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In the previous issue we presented information on United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) work in the area of sustainable agriculture and food production. This time we feature more UNEP activities in sustainable consumption and production.

The articles in the latest issue of UNEP quarterly Industry and Environment present innovative approaches that respond to the growing recognition of the need for sustainable consumption.

A UNEP research project aims at improving understanding of consumption issues among youth and of evaluating their potential as actors in transition to more sustainable consumption patterns.

Experts from the advertising industry, business associations, international and non-governmental organisations and academia discussed opportunities for the advertising sector to help promote sustainable consumption.

Meeting of experts on sustainable consumption and cleaner production serves as a start for developing and implementing an activity plan for Africa.

Experts from Central and Eastern Europe and Newly Independent States discuss specific challenges that countries with economies in transition encounter in implementing cleaner technology policies and possible solutions within the context of sustainable development.

An OECD publication deals with design, delivery and assessment of waste prevention policy programmes.

National academies in Europe prepared a publication that looks at the current state and future prospects of sustainable consumption in Europe.

A report of the Swedish Waste Research Council describes attempts to build a theoretical framework of present product-service systems and provides an overview of their underlying principles.

One of the largest British supermarket chains, Iceland, plans to replace conventionally grown food at no extra cost to consumers.

Savings in heating and cooling costs are expected in manufactured houses built from energy efficient foam core panels.

The Electricity Label Generator is designed to show how electricity is produced in a particular area of the United States and how much pollution is created in the process.

The purpose of a publication of ETBPP, a United Kingdom government programme, is to help office workers reduce their impact on the environment, and their costs, by improving the use of office resources.

The International Cleaner Production Cooperative website is designed to help in finding and sharing information within the expanding network of cleaner production resources.

An on-line forum will explore the ways to discover new strategies for meeting consumption needs while reducing the overall level of consumption in industrialised societies.

The theme of the October-December 1999 issue of Industry and Environment, a quarterly publication of the UNEP Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (UNEP DTIE), is Changing Consumption Patterns. Articles, contributed by industry managers, government officials, researchers and other specialists, present innovative approaches that respond to growing recognition of the need for sustainable consumption. The overall message of the issue is that sustainable consumption is about consuming efficiently and helping to bring about an improved quality of life for people in all parts of the world.

Paul Hofseth, Special Adviser to the Ministry of Environment of Norway, analyses the role of government in promoting sustainable consumption, which is not limited to imposing taxes and regulations but includes informing and inspiring the society. Laura Buguñá and Claudia Müller-Hoff of the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) point out that local and regional authorities may provide an example to citizens, businesses and even national governments by implementing green purchasing policies. Luiz Ramalho of Carl Duisberg Gesellschaft emphasises the opportunities that sustainable consumption provides for developing countries. Sustainable consumption issues for the South are reviewed by Pradeep Mehta, Secretary-General of Consumer Unity and Trust Society (CUTS), India. Ralph Chipman of the UN Division for Sustainable Development presents the new version of the UN Guidelines for Consumer Protection adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1999.

The contents of the issue also include "Celebrating consumption" by Bruce Nordman, "The Dutch government’s approach to sustainable purchasing" by Jan Suurland and Wim Sprong, "Toward sustainable brands: a step-by-step guide to securing a share of the future" by Fiona Clancy and Rod Wright, information on the UNEP initiatives on advertising and sustainable consumption and youth and sustainable consumption and other articles.

For more information or to subscribe to Industry and Environment, contact UNEP DTIE, Production and Consumption Unit, Tour Mirabeau, 39-43 quai André Citroën, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France, tel.: +33-1-44-37-14-50, fax: +33-1-44-37-14-74, e-mail: unep.tie@unep.fr or visit the website http://www.uneptie.org/hp_division_office.html

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UNEP is carrying out a research project entitled Is the Future Yours? that aims at improving understanding of consumption issues among youth and of evaluating their potential as actors in transition to more sustainable consumption patterns. It is also seen as a beginning of a dialogue between UNEP and tomorrow’s decision-makers. The project therefore contains both research and awareness-raising components. Around 15,000 questionnaires and brochures were distributed to young people aged between 18 to 25 in 22 countries in June and July 2000.

