which can pave the way for scaling up African human capital development with a strong focus on leveraging technology and science and accelerating innovation. It recommends that African governments should address inefficiencies in public spending in the Education sector and should allocate earmarked funds for STEM programmes. Other recommendations to promote the investment in STEM education are presented in the fact sheet. 

Available in full colour (English)

Solving paradoxes of Africa's development: financing, energy and food systems

The report analyzes three paradoxes relating to financing, energy and food systems, that have hampered development in Africa and their impact as of 2022. African countries are rich in financial and natural resources, yet they suffer debt distress, lack energy access and face high levels of food insecurity. Based on this analysis, the present report provides an assessment of the role of domestic resource mobilization as a game changer, of energy and food systems as drivers and of country systems (under Sustainable Development Goal 16) as enablers of development. It also contains recommendations for undertaking the reforms needed to address the three paradoxes to unlock the continent’s potential to achieve sustainable development.

Available in full color (English, French) and in black and white (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish)

Africa's Fiscal Space, Fragility and Conflict: A Compendium of Papers Presented at the 2022 OSAA-ACBF Academic Conference

The United Nations Office of the Special Adviser on Africa (OSAA), in collaboration with the African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF), virtually convened an Academic Conference under the theme “Africa’s Fiscal Space, Fragility and Conflict” from 22 to 24 February 2022. The Conference is a new flagship product of OSAA and is linked to its advisory and advocacy functions.

Through the Conference, OSAA aims to establish a platform for academia to contribute towards shaping and influencing the narrative about Africa while providing the opportunity to discuss ways and means to expand fiscal space, advance sustainable development, avert deterioration of fragility, and prevent conflicts on the continent in the context of recovery and building forward better from the pandemic.

This compendium contains the research papers and proceedings of the OSAA-ACBF Academic Conference. The papers were selected by a committee of OSAA and ACBF members, who also chose the topics for the event and selected the panelists.

Available in full colour (Arabic, English, French and Portuguese)

Digital Health and COVID-19 in Africa: Unlocking the Potential of Digital Innovation to Improve Healthcare Delivery.

 

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted critical health services in Africa and undermined years of progress in fighting other diseases, such as HIV, Tuberculosis, and malar¬ia. In coping with these challenges, medical pro¬fessionals and facilities worldwide adopted tele¬health appointments to facilitate access to care and utilized big data and machine learning tools for COVID-related contact tracing and prevention.

The pandemic has provided an unprecedented opportunity for African countries to harness the potential of digitalization and technological inno¬vation to strengthen their public health systems with a forward-looking approach and improve the well-being of their citizens against future outbreaks. This policy brief highlights the important digital health tools implemented by African countries and provide recommendations on future priority policy actions by African governments and the UN system to catalyze digital innovation for public health.

Available in full colour (English)

Financing for Development in the Era of COVID-19: The Primacy of Domestic Resources Mobilization

 

While the pandemic has reshaped the financing for development landscape in Africa and exacerbated existing vulnerabilities, it also provides an opportunity for African countries to strengthen domestic resource mobilization to underpin sustainable development financing. Effective domestic resource mobilization is essential in order to obtain the financing required to effectively drive the continent’s economic growth and development in an inclusive and sustainable manner. Increased domestic resource mobilization would also be fundamental to Africa reclaiming its policy space over its development, channelling resources towards productive capacity development and structural transformation and industrialization. However, for domestic resource mobilization to play an effective role in the continent’s sustainable development agenda, fundamental changes in both policy and institutions will be required, including through improving efficiency in public expenditures, strengthening revenue collection, harnessing private savings and the private financial sector for development and stemming illicit financial flows.

