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National Implementation of Agenda 21
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Information Provided by the Government of Singapore to the
United Nations Department for Policy Coordination and
Sustainable Development
|
This country profile has been provided by:
Name of Ministry/Office: Ministry of the Environment
Date: 13 January 1997
Submitted by: International Environment and Policy Department
Mailing address: 40 Scotts Road, Environment Building, Singapore 228231
Telephone: (65) 731 9647
Telefax: (65) 738 4468
E-mail:
Note from the Secretariat: An effort has been made to present all country profiles within a common format, with an equal number of pages. However, where Governments have not provided information for the tables appended to Chapters 4 and 17, those tables have been omitted entirely in order to reduce the overall length of the profile and save paper. Consequently, there may be some minor inconsistencies among the formats of the different country profiles.
All statistics are rendered as provided by the respective Governments.
|
| APELL | Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level |
| CFC | chlorofluorocarbon |
| CGIAR | Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research |
| CILSS | Permanent Inter-State Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel |
| EEZ | exclusive economic zone |
| ECA | Economic Commission for Africa |
| ECE | Economic Commission for Europe |
| ECLAC | Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean |
| ELCI | Environmental Liaison Centre International |
| EMINWA | environmentally sound management of inland water |
| ESCAP | Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific |
| ESCWA | Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia |
| FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
| GATT | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade |
| GAW | Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO) |
| GEF | Global Environment Facility |
| GEMS | Global Environmental Monitoring System (UNEP) |
| GEMS/WATER | Global Water Quality Monitoring Programme |
| GESAMP | Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution |
| GIPME | Global Investigation of Pollution in Marine Environment (UNESCO) |
| GIS | Geographical Information System |
| GLOBE | Global Legislators Organisation for a Balanced Environment |
| GOS | Global Observing System (WMO/WWW) |
| GRID | Global Resource Information Database |
| GSP | generalized system of preferences |
| HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
| IAEA | International Atomic Energy Agency |
| IAP-WASAD | International Action Programme on Water and Sustainable Agricultural Development |
| IARC | International Agency for Research on Cancer |
| IBSRAM | International Board of Soil Resources and Management |
| ICCA | International Council of Chemical Associations |
| ICES | International Council for the Exploration of the Sea |
| ICPIC | International Cleaner Production Information Clearing House |
| ICSC | International Civil Service Commission |
| ICSU | International Council of Scientific Unions |
| IEEA | Integrated environmental and economic accounting |
| IFAD | International Fund for Agricultural Development |
| IGADD | Intergovernmental Authority for Drought and Development |
| IGBP | International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (ICSU) |
| IGBP/START | International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme/Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training |
| ILO | International Labour Organisation |
| IMF | International Monetary Fund |
| IMO | International Maritime Organization |
| INFOTERRA | International Environment Information system (UNEP) |
| IOC | Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission |
| IPCC | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
| IPCS | International Programme on Chemical Safety |
| IPM | integrated pest management |
| IRPTC | International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals |
| ITC | International Tin Council |
| ITTO | International Tropical Timber Organization |
| IUCN | International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
| MARPOL | International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships |
| OECD | Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development |
| PGRFA | plant genetic resources for agriculture |
| PIC | prior informed consent procedure |
| SADCC | South African Development Co-ordination Conference |
| SARD | sustainable agriculture and rural development |
| UNCTAD | United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |
| UNDP | United Nations Development Programme |
| UNDRO | Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator |
| UNEP | United Nations Environment Programme |
| UNESCO | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
| UNFPA | United Nations Population Fund |
| UNICEF | United Nations Children's Fund |
| UNIDO | United Nations Industrial Development Organization |
| UNU | United Nations University |
| WCP | World Climate Programme (WMO/UNEP/ICSU/UNESCO) |
| WFC | World Food Council |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| WMO | World Meteorological Organization |
| WWF | World Wide Fund for Nature (also called World Wildlife Fund) |
| WWW | World Weather Watch (WMO) |
The protection of the environment has always been an important concern in the development of Singapore. In the early years of Singapore's development, the main tasks in environmental protection were on institution building, setting up the basic infrastructure, legal framework and management system for public health and environmental protection. These were achieved by the end of the 1980s and Singapore was able to enjoy a clean and healthy environment. It had become evident in the late eighties that it would be difficult to maintain a clean and healthy environment through further investment in environmental infrastructure and tighter legislation alone. In the coming years, the pressures of a growing population with increasingly high expectations will put greater stress on limited resources. In the eighties, global environmental issues, such as protection of the ozone layer, global warming, preservation of biodiversity and endangered species and pollution of the sea began to take on a higher prominence. Commitments under international conventions and protocols were beginning to have an impact on our businesses and industries. It was clear that a new approach was needed for us to keep to the path of sustainable development. A major review of policy was carried out at the end of the eighties and the result was the Singapore Green Plan.