The questionnaire surveys the attitudes of young people to sustainability issues, their behaviour as consumers and their expectations for the future, including their opinions on how they intend to shape it. The brochure is being distributed along with the questionnaire at various youth-related conferences and public events. It introduces the concept of more balanced consumption and gives youth some tips on how to translate this concept into day-to-day actions. It also shows the power of people as consumers to influence what happens in the market.

A report on youth and sustainable consumption will be prepared in fall 2000 based on the results of this project. It will address the following issues:

• Driving forces of youth consumption, in particular the influence of media and globalisation in shaping youth aspirations and values;
• Youth perception of sustainable consumption and their role in it;
• Experiences in approaching consumption issues in different cultural areas; and
• Recommendations for the future actions within the framework of the UNEP youth and sustainable consumption strategy.

UNEP works on this project in partnership with UNESCO, the UNEP Youth Advisory Council (YAC), Peace Child International (PCI), the Italian Environment Agency (ANPA), the Royal Ministry of the Environment in Norway, the Norwegian National Institute for Consumers Behaviour (SIFO), and Consumers International (CI). Companies such as UNILEVER and Ben & Jerry’s are giving in-kind support through counselling and logistics help in the distribution of the questionnaires.

For more information, contact Ms. Isabella Marras, Junior Professional Officer, UNEP DTIE, Tour Mirabeau 39-43, quai André Citroën, F - 75739 Paris Cedex 15, tel. +33-1-44-37-14-21, fax: +33-1-44-37-14-74, e-mail: isabella.marras@unep.fr or visit the website http://www.uneptie.org/sustain/home.html

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Over 50 experts from the advertising industry, business associations, international and non-governmental organisations and academia met in Paris on 22-23 June 2000 to discuss opportunities for the advertising sector to help promote sustainable consumption. The meeting was organised by UNEP DTIE within the framework of the UNEP Advertising Initiative. UNEP intends to launch a Communication Initiative next year. The purpose of the meeting was to reach a better understanding of the concept of sustainable consumption and to develop elements for a communication strategy.

The experts outlined some elements of a communication strategy:

• Applying a global approach, while respecting local values and cultures;
• Relaying positive signals and highlighting the relationship between people and nature, not moralising and preaching;
• Concentrating on simple and concrete messages to achieve the same or better quality of life with less environmental/social impact, starting with actions and issues relevant to local concerns; and
• Empowering the consumers by suggesting positive actions they could take to protect the environment and improve sustainability.

UNEP invited the advertising sector to develop a fruitful co-operation to promote more sustainable consumption among governments, business and consumers world-wide, following the recommendation of the Rio+5 Summit "to encourage business, the media, advertising and marketing sectors to help shape sustainable consumption patterns".

The next steps UNEP will undertake in this area include the preparation of a publication to present a collection of initiatives from the advertising sector, a green housekeeping manual for advertising agencies, a communication guide for governments and the organisation of expert meetings in Africa, Latin America and Australia.

For more information on the UNEP Advertising Initiative, contact: Mr. Bas de Leeuw, UNEP DTIE, Production and Consumption Unit, Tour Mirabeau, 39-43 quai André Citroën, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France, tel: + 33-1-44-37-30-39, fax: +33-1-44-37-14-74, e-mail: bas.leeuw@unep.fr or visit the website: http://www.uneptie.org/sustain/advertising.html

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Over 70 experts from 15 African countries, 4 international organisations and members from the academic community and the private sector gathered in Nairobi on 9-11 August 2000 to discuss sustainable consumption and cleaner production and to begin developing and implementing an activity plan for Africa. The event was organised jointly by UNEP, UNIDO, Carl Duisberg Gesellschaft (CDG) (Germany) and the Government of Norway, and financially supported by the Dutch Government (Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment). It served as a follow-up to the recommendations of the Eighth Session of the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN) held on 3-6 April 2000 in Abuja, Nigeria.

The event was aimed at raising awareness, identifying information and training needs and defining actions needed for an integrated approach for sustainable consumption and cleaner production strategies. A regional co-ordinating committee for institutionalising the initiative was established. The participants came to a conclusion that there is a need for enhancing information exchange and networking. In cleaner production development, training and skills development is a major issue. It was agreed that training ought to be based on actual needs and local experience, targeted to specific audiences and designed in a participatory manner. Cleaner production training should be mainstreamed into other business-related capacity building programs, and innovative schemes for raising financial resources for cleaner production promotion and implementation need to be developed.