Available in full colour (English, French) and black and white (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish)

Strengthening the developmental impact of remittances and diaspora finance in Africa

 

African countries have made efforts to mobilize the resources needed to support the developmental aspirations of African people, and remittances have become an important source of financing for Africa’s development -almost double the volume of FDI. However, they continue to be relatively untapped sources and are therefore unable to fulfill their potential in Africa’s development. Remittances to Africa rose from $67 billion in 2016 to $87 billion in 2019. In 2020, they decreased by 4% due to the COVID-19 pandemic and have recovered in 2021, to grow again by 9%, reaching $91 billion. Remittances have a strategic position in African countries, due to their nature and increased volumes during the last decades. They have proved to be countercyclical and more resilient compared to other sources of finance, especially during economic downturns and crises as was demonstrated during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The international community has recognized the importance of such sources and their potential to contribute to achieving the SDGs. In fact, SDG 10, on reducing inequality within and among countries, refers under goal 10.c to the need to reduce the transaction costs of migrant remittances to less than 3 per cent and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent, by 2030. Furthermore, Objective 20 of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration, commits to promote faster, safer and cheaper transfer of remittances and fostering financial inclusion of migrants. However, the cost of sending money to Africa continues to be high— reaching 7.7 per cent in 2021, the highest rate among the rest of the regions, while at the same time the development impact of remittances is not fully exploited.

The policy paper entitled “Strengthening the developmental impact of remittances and diaspora finance in Africa: what is the role of international cooperation?” examines the opportunities offered to further attract remittances and diaspora finance for Africa’s development, by highlighting the critical role of international cooperation in supporting African countries’ efforts in this endeavor and facilitating putting in place the necessary conditions to further attract remittances and diaspora finance and harness their transformative financing capabilities.

Available in English and French.

Tackling Illicit Financial Flows in Africa Arising from Taxation and Illegal Commercial Practices

 

Illicit financial flows pose a critical challenge to African countries, as IFFs deny countries the opportunity to generate the revenues required for them to meet their expenditure needs and to fund long-term development plans. UNCTAD has put the magnitude of IFFs in Africa at an average of $88.6 billion per year, which represents about 3.7% of the continent’s total Gross Domestic Product. Curbing IFFs can reduce the region’s financing gap by 33%. IFFs drain foreign exchange reserves, affect asset prices, distort competition, and undermine the capacity of countries to maintain economic and financial stability. Consequently, African countries are constrained in meeting commitments made under various regional and international frameworks, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Agenda 2063.

This report is focused on IFFs linked to aggressive tax planning and other illegal commercial practices in the context of Africa. Commercial practices constitute the largest source of IFFs from Africa (65%), followed by crime (30%) and corruption (5%). The report provides a broad overview of the scale and distribution of IFFs in Africa; discusses different forms of IFFs that arise from tax and illegal commercial practices; and reviews current initiatives for combating tax and commercial-related IFFs in Africa. The report provides the conclusion and policy recommendations for combating tax and commercial IFFs in Africa. 

Available in English.

Exploring the Role of Green Hydrogen in Africa’s Energy Mix

 

Some African countries are looking towards green hydrogen as a potential technology to reduce their reliance on fossil fuel imports and to meet their global climate-related commitments. Like many investment decisions, the question is whether it is worthwhile to dedicate part of Africa’s very limited resources to developing green hydrogen as a viable solution for Africa’s energy deficit. This technology primer on green hydrogen explores the maturity of the technology and looks at the costs, risks, and applications of the technology from an African perspective.

The paper highlights i) the need to create collaborative innovation platforms to strengthen research and the development of sustainable technologies that can be easily maintainable from Africa to continuously improve the competitiveness of the sector, ii) to build the hydrogen energy infrastructure to support H2 production and efficient storage, transport, and refueling facilities; iii) to communicate on the value of green hydrogen and promote its use in the productive sectors; and, iv) the need to establish or improve the legal frameworks for hydrogen to support the whole value chain.

Available in full colour (English, Portuguese)
 

Strengthening the Capacity of African Countries to Design and Implement Policies that Promote the Nexus ...

 

This baseline assessment study contributes towards promoting the synergies between the pillars of peace and security, humanitarian work, development and human rights in order to accelerate sustainable development across Africa. Notably, the pivotal role of governance for the practical outcomes of policy implementation and service delivery cannot be understated. It provides a baseline assessment of the degree of awareness and capacity of African countries in formulating and implementing coherent and integrated policies on the nexus. It provides extensive literature on the concept and underlying principles and definitions of the peace, security, development and humanitarian linkage or triple nexus tracing its evolution against the background of the escalation of violent conflicts and crises over time including the Grand Bargain and New Way of Working (NWoW).

Available in English, French and Portuguese.