THE SINGAPORE GREEN PLAN
The Singapore Green Plan (SGP) is the environmental master plan to take Singapore into the twenty-first century. It describes what the government has done and maps out the policies and strategies the government would implement to transform Singapore into a model Green City. The SGP vision is Singapore as a city with a high standard of public health and a quality environment conducive to gracious living, with a population that cares for the local as well as the global environment. Under the SGP, investment in environmental infrastructure wil continue. An anticipated $3 billion will be spent on infrastructural programmes such as upgrading of sewage treatment works, a new offshore landfill facility, a new refuse incineration plant and improvements to water bodies over the years to 2000. New strategic directions in environmental education, resource conservation, promotion of clean technologies, nature conservation, noise management and promotion of environmental technologies have been mapped out in the SGP. These new directions are multi-dimensional. By October 1993, a total of 133 specific action programmes have been formulated with inputs from government ministries, statutory boards and private organisations.
THE ACTION PROGRAMMES
Implementation of the SGP action programmes by the various lead agencies began in Nov 1993. The lead agencies include both government and non-government bodies. An inter-ministerial Steering Committee on the SGP has been formed to oversee and guide the implementation of the action programmes. The Steering Committee is chaired by Permanent Secretary (Environment) and has representatives from the main government bodies that are involved in the implementation. The ministry has also formed six Working Committees to coordinate and track the implementation of the action programmes. The Chairmen of the Working Committees report to the Steering Committee. INDUSTRY RESPONSE
Increasingly, industry has been taking a more proactive role to protect the environment in the conduct of their business in response to growing concerns with the impacts their activities could cause. Various industry committees and groupings on the environment have been formed to promote environmentally friendly practice among businesses. The publication of international environmental standards by ISO is a further impetus for industry to move in this direction. The government has also been actively encouraging industry to adopt the international standard on environmental management and has provided financial assistance schemes to help the smaller firms.
COMMUNITY RESPONSE
Heightened awareness among the community has led to greater involvement across a wide sector of the community from primary schools to residents' associations and the general public. This has led to numerous environmental activities being held and higher expectations of a good living environment. |
1. Key National Sustainable Development Coordination Mechanism(s)/Council(s). National Council on the Environment
Contact point (Name, Title, Office): Ms. Kirtida Mekani, Executive Director
Telephone: (65) 731-9862 Fax: (65) 235-6601 e-mail:
Mailing address: Environment Building, 11th Floor, 40 Scotts Road, Singapore 0922
2. Membership/Composition/Chairperson: Patron-in-Chief: Mr. Mah Bow Tan, Minister for the Environment; Board of Directors: Chairman: Mr. Ho Kwon-Ping, President, Wah-Chung International Corporation Pte. Ltd.; Vice Chairman: Mr. Chng Hee Kok, Chairman, United Paper Industries. 2a. List of ministries and agencies involved: Dr. Tan Wee Kiat, Executive Director, National Parks Board; Mr. John Yip Soon Kwong, Director of Education, Ministry of Education; Mr. Tan Guong Ching, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Environment; Mr. Daniel Wang Nan Chee, Commissioner of Public Health, Ministry of Environment; Mr. Chan Kwong Lok, Director, Resource Planning, Ministry of Defence; Executive Director: Ms. Kirtida Medai, National Council on the Environment. 2b. Names of para-statal bodies and institutions involved, as well as participation of academic and private sectors: Mr. Richard E. Hale, Chief Executive Officer, The Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation Ltd.; Prof. Leo Tan Wee Hin, Director, National Institute of Education and Dean, School of Science; Assoc. Prof. Chou Loke Ming, Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore; Mrs. Cynthia Wee-Hoefer, Member, Nature Society Singapore; 2c. Names of non-governmental organizations: Prof. Wee Yeow Chin, Department of Botany, National Univeristy of Singapore (President, Nature Society); Dr. Ahmad Mattar, Executive Chairman, Mabetex Enviro-World Pte. Ltd.; Mrs. Fatima Villanueva-Traazil, General Manager, Mount Carmal Enterprise (1992 Greenleaf Award Winner); Mr. Edwin Khew, Managing Director, Environmental Engineering Services Pte. Ltd.