The participants concluded that sustainable consumption is a very relevant strategy in the African context, especially for ensuring better access to basic needs for the poor. Security of food supplies was mentioned as one of the overall priorities for further work, along with the establishment of a forum to exchange experiences and to inspire further activities by African organisations and governments. UNEP was urged to continue to develop and share ideas on issues relating to sustainable consumption in Africa and to facilitate and enable the various stakeholders to take action.

For more information, contact Mr. Bas de Leeuw, UNEP DTIE, Production and Consumption Unit, Tour Mirabeau, 39-43 quai André Citroën, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France, tel: + 33-1-44-37-30-39, fax: +33-1-44-37-14-74, e-mail: bas.leeuw@unep.fr or Ms. Anne Solgaard, UNEP DTIE, Production and Consumption Unit, tel: + 33-1-44-37-14-66, fax: +33-1-44-37-14-74, e-mail: anne.solgaard@unep.fr or Bakary Kante, Officer-in-Charge, UNEP, Regional Office for Africa, P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya; tel.: +254-2-623845; fax: +254-2-623928/4324; e-mail: bakary.kante@unep.org or visit the UNEP DTIE website http://www.uneptie.org/

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The second Regional Expert Group Meeting on National Cleaner Technology Strategies (NCTS) for the Region of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union was organized by the United Nations Division for Sustainable Development (UN DSD) in cooperation with the Slovak Cleaner Production Centre and hosted by the Government of the Slovak Republic in Bratislava on 27-30 June 2000. The Meeting was attended by experts from 21 countries in the region as well as participants from international organizations, countries outside the region, business and academic communities. The experts were taking stock of the state of cleaner production in the countries of the region and discussing challenges that countries with economies in transition encounter in implementing cleaner technology policies within the broader context of sustainable development.

The government participants from the region agreed that it is important to promote cleaner production, using a wide range of tools, including economic measures and information dissemination, on both regional and national levels and to integrate environmental concerns into economic decision-making. They emphasized the role of international organizations in fostering further development of national cleaner technology strategies in the countries with economies in transition taking into account their specific circumstances. Need for more flexibility by international financial institutions in financing cleaner production projects in the region was stressed, as well as for wider implementation of innovative financial mechanisms. The experts expressed their view that such Meetings are useful and should be held on a regular basis.

More information about the Meeting will soon be available on the Technology page of the UN DSD website at http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/sdissues/technology/est1.htm

For more information, contact Mr. Tarcisio Alvarez-Rivero, Economic Affairs Officer, UN DESA, Division for Sustainable Development, tel.: +1-212-963-5708, fax: +1-212-963-4260,

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The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is releasing a major publication resulting from the first phase of its programme on waste prevention. The publication Strategic Waste Prevention: OECD Reference Manual deals with design, delivery and assessment of waste prevention policy programmes. The Manual is based to a large extent on the input from a multi-stakeholder OECD workshop held in May 1999 devoted to waste prevention and extended producer responsibility. As an aid to planning for a reduced-waste future, the Reference Manual takes a life-cycle approach to waste prevention, discusses the operational aspects of waste prevention (strict avoidance, reduction at source, product re-use), integrates a product-oriented perspective, and explores waste prevention policy links to economy-wide material flows.

The Reference Manual provides governments with a new basis for action on waste prevention. A central theme of the Reference Manual is that governments will find it difficult to de-link growth in waste generation from growth in GDP unless attention is directed to three core activities, systematic frameworks for which are presented in the publication: 1) quantitative target setting for waste prevention; 2) selection and application of appropriate policy instruments; and 3) performance evaluation from environmental, economic and social perspectives. Each of these three activities needs to be put into the broader context of establishing and operating a strategic waste prevention policy programme, the steps for which are also detailed in the Reference Manual.

The publication may also be useful: 1) to assist with fulfilling agency, Parliamentary, or other needs for waste prevention policy and programme reviews; 2) to help satisfy the public expectations that governmental institutions track the efficacy of their waste prevention activities; 3) to support the development of national, regional or local best practice guidelines for waste prevention; and 4) provide training material for waste prevention programme design and assessment. A short version of the publication entitled Core Messages from the Reference Manual, for decision-makers, will also be available soon.