STEM education and inequality in Africa

 

This policy brief aims to assess how inequalities in the education sector undermine Africa’s capacity to leverage the potential of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education for sustainable development. It assesses structural problems that limit the impact of education policies and analyses inequality from a triple perspective: income, geographic location (urban/rural divide) and gender. It highlights that for STEM education to become a more significant driver for Africa’s global economic competitiveness, African countries need to address the existing inequalities embedded in the education sector and that undermine the strengthening of the continent's human capital. It proposes recommendations on how to advance and strengthen the implementation of STEM education in Africa by addressing these inequalities. 
 

Available in Full Colour (English)

The Role of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in promoting Africa’s Development

 

This paper aims at providing an overview of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in Africa and it is the first of a series of three policy papers under the overall title of “the role of IPRs in promoting Africa’s development”. The paper outlines the basic concept of IPRs in selected areas such as health, agriculture and industrialization in which IP could potentially play an important role to promote sustainable development. It examines the importance of IPRs, which could be leveraged as a tool to facilitate Africa’s development through providing incentives to inventors and creators as well as facilitating disclosure of knowledge and the transfer of technology and know-how. IPRs are one of key elements of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), which is an important cross-cutting enabler for the implementation of United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and African Union (AU)’s Agenda 2063.

Available in English
 

From residual to worthy: enhancing the value of ODA for Africa’s development

 

Abstract: The excessive focus of Official Development Aid (ODA) targets on the amount of disbursed assistance, instead on of the real impact of the assistance provided, has prevented ODA from playing the role as enabler of financing for development that was aimed when the 0.7 target was first established. In turn, this has undermined the sustainability of development financing and prevented African countries from mobilizing sufficient funds to accelerate the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. In order to revert this trend, this brief proposes evaluating ODA by its impact on achieving sustainabil¬ity of financing and development efforts.

 

Available in full colour (English)

Financial Integrity for Sustainable Development - Implementation of FACTI Panel Recommendations in Africa

 

Illicit Financial Flows (IFFs) are a challenge of global dimension that need coordinated actions by the international community. Complementary measures at the national and regional levels in Africa will help reduce IFFs and promote progress toward the Sustainable Development Agenda, given the disproportionate cost of IFFs to Africa’s development. 

This policy paper looks into a set of recommendations by the High-Level Panel on International Financial Accountability, Transparency and Integrity for Achieving the 2030 Agenda (FACTI Panel) that are most pertinent to the African region. It discusses the progress made by African countries in recent years, as well as the key challenges and gaps in implementation. The recommended policy actions and institutional changes proposed in this paper should be considered within the global setting and will need to be complemented and strengthened by efforts from the international community. Read the report in English and French.
 

Available in full colour (English and French)

Factsheet: Ghana and the Credit Rating Agencies

This factsheet on Ghana and credit rating agencies looks at the downgrade of the country’s sovereign ratings and the impact on the economy and debt situation.

In February 2022 Moody’s downgraded Ghana’s rating, citing challenges related to liquidity, high risk of debt default and weak revenue generation, despite the country’s arguments emphasizing its strong economic fundamentals. Ghana expressed reservations about Moody’s rating assessment based on the agency’s technical inaccuracies and omissions of important information, thus reigniting the debate about the credibility of credit rating agencies while raising questions about the robustness of their methodologies and biased opinions, especially towards African countries.

Available in full colour (English)

More information on this topic is available in the panel discussion on Credit rating agencies, fiscal space and fragility in Africa and the policy paper on Eurobonds, debt sustainability in Africa and credit rating agencies.
 

Stronger States for Increased Stability: Digitalization of Public Service Delivery for Peace and Security in Africa

The weak presence of the State – including the delivery of public services – is a key contributing driver to instability and violent conflict in Africa. Indeed, a direct line can be drawn between deficiencies and chronic under-capacity in public service delivery on the continent and continued conflict and instability. While service delivery is not the only determinant of State legitimacy, it is a primary way by which many citizens directly encounter the State and shapes their overall perception of it. In this regard, service delivery can affect the risk of violence, in that it affects State legitimacy.

This Advocacy Brief was developed to supplement the United Nations Secretary-General’s biennial report on the review of the implementation of commitments made towards Africa’s development (A/75/950), section E “Promoting peaceful and inclusive societies by silencing the guns in Africa”, and the United Nations Secretary-General’s report on the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa (A/75/917-S/2021/562).

