COMPILATION OF INTERNATIONAL NORMS
AND STANDARDS RELATING TO DISABILITY
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. General Human Rights Instruments
1) International Treaties
Charter of the United Nations, Signed: 26 June 1945, entry into force:
24 October 1945
Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment, Adopted by G/A/RES 39/46 on 10 December 1984, entry into force: 26
June 1987
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women,
Adopted by G/A/RES 34/180 of 18 December 1979, entry into force: 3 September 1981, in
accordance with Article 27 (1)
Convention on the Rights of the Child, Adopted by G/A/RES 44/25 of 20
November 1989, entry into force: 2 September 1990, in accordance with Article 49
Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, Adopted in 28 July 1951
by the United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Status of Refugees and
Stateless Persons convened under G/A/RES 429 (V) of 14 December 1950, entry into force: 22
April 1954, in accordance with Article 43
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination, Adopted by G/A/RES 2106 (XX) of 21 December 1965, entry into
force: 4 January 1969, in accordance with Article 19
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Adopted by
G/A/RES 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966, entry into force: 23 March 1976, in accordance
with Article 49
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,
Adopted by G/A/RES 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966, entry into force: 3 January 1976, in
accordance with Article 27
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers
and Members of Their Families, Adopted by G/A/RES 45/158 of 18 December 1990 (not
in force)
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
Adopted by G/A/RES 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966, entry into force: 23 March 1976, in
accordance with Article 9
Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights, aiming at the abolition of the penalty, Adopted and proclaimed by G/A/RES
44/128 of 15 December 1989
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Adopted 23 May 1969, entry
into force: 27 January 1980
2) International Declarations, Resolutions and other relevant Norms
and Standards
Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers, Adopted by the 8th United
Nations Congress of the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Havana (Cuba),
27 August to 7 September 1990
Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners, Adopted and
proclaimed by G/A/RES 45/111 of 14 December 1990
Beijing Declaration, Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women,
held in Beijing 4-15 September 1995, United Nations, New York 1995
Body of Principles for the Protection of all Persons under Any Form of
Detention or Imprisonment, Adopted by G/A/RES 43/173 of 9 December 1988
Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, Adopted by G/A/RES
34/169 of 17 December 1979
The Copenhagen Declaration on and Programme of Action, Report of the World
Summit for Social Development, held in Copenhagen 6-12 March 1995, United
Nations, New York 1995
Declaration on Social Progress and Development, Proclaimed by G/A/RES
2542 (XXIV) of 11 December 1969
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, Adopted by
G/A/RES 48/104 of 20 December 1993
Declaration of the Rights of the Child, Proclaimed by G/A/RES 1386
(XIV) of 20 November 1959
Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed
Conflict, Proclaimed by G/A/RES 3318 (XXIX) of 14 December 1974
Declaration on the Right to Development, Adopted by G/A/RES 41/128 of
4 December 1986
Five-Year Review of the Implementation of the Vienna Declaration and Programme
of Action, Interim Report of the UNHCHR, Commission on Human Rights, 16 March
– 24 April 1998
General Comment No. 5: Persons with Disabilities, in: General Comments of the
UNHCHR, adopted on 9 December 1994
Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000, Adopted by G/A/RES
43/181 of 20 December 1988
Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements, Adopted at the United
Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), Istanbul (Turkey), 3-14 June 1996
Principles of Medical Ethics Relevant to the Role of Health Personnel,
Particularly Physicians, in the Protection of Prisoners and Detainees against Torture and
Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Adopted by G/A/RES
37/194 of 18 December 1982
Proclamation of Teheran, Proclaimed by the International Conference on
Human Rights at Teheran on 13 May 1968
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Adopted by G/A/RES 217A (III)
of 10 December 1948
Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition,
Adopted by the World Food Conference, Rome 1974
United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination, Proclaimed by G/A/RES 1904 (XVIII) of 20 November 1963
United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty,
Adopted by G/A/RES 45/113 of 14 December 1990
The Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements, Adopted at the United
Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat I), Vancouver (Canada), 31 May – 11
June 1976
Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Adopted at the World
Conference on Human Rights on 25 June 1993
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Adopted by the United
Nations in 1969
World Declaration on Nutrition, Adopted by the International
Conference on Nutrition, Rome (Italy), December 1992
II. Human Rights Instruments Specifically Related to Disability
Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons, Proclaimed by G/A/RES
3447 (XXX) of 9 December 1975
Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons, Proclaimed by
G/A/RES 2856 (XXVI) of 20 December 1971
Declaration on the Rights of Deaf-Blind Persons, Adopted by the Helen
Keller World Conference on Services to Deaf-Blind Youths and Adults on 16 September 1977
Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the
Improvement of Mental Health Care, Adopted by G/A/RES 46/119 of 17 December 1991
The Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities
for Persons with Disabilities, Adopted by G/A/RES 48/96 of 20 December 1993
Tallinn Guidelines for Action on Human Resources Development in the Field of
Disability, Adopted by G/A/RES 44/70 of 15 March 1990
World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons,
Adopted by G/A/RES 37/52 on 3 December 1982
Implementations of the World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons,
G/A/RES 37/53 on 3 December 1982, G/A/RES 40/31 on 29 November 1985 and G/A/RES 52/82 on 12 December 1997
III. International Labour Organization
Convention concerning the Simplification of the Inspection of Emigrants on
Board Ship, ILO Convention No. 21, Adopted by the General Conference, 29 December
1927
Convention concerning Migration for Employment (Revised 1949), ILO Convention
No. 97, Adopted by the General Conference, 1 July 1949
Convention concerning Minimum Standards of Social Security, ILO Convention No.