The OECD is planning follow-up activities to assure that the principles, approaches and recommendations from the Reference Manual are realised. Among these will be a Seminar on Waste Material Flows and Resource Efficiency later this year. The purpose of the Seminar is to explore relationships and synergies between waste policy and material flow accounting efforts. In the second quarter of 2001, the first international workshop on Waste Prevention Performance Evaluation will be held to explore the feasibility of creating OECD-level waste prevention indicators. Subsequent publications and workshops will likely address the practical implementation of waste prevention indicators and strategies, and their possible implications for overall materials management and integrated product policy.

For more information, contact Mr. Fabio Vancini, OECD Environment Directorate, fax: +33-1-45-24-78-76, e-mail: fabio.vancini@oecd.org. To obtain the complete OECD Reference Manual on Strategic Waste Prevention [ENV/EPOC/PPC(2000)5/Final, 120 pages] or the May 1999 OECD workshop papers [ENV/EPOC/PPC(99)11/Final, Parts 1 and 2] or for more information about the OECD Environment Programme 2000, visit the website http://www.oecd.org/env or contact the Programme at e-mail: env.contact@oecd.org

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National academies in Europe have collaborated to produce a publication Towards sustainable consumption: A European perspective. In May 2000 the world’s national academies of science met in Tokyo at a conference organised by the InterAcademy Panel (IAP) to examine the role that science and technology can play in guiding policies to promote sustainability. This publication was a contribution to the IAP conference.

The book looks at how far Europe is advancing towards sustainable consumption and at the future with emphasis on the quality of life. It seeks to bridge the gap between science and society and to emphasise the challenges that lie ahead. One of the greatest challenges is to foster a better understanding of the patterns and driving forces of consumption, together with strategies to improve resource efficiency.

The book has been edited by Brian Heap and Jennifer Kent. Among the papers included in the book are "Sustainable consumption: the meta-problem" by Norman Myers, "Drivers of consumption patterns" by Laurie Michaelis, "Sustainable consumption and fisheries" by Demetres Karavellas, "The role of technology in sustainable consumption" by Gábor Náray-Szabó, and "Can affluent people adapt to a world of sustainable development?" by Patrick Bateson.

For more information, contact Professor Norman Myers, Upper Meadow, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 8SZ, United Kingdom; tel.: +44-1865-750387; fax: +44-1865-741538; e-mail: normanmyers@gn.apc.org or (to order the publication) Ms. Debbie Vaughan, The Royal Society, 6 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AG, United Kingdom, tel.: +44-207-451-2647, fax: +44-207-976-1837, e-mail: debbie.vaughan@royalsoc.ac.uk or visit the Royal Society website at http://www.pubs.royalsoc.ac.uk

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A new trend of product-service systems (PSS) that minimise environmental impacts of both production and consumption is emerging. The report "Product-Service Systems" prepared by Oksana Mont for the Swedish Waste Research Council of the Swedish Environment Protection Agency, considers a theoretical framework for product-service systems and reviews the principles of PSS. Many examples of companies’ activities illustrate the value created through good environmental performance (recycling, customisation, multi-functionality of product and product system, etc.).

However, the examples of research projects show that product-services in most cases deal with only one, or at best several, stages of a product’s life cycle, but rarely address the complete life cycle. They also show that shifting the corporate focus to selling product-services rather than products is not yet seen as a competitive advantage, nor has it been widely applied. Currently, the activities of companies for improving environmental performance predominantly reflect the external requirements of legislation and consumers: companies are trying to fix problems identified by these external demands. What is lacking in all companies included in this study is a systems approach, which can improve system parameters and conditions, provide competitive advantage to companies and allocate resources more efficiently.

There are three main uncertainties regarding the applicability and feasibility of PSS: the readiness of companies to provide them, the readiness of consumers to accept them, and their environmental features. Current research projects have not resolved the uncertainties. The study comes to a conclusion that appropriate social structures should be in place or be developed together with new product-service systems in order for them to function effectively.

