The global risk landscape has become more complex and more dynamic.

Political risks moved to the center. The risk of large-scale war was seen as especially prominent and increasingly imminent – 36 per cent of respondents now expect it within one year.

Concerns about AI and frontier technologies, including the risk of power concentration, rose sharply.

Climate change inaction remains the single most important of all 28 risks, though environmental risks as a category slightly decreased in perceived importance.

Six years after the Covid-19 pandemic, attention has shifted. Perceived importance of biorisks and new pandemics fell more than any other risk measured.

Joint action between governments is still perceived as the most effective response to global risks.

Environmental risks dominated. Climate change inaction and large-scale pollution were rated the two most important of all 28 risks, and environmental concerns ranked highly across every region and stakeholder group.

Mis- and disinformation stood out as the single clearest global vulnerability — third most important overall, poorly prepared for, and identified by 84 per cent of respondents as already occurring, more than any other risk.

Eleven risks were perceived as both highly important and inadequately prepared for. These Global Vulnerabilities comprised an environmental cluster, a societal cluster and a technological cluster, alongside mis- and disinformation.

Joint action between governments was perceived as the most effective response to global risks, with weak governance and coordination mechanisms and a lack of political consensus seen as the principal barriers to it.