102, Adopted by the General Conference, 28 June 1952
Convention concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation,
ILO Convention No. 111, Adopted by the General Conference, 25 June 1958
Convention concerning Benefits in Case of Employment Injury, ILO Convention No.
121, Adopted by the General Conference, 17 June 1964
Convention concerning Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors’ Benefits, ILO
Convention No. 128, Adopted by the General Conference, 29 June 1967
Convention concerning Medical Care and Sickness Benefits, ILO Convention No.
130, Adopted by the General Conference, 25 June 1969
Convention concerning Vocational Guidance and Vocational Training in the
Development of Human Resources, ILO Convention No. 142, Adopted by the General
Conference, 4 June 1975
Convention concerning Migrations in Abusive Conditions and the Promotion of
Equality of Opportunity and Treatment of Migrant Workers, ILO Convention No. 143,
Adopted by the General Conference, 24 June 1975
Convention concerning Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled
Persons), ILO Convention No. 159, Adopted by the General Conference, 1 June 1983
Convention Concerning Employment Promotion and Protection against Unemployment,
ILO Convention No. 168, Adopted by the General Conference, 1 June 1988
Recommendation concerning the Recruitment, Placing and Conditions of Labour of
Migrants for Employment, ILO Recommendation No. 61, Adopted by the General
Conference, 28 June 1939
Recommendation concerning Vocational Rehabilitation of the Disabled, ILO
Recommendation No. 99, Adopted by the General Conference, 1 June 1955
Recommendation concerning Workers’ Housing, ILO Recommendation No. 115,
Adopted by the General Conference, 7 June 1961
Recommendation concerning Vocational Guidance and Vocational Training in the
Development of Human Resources, ILO Recommendation No. 150, Adopted by the
General Conference, 4 June 1975
Recommendation concerning Migrant Workers, ILO Recommendation No. 151, Adopted
by the General Conference, 24 June 1975
Recommendation concerning Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled
Persons), ILO Recommendation No. 168, Adopted by the General Conference, 1 June
1983
IV. World Health Organisation
Declaration of Alma-Ata, adopted by the International Conference on
Primary Health Care on 12 September 1978
V. United Nations Economic, Social and Cultural Organisation
Convention against Discrimination in Education, Adopted by the UNESCO
General Conference on 14 December 1960, entry into force: 22 May 1962
Sundberg Declaration, Adopted by the UNESCO World Conference on
Actions and Strategies for Education, Prevention and Integration, Malaga (Spain), 2 - 7
November 1981
The Salamanca Statement, Adopted by the UNESCO World Conference on
Special Needs Education: Access and Quality, Salamanca (Spain), 7 - 10 June 1994
Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, Adopted by
the UNESCO General Conference
World Declaration on Education for All: Meeting Basic Learning Needs,
Adopted by the UNESCO World Conference on Education for All on 9 March 1990
VI. Regional Instruments
1) Europe
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms,
Opened for Signature: 4 November 1950, entry into force: 3 September 1953, in accordance
with Article 66
European Convention on the Exercise of Children's Rights, Adopted by
the Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 25 January 1996
European Social Charter, Opened for Signature: 18 October 1961, entry
into force: 26 February 1965, in accordance with Article 35
Additional Protocol to the European Social Charter, Adopted by the
Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 5 May 1988
Additional Protocol to the European Social Charter providing for a
System of Collective Complaints, Adopted by the Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 9 November
1995
2) The Americans
American Convention on Human Rights, Opened for Signature: 22 November
1969, entry into force: 18 July 1978, in accordance with Article 74
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of
Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, Opened for Signature: 17 November 1988,
entry into force: not yet (1994), in accordance with Article 21
American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man, Adopted by the Ninth
International Conference of American States, Bogota, 1948
Americans with Disabilities Act, Adopted in 1990
Charter of the Organisation of American States, Opened for Signature:
30 April 1948, entry into force: 13 December 1951
Panama Commitment to Persons with Disabilities in the American Hemisphere,
Adopted by the OAS General Assembly Resolution AG/doc.3381/96 on 5 June 1996
3) Africa
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Opened for Signature: 26
June 1981, Entry into force: 21 October 1986, in accordance with Article 63
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, OAU Doc.