The report (AFR-report 288) can be ordered from Mr. Sverker Högberg, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, e-mail: Sverker.Hogberg@environ.se

For more information, contact Ms. Oksana Mont, Research Associate, International Institute of Industrial Environmental Economics (IIIEE) at Lund University, Box 196, Tegnersplatsen 4, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden, tel.: +46-46-222-0250, fax: +46-46-222-0230, e-mail: oksana.mont@iiiee.lu.se or visit the IIIEE website http://www.lu.se/IIIEE/

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One of the largest British supermarket chains, Iceland, which has 760 stores, announced in June that it plans to buy almost 40 percent of the world's organic vegetables to replace conventionally grown food at no extra cost to consumers.

The company has donated £1 million to the National Trust, Britain's biggest landowner and environmental conservation organization, to encourage environmentally friendly farming. A further £8 million will be spent absorbing the extra costs of buying more expensive organic supplies without passing on the cost to customers. Iceland's managing director, Russell Ford, told that the investment was prompted by a survey suggesting three out of four customers would prefer to buy organic goods if they were cheaper.

According to a poll, published by Friends of the Earth, 85 percent of the British public want pesticides banned from supermarket food. Iceland's scheme will set organic products at the same price as average supermarket own-label products. Frozen organic vegetables will be introduced first.

While organic producers and conservationists welcomed Iceland’s decision, Britain's farmers are not happy that the store plans to import 80 per cent of its vegetables from North and South America, Africa and continental Europe. At present, only three per cent of British agricultural land is organic and supermarkets are forced to rely on imports to meet the demand. The National Farmer’s Union (NFU) blamed successive governments for failing to encourage organic food production. Demand for organic food has been increasing by 40 percent a year in Britain. This year sales are expected to rise to more than £760 million (compared with £546 million in 1999 and £390 million in 1998) – still only about one per cent of total food purchases.

For more information, visit the Iceland website http://iceland.co.uk/ and click on <Iceland to make organic a part of everyday eating>

Source: Environment News Service (ENS), World News, June 22, 2000, website: http://ens.lycos.com/ens/jun2000/2000L-06-22-10.html

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The Champion Enterprises factory in Silverton, Oregon, began building manufactured houses from energy efficient foam core panels. They are expected to have heating and cooling costs up to 50 percent lower than a manufactured home built to minimum standards. United States Energy Secretary Bill Richardson emphasized a great potential for energy savings due to the fact that manufactured housing comprises about 20 to 30 percent of new home sales in the US. According to Richardson, "Homes built with this technology will … allow their owners to save $550 to $690 each year on their electric bills. Homeowners who heat with natural gas are expected to save $146 to $181 annually."

This technology is part of the US Department of Energy’s (DOE) effort to re-engineer the American home for energy efficiency and affordability. Together with its industry partners across the country, DOE is constructing site-built and factory-built homes that will use 30 to 50 percent less energy for heating and cooling, and cost no more to build than conventional homes. Project partners include foam core panel manufacturers Precision Building Products of Boise, Idaho, and Premier Building Systems of Fife, Washington, as well as several other building product suppliers. More information on DOE's energy-efficient building programs is available at the website http://www.eren.doe.gov/buildings.

Source: Environment News Service (ENS), AmeriScan, June 19, 2000, website: http://ens.lycos.com/ens/jun2000/2000L-06-19-09.html

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The website of Environmental Defense, a national nonprofit organization, now allows those who live in the United States to see where their electricity comes from. The Electricity Label Generator is designed to show how electricity is produced in the area where a person lives and how much pollution is created in the process.

Environmental Defense also describes how consumers, through their choice of electricity supply, may influence the utilities in increasing the share of "green electricity". In particular, the site contains information on green electricity choices in California, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Environmental Defense attempts to link science, economics, and law to create innovative, equitable, and cost-effective solutions to the most urgent environmental problems.

For more information, visit the Environmental Defense website at http://www.environmentaldefense.org or contact Environmental Defense National Headquarters at 257 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010, USA, tel.: +1-212-505-2100, fax: +1-212-505-2375, e-mail: Contact@environmentaldefense.org

Source: In Balance No. 22 (August 2000), website: http://www.newdream.org/bulletin/

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The Environmental Technology Best Practice Programme (ETBPP), a United Kingdom government programme, has produced a publication Green Officiency: Running a cost-effective, environmentally aware office. The purpose of the Guide is to help people working in offices to reduce their impact on the environment and their costs by improving the use of office resources. Materials in the publication are compiled based on the experience of ETBPP, its clients and consultants, and the United Kingdom Environment Agency.