3. Mandate role of above mechanism/council: To educate, inspire, and assist individuals, business organizations, and environmental groups to care for and protect the environment; to promote greater public awareness and interest in environmental issues; to seek public cooperation in protecting and improving the environment; and to involve business leaders in a pro-active process of environmental management. 4. If available, attach a diagram (organization chart) showing national coordination structure and linkages between ministries:
Submitted by (Name): Signature:
Title: Date: April 1995
Ministry/Office:
Telephone: Fax: e-mail:
|
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: No information
|
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 3: COMBATING POVERTY
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: No information Focus of national strategy
Highlight activities aimed at the poor and linkages to the environment
No information
|
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
NB: Developed countries, where domestic poverty alleviation is not
a major concern may wish to briefly describe their
position regarding global poverty alleviation.
| Latest 199_ | |||||
| Unemployment (%) | |||||
| Population living in absolute poverty | |||||
| Public spending on social sector % | |||||
| Other data
| |||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 4: CHANGING CONSUMPTION PATTERNS
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: National policy objectives/focus To promote green consumerism, the Ministry of the Environment introduced the Singapore Green Labelling Scheme in May 1992. The scheme applies to most products, excepts foods, drinks and pharmaceuticals. It does not apply to services and processes. To date, there are 545 products that have been awarded the Singapore GreenLabel. The scheme helps consumers to identify environmentally friendly products and enable consumers to exercise their choice more objectively so as to influence producers and suppliers to take into account the protection of the environment when producing goods.
The government has also worked closely with the retail sector to promote minimal packaging for consumer products and introduce programmes to educate consumers to be less wasteful in their consumption patterns.
National targets No information
|
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Waste Minimisation Unit
of the Ministry of the Environment administers the
GreenLabel Scheme. It decides on the product categories and
solicits suggestions from industries and the public. In
addition, it processes and approves applications for the
GreenLabel. An Advisory Committee comprising representatives
from private sectr organisations, academic institutions and
government agencies sets the criteria to grant the right for a
product to display the GreenLabel.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: The Consumers Association of Singapore is
the main consumers grouping that aims to look after the
interests of consumers. The Singapore Environment Council acts as
an umbrella organisation for environmental NGOs in
Singapore and seeks to promote environmentally responsible
behaviour among the population.
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 199_ | |||||
| GDP per capita (current US$) | 7.128 | 13,683 | 17,633 | 28,449 | |
| Real GDP growth (%) | |||||
| Annual energy consumption per capita (Kg. of oil equivalent per capita) | |||||
| Motor vehicles in use per 1000 inhabitants | 196 | 200 | 198 | 215 | |
| Other data
| |||||
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | ||||
| STATUS REPORT: No information
| ||||
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 199_ | ||||
| Population (Thousands) mid-year estimates | ||||
| Annual rate of increase (1990-1993) | ||||
| Surface area (Km2) | ||||
| Population density (people/Km2) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 6: PROTECTING AND PROMOTING HUMAN HEALTH
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: No information
|
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 199_ | ||||
| Life expectancy at birth Male Female | ||||
| Infant mortality (per 1000 live births) | ||||
| Maternal mortality rate (per 100000 live births) | ||||
| Access to safe drinking water (% of population) | ||||
| Access to sanitation services (% of population) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 7: PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE HUMAN SETTLEMENT
DEVELOPMENT
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: Environmental protection controls
have been factored into land use planning to ensure that
developments are properly sited and are compatible with surrounding
land uses. The Ministry of the Environment is
consulted by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), the planning
and development control authority in Singapore, on
all new developments. After a planning development has been
granted planning approval, a developer can proceed to
submit building plans to the Building Control Division (BCD) of the
Ministry of National Development for approval to
proceed with the construction work. The developer is required to
submit a set of these building plans to the Ministry of
the Environment for clearance on technical requirements on
environmental health, drainage, sewerage, air and water
pollution control, and hazardous and toxic wastes. To promote energy conservation in buildings, the building control regulations require that the envelope of all commercial buildings that are air-conditioned must be designed with an overall thermal transfer value not exceeding a prescribed value. The value takes into account the heat gained through the external walls and windows of buildings. In addition, there are tax incentive schemes to encourage owners of trade, commercial and industrial buildings to use energy-efficient equipment and technology and