CAB/LEG/24.9/49 (1990)
Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugees Problems in Africa,
entered into force: 20 June 1974
The Addis Ababa Document on Refugees and Forced Population Displacements in
Africa, Adopted by the OAU/UNHCR Symposium on Refugees and Forced Population
Displacements in Africa, 8-10 September 1994 in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)
The Khartoum Declaration on Africa’s Refugees Crisis, Adopted by
the OAU 17th Extraordinary Session of the Commission of Fifteen on Refugees, Meeting in
Khartoum (Republic of Sudan), 22-24 September 1990
4) Asia
Disability Discrimination Ordinance, Published under section 2 (3) of
the Laws Ordinance 1990, Chapter 487; up to date as of 2 May 1997; Government of Hong Kong
(GB)
VII. Humanitarian Law Instruments
Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer
of Anti-Personnel Mines and their Destruction, Adopted by G/A/RES 52/38 of 8
January 1998
Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick
in Armed Forces in the Field, Adopted on 12 August 1949 by the Diplomatic
Conference for the Establishment of International Conventions for the Protection of
Victims of War, held in Geneva from 21 April to 12 August 1949, entry into force 21
October 1950
Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and
Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, Adopted on 12 August 1949 by the
Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of International Conventions for the
Protection of Victims of War, held in Geneva from 21 April to 12 August 1949, entry into
force 21 October 1950
Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War,
Adopted on 12 August 1949 by the Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of
International Conventions for the Protection of Victims in War, held in Geneva from 21
April to 12 August 1949, entry into force 21 October 1950
Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War,
Adopted on 12 August 1949 by the Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of
International Conventions for the Protection of Victims in War, held in Geneva from 21
April to 12 August 1949, entry into force 21 October 1950
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating
to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol 1),
Adopted on 8 June 1977 by the Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development
of International Humanitarian Law applicable in Armed Conflicts, entry into force: 7
December 1979, in accordance with Article 95
Protocol II Additional to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and
Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts,
Opened for Signature: 12 December 1977, entered into force: 7 December 1978
VIII. United Nations and Specialised Body Publications
Designing with Care - a guide to Adaptation of the Built Environment for
Disabled Persons, United Nations in co-operation with SIDA and UNCHS, New York
1983
Employment Prospects for Disabled People in Transition Countries,
International Labour Organization, Geneva 1996
Guidelines for Educational Assistance to Refugees - UNHCR Programme and
Technical Support Section, United Nations, Geneva 1995
Guidelines for the Establishment and Development of National Co-ordinating
Committees on Disability or Similar Bodies, United Nations Office, Vienna 1991
The Habitat Agenda, Adopted at the United Nations Conference on Human
Settlements (Habitat II) in Istanbul (Turkey), 3-14 June 1996
Human Rights and Disabled Persons. Study series 6 of the Centre for
Human Rights, United Nations, Geneva 1993
International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights. Human Rights Fact
Sheet No. 13, United Nations, Geneva 1992
Manual on the Equalization of Opportunities for Disabled Persons,
United Nations – Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, New York
1986
UNICEF Annual Report 1994
World Campaign for Human Rights, Study series 6, Human Rights and
Disabled Persons by Leonardo Despouy (Special Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission on
Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities), United Nations, New York 1993
IX. Books and Publications
Alston, Philip (editor): The United Nations and Human Rights - A Critical
Appraisal, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1992
Amerasinghe, C. F.: Local Remedies in International Law, Grotius
Publications, Cambridge 1990
Anon, N.D.: Human Rights Legislation, Policies, Disabilities –
Bibliographic list of references, Inter-American Children’s Institute
Bernhardt, R.: Human Rights and Judicial Review: The European Court of Human
Rights, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994
Brett, Rachel: The contribution of NGOs to the Monitoring and Protection of
Human Rights in Europe: An analysis of the role and access of NGOs to the
intern-governmental organisations, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993
Buergenthal, Thomas: Self-executing and Non-self-executing Treaties in National
and International Law, in: Recueil des Cours 1992, IV, No. 235, pp. 303-400
Cazar, Ramiro: Estudio de Normes Legales sobre Persones con Discapecidas,
National Council on Disabilities
Charlton, James I.: Nothing About Us Without Us: Disability, Oppression, and
Empowerment, University of California Press, Berkeley 1998
Chowdhury, Subrata R.: Rule of Law in a State of Emergency, Pinter
Publishers London 1989
Conforti, Benedetto: International Law and the Role of Domestic Legal Systems,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht 1993
Conforti, Benedetto and Francioni, Francesco (editors): Enforcing International
Human Rights in Domestic -Courts, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht 1997.
