Thirty-two of the world’s landlocked developing countries face an array of challenges mainly associated with their lack of direct territorial access to the sea and remoteness from world markets. Their dependence on other countries for international trade and transit compounds other challenges that landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) face.

The Vienna Programme of Action is centred upon addressing the challenges faced by LLDCs and aims to contribute to the eradication of poverty stemming from their landlockedness through the implementation of specific actions related to the following priority areas:

• Priority 1: Fundamental transit policy issues
• Priority 2: Infrastructure development and maintenance

(a) Transport infrastructure

(b) Energy and information and communications technology infrastructure

• Priority 3: International trade and trade facilitation

(a) International trade

(b)Trade facilitation

• Priority 4: Regional integration and cooperation
• Priority 5: Structural economic transformation
• Priority 6: Means of implementation

2022 Report of the Secretary-General on implementation of Vienna Programme of Action for Landlocked Developing Countries for the Decade 2014-2024 (A/77/269)

Statistical Annex on Selected Indicators to Monitor the Vienna Programme of Action

Broad VPoA Indicators

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
• Economic Growth and Poverty
• Relative Economic Performance
• Human Development Index
• Employment Characteristics
• Women in National Parliaments
• Forest Area

Indicators for Priority 1 – Fundamental Transit Policy Issues

• Logistics Performance Index and Country Policy and Institutional Assessment Index
• Status of Ratification of Key International Conventions on Trade and Transport Facilitation
• Container Port Throughput for Transit Developing Countries

Indicators for Priority 2 – Infrastructure Development and Maintenance

• Passenger and freight volumes by mode of transport
• Rail lines
• Air Transport
• Total official international support to infrastructure
• Energy indicators
• Clean cooking
• Energy Intensity
• Renewable Energy
• Access to internet
• Mobile cellular subscriptions

Indicators for Priority 3 – International Trade and Trade Facilitation

• Merchandise exports
• Merchandise imports
• Participation in global trade (exports)
• Participation in global trade (imports)
• Trade as percentage of GDP (Exports)
• Trade as percentage of GDP (Imports)
• Time to clear export and imports through customs
• Structure of LLDCs exports (primary commodities)
• Structure of LLDCs exports (manufactured goods)

Indicators for Priority 4 – Regional Integration and Cooperation

• Participation in Regional Trade Agreements (RTA)
• Intra-regional exports

Indicators for Priority 5 – Structural Economic Transformation

• GDP Sector Contributions (Value Added Approach)
• Manufacturing value added per capita
• Competitive Industrial Performance Index
• Trade concentration
• Trade diversification
• Access to finance
• International tourist arrivals
• International tourism receipts
• Research and Development
• Trade in services
• Transport services exports

Indicators for Priority 6 – Means of Implementation

• Domestic resource mobilization- Gross domestic investment
• Domestic resource mobilization – Gross fixed capital formation
• Domestic resource mobilization – Gross domestic savings
• Domestic resource mobilization – Government revenue
• Official Development Assistance
• Aid for Trade, Disbursements
• Foreign Direct Investment
• Remittances
• External debt
• External debt
• Debt distress
• Population