The Guide enables office workers to identify their impact on the environment and provides ideas that cost little or nothing to implement. The publication covers common environmental impacts of a typical office. Suggested measures emphasise prevention of waste at source through better purchasing, which is the most cost-effective method of reducing the cost and impact of waste. The information within this Guide will help office workers quantify current practice and take practical actions. It will also allow more effective internal and external communication on waste reduction achieved.

The publication is available free of charge to any organisation in the United Kingdom and for a nominal fee to organisations in other countries. The Environmental Technology Best Practice Programme is a government programme managed by AEA Technology. ETBPP is dedicated to helping companies become more competitive and more profitable by reducing waste at source.

For more information, contact Mr. Ian Crosby, Principal Consultant, AEA Technology, 156 Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0RA, United Kingdom, tel.: +44-1235-436904, fax: +44-1235-433548, e-mail: ian.crosby@aeat.co.uk or the Environment and Energy Hotline at tel.: +44-800-585794 (toll-free in the United Kingdom 0800-585-794), e-mail: etbppenvhelp@aeat.co.uk.

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The International Cleaner Production Cooperative (http://es.epa.gov/cooperative/international/) is an initiative designed to help the international cleaner production community find and share information within the expanding network of cleaner production resources. It retrieves data on cleaner production from diverse websites maintained by international organizations, national and local governments, industry associations, research institutions, and non-governmental organizations across the globe. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) maintains the site.

The goals of the Cooperative include: highlighting new information offered by the affiliated cleaner production websites; promoting the use of the affiliated websites within the cleaner production community; helping environmental professionals, technical assistance providers, and the small business community identify and access relevant cleaner production information on the Internet; and supporting cooperation, information sharing and preventing duplication among the growing network of cleaner production information providers on the Internet.

The site allows users to retrieve technical and policy data. Recent headlines, news, conferences and events related to member sites are highlighted and updated regularly on the Cooperative’s homepage. The Cooperative also offers pre-packaged queries for specific industries and popular topics. Users can perform searches through each individual database, by a specific region of the world or through all member sites. The Cooperative also invites users to recommend or submit information related to cleaner production for possible posting on the website.

For more information, contact Mr. Mark Kasman, Senior International Information Officer, Office of International Activities, US Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W. (2670R), Washington, DC 20460, United States,

tel.: +1-202-564-6112, fax: +1-202-565-2411, e-mail: Kasman.Mark@epamail.epa.gov or visit the website http://es.epa.gov/cooperative/international/

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The on-line forum Scale and Sustainability: Managing Consumption in a Growth-Oriented Economy will be organised by Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT) in October 2000. In Western Europe, as in other advanced industrialised societies, continual growth in material consumption threatens to sabotage progress towards sustainability. At present, growth in demand outpaces the gains in resource efficiency. This brings into question the scale of our economic activities. The challenge, therefore, is to discover new strategies for meeting consumption needs while reducing the overall level of consumption. The forum presents an opportunity to help define the issues of an important emerging policy debate. Reducing the scale of resource consumption while maintaining economic stability promises to be one of the foremost challenges in building a sustainable society.

For more information, contact Viki Sonntag, Research Fellow, Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), University of Maastricht, Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands, tel: +31-43-388-3884, e-mail: V.Sonntag@MERIT.unimaas or Ewa Charkiewicz, Tools for Transition, Atjehstraat 20, NL 2585 VK, The Hague, The Netherlands, tel./fax: + 31-70-3520-289, e-mail: echsvb@euronet.nl

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Previous issues of "News and Trends"

News and Trends March - May 2000

News and Trends December 1999 - February 2000

News and Trends October - November   1999

News and Trends July - September 1999

News and Trends April - June 1999

News and Trends February-March 1999

News and Trends December 1998-January 1999 

News and Trends October-November 1998 

News and Trends August-September 1998 

News and Trends June-July 1998 

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