Available in full colour(Arabic, English, Spanish, French, Portugese, Russian and Chinese)

 

Eurobonds, Debt Sustainability in Africa and Credit Rating Agencies

This policy paper assesses the role of Credit Rating Agencies on the cost of borrowing on the international capital markets for African countries and the impact of downgrading on selected African countries that have issued Eurobonds. This has resulted in billions of dollars being lost to fiscal space and service delivery to those most in need. 

It analyses the shift in Africa’s debt structure towards an increased share of private financing and the associated risks and opportunities, with a particular focus on Eurobonds. The paper also examines the rising concerns about Africa’s debt sustainability, especially in relation to the upcoming Eurobonds wall of maturities and the risk of debt default.

It assesses the performance of the investment of debt proceeds in infrastructure development and the relationship between public expenditure, governance, and borrowing and underscores the responsibility of African Countries to change their reality by owning their narrative and changing the perception. In conclusion, it provides recommendations to maximize financing opportunities and sustain future access to international capital markets as African countries emerge from the COVID-19 pandemic and build forward better. Read the policy paper in English.

Available in full colour (English)

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) as an Enabler for Development and Peace

Strong evidence suggests that Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) can be important determinants of a country’s economic development and contribute to peace and security. The Office of the Special Adviser on Africa (OSAA), through its Africa Knowledge Network Working Group for STEM produced this policy paper to illustrate the role of STEM education in enabling development and peace in Africa.

The paper highlights that STEM education is critical for creatively developing solutions and innovations that Africa needs for sustainable development. It examines the current status of STEM in Africa and notes that although there has been progress in access and quality of STEM Education, with significant examples of good practices and impacts, visible outputs from scientific productivity and knowledge systems are still below acceptable levels. This underscores the need for a holistic and multidisciplinary approach to promote STEM education in order to record significant development in Africa. The policy paper also explores how existing frameworks and strategies in promoting science, technology, innovation (STI) and STEM education are being implemented at policy and grassroots levels to support the implementation of the African Union Agenda 2063 and the United Nations 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. Read the policy paper in English.

Available in full colour (English)

Policy Brief: The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)

Established in 2018 and operationalized in January 2021, the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) holds great potential for promoting Africa’s inclusive growth and sustainable development. The trade agreement creates a market of 1.3 billion people and a combined GDP of $3.4 trillion.  A year after the AfCFTA’s operationalization, this policy brief looks at progress, challenges and status of implementation. It also makes recommendations for Africa to fully benefit from the agreement.

Available in full colour (Arabic, English, French, Portugese, Russian, Spanish and Chinese)

Read about the authors, Gilberto António and Hussein El-Shaar

Study: Intensifying the fight against corruption and money laundering in Africa

Study: Intensifying the fight against corruption and money laundering in AfricaIllicit financial flows (IFFs) cost Africa around US$88.6 billion per year. They have hamstrung progress and created poverty, insecurity and financial challenges which today impede implementing the 2030 UN Agenda for Sustainable Development and the AU Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want. IFFs have also driven the African continent towards indebtedness, in addition to eroding funds that could be used for services such as education, health care and infrastructure. 

This study focuses on one form of IFF, namely corruption and the resultant money laundering. It describes and analyzes the symbiotic relationship between corruption and money laundering and how they mutually reinforce an IFF ecosystem inclined towards draining resources needed for development. It further proposes measures to enhance the effectiveness of the fight against corruption and money laundering. 

This study is produced by the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa (OSAA) within its mandate to support analytical work in improving coherence and coordination of the UN System support to Africa and to facilitate intergovernmental deliberations on Africa

Available in full colour (English)

Read about the author: Lyla Latif

Biennial report on the review of the implementation of commitments made towards Africa’s development

The fourth biennial report of the Secretary-General was prepared against the backdrop of the sixth year of implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the global call for action by the Secretary-General to accelerate implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals, as well as eight years of implementation of the African Union’s Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want through its first 10-year implementation plan (2014–2023). The report reviews the implementation of commitments made by Africa’s traditional, new and emerging development partners, as well as African countries themselves. Those commitments, which are anchored in the principles of mutual accountability and partnerships, arise, inter alia, from major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields. This publication is available in EN