Craven, Matthew: The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights, Oxford University Press Inc., New York 1995
Danilenko, G. M.: Law-Making in the International Community, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Dordrecht 1993
Delmas-Marty D: The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht 1991
Degener, T. and Koster-Dreese, Y: Human Rights and Disabled Persons - Essays
and Relevant Human Rights Instruments, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht
1995
Despouys, Leandro: Human Rights and Disabled Persons, Centre for Human
Rights, New York/Geneva 1993
Eide, Asbjorn: Future Protection of Economic and Social Rights in Europe,
Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993
Fitzmaurice, Malgosia and Flinterman, Cees (editors): Interactions between
International and Municipal Law - A Comparative Case Law Study, T.M.C. Asser
Instituut, The Hague 1993
Frappola, Ana Maria Damini de: Strategies to Enhance Social Protection and
Reduce Vulnerability, Inter-American Children’s Institut, Montevideo 1998
Gargam, Judith Gail: Non-combatant Immunity as a Norm of International
Humanitarian Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht 1993
Gray, Christine: Judicial Remedies in International Law, Clarendon
Press, Oxford 1987
Gregorio, Carlos: Report on Social Policies on Persons with Disabilities in the
Americas, Inter-American Children’s Institute, Montevideo (Uruguay)
Hahn, Harlan: Theories and Values: Ethics and contrasting Perspectives on
Disability, University of Southern California
Hahn, Harlan: The Politics of Physical Differences: Disability and
Discrimination, in: Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 44, No. 1, 1988
Hamalengwa, M.: The International Law of Human Rights in Africa: Basic
Documents and Annotated Bibliography, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht 1988
Hammarberg, Thomas: The Rights of Disabled Children: The UN Convention on the
Rights of the Child
Inter-American Children’s Institute (OAS): Disabilities - Human Rights,
Legislation and Policies, Specialized Bibliography, Montevideo 1998
Jackson, J. H.: Status of Treaties in Domestic Legal Systems: A Policy Analysis,
in: American Journal of International Law No. 86 (1992), pp. 310-340
Nigerian Institute of International Affairs: Lagos. Human Rights in Africa,
in co-operation with Macmillin Nigeria Publishers
Mc Dougal, Myres S. / Lasswell, Harald / Chen, Lung-Chu: Human Rights and World
Public Order, Yale University Press, Yale 1980
Meron, Theodor: Convergence of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights
Law, in: Human Rights and Humanitarian Law - The Quest for Universality by Daniel
Warner, pp.97-105, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht 1997
Nahlik, Stanislaw E.: A Brief Outline of International Humanitarian Law,
extract from the International Review of the Red Cross, July - August 1984
Oraa, James: Human Rights in States of Emergency in International Law,
Clarendon Press, Oxford 1992 Paust, Jordan J.: International Law as Law of the United
States, Carolina Academic Press, Carolina 1996
Paust, Jordan J. / Bassiouni, M.Cherif etc.: International Criminal Law,
Carolina Academic Press, Carolina 1996
Pentikainen, M. and Scheinin, Martin: A comparative study of the monitoring
mechanisms and the important institutional frameworks for human rights protection within
the Council of Europe, the CSCE and the European Community, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 1993
Republic of Botswana: National Policy on Care for People with Disabilities,
1996
Stienstra, Deborah and Kellerman, Patrick W.J.: Disposable Bodies:
International Norms on Disability, Paper prepared for the International Studies
Association Meeting, Minneapolis, 17-21 March 1998
South African White Paper: Integrated National Disability Strategy,
White Paper Office of the Deputy President, 1997
Tardu, M. E: International Complaint Procedures for Violations of Human Rights,
in: Indian Journal of International Law, Vol. 28, April - June No. 2, pp. 171-187
Udagama, Nelum Deepika: Invocation of International Human Rights Norms in
National Courts: A Legal Framework for the British Commonwealth, Boalt Hall
School of Law, University of California, Berkeley 1989
Wilkins, Richard G. and Mumford, Marcus R.: The Impact of UN Conference
Declarations on International and Domestic Law, J. Reuben Clark School of Law,
Brigham Young University, Provo 1998
Wolfrum, Ruediger and Philipp, Christiane: United Nations: Law, Policies and
Practice, Volume 2, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht
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