 

Previous Reports 

2014  2018

Policy Brief: Africa and Food Security

This policy brief builds on a conversation on Food Security and Famine Prevention in Africa. The ideas in this policy brief have been informed by the authors' ongoing research and experience in their individual capacities and as a contribution to the Knowledge Network of the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa (OSAA), which was launched on 29 June 2021. The OSAA Knowledge Network creates a platform for the Office to engage with academics, experts and think tanks through a win-win partnership, and seeks to bring visibility to the work of the experts on the global arena. Products from the Knowledge Network, such as this policy brief, will be used to enhance the Office's advocacy on African priorities, as articulated in the African Union’s Agenda 2063 and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Available in full colour (English)

Read about the authors: Professor Logan CochraneProfessor Melisew Dejene LemmaDr. Nathanael OjongDr. Alex O. Awiti and Ms. Winnie Sambu

Secretary-General's Report on the New Partnership for Africa's Development

This report (A/75/918) is prepared in response to General Assembly resolution A/74/301 requesting the Secretary-General to submit on an annual basis a comprehensive and action-oriented report on the implementation of the resolution, based on the provision of inputs from Governments, organizations of the United Nations system and other stakeholders in the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD). The present report, which was prepared by the Offce of the Special Adviser on Africa (OSAA), reviews progress in the implementation of four key NEPAD’s priorities that are fundamental to the realization of the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development and the Africa Union Agenda 2063. These are: regional integration; infrastructure development; industrialization; and health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Available in full colour (English) and black and white (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish)

Report of the Secretary General on the Promotion of Durable Peace and Sustainable Development in Africa

This report is prepared by the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa (OSAA) in response to the General Assembly resolution 74/302 requesting the Secretary-General to monitor and report on an annual basis on persistent and emerging challenges to the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa. Other departments, offices, agencies, funds and programmes of the UN system contributed to the report through the Inter-Departmental Task Force on African Affairs (IDTFAA). In implementing this mandate, OSAA also engaged with a broad range of stakeholders, including Member States, nongovernmental and civil society organizations, the private sector, academia, women and youth groups. This report is available in: EN

Previous Reports 

2019   2018   2017   2015   2013    2012    2011    2010    2009    2008    2007    2004    2003    2002    2001    2000    1998

Policy Brief: Impact of COVID-19 in Africa

Image of the cover of the policy brief.The COVID-19 pandemic is having a dramatic effect on economies and various sections of society in Africa. Economies, livelihoods, health, social services and development have been negatively impacted by the pandemic. Vulnerable groups are among the worst affected, particularly informal workers, young people, women, persons with disabilities, refugees and migrants. Written in the early days of the pandemic, this policy brief takes a snapshot of immediate impacts of the pandemic on health, economies, peace, security, human rights and humanitarian assistance in Africa. It outlines response measures currently being taken by African and external stakeholders and provides recommendations to protect gains in the fight against the pandemic and maximise opportunities in the recovery for a more inclusive and sustainable future as countries emerge from this crisis.

Available in full colour (English)

Mapping Study of the Conflict Prevention Capabilities of African Regional Economic Communities

Image of the cover of the Mapping Report.This publication assesses the conflict prevention capabilities of the African Regional Economic Communities (RECs), with an aim to raise global awareness and mobilize international support for efforts being made the RECs in enhancing their institutional capacities to better assist their Member States in preventing conflict and sustaining peace. Specifically, the publication maps: (i) the geopolitical context that informs the work of the RECs on conflict prevention, (ii) the existing organizational structure of each REC, as well as their institutional mandates, policies, structures, tools, strategies and programmes, partnerships and resources for conflict prevention, (iii) their current challenges, gaps and capacity needs, covering both operational and structural dimensions, and (iv) entry points and opportunities for strengthening the institutional capacities of the RECs on conflict prevention. Seven of Africa’s eight RECs are covered in the publication, which was based on a study that utilized a combination of methods – namely: one-on-one in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, desk review of internal documents and an expert group meeting involving the representatives of the RECs and other experts from African regional organizations, civil society and development partners.

Available in full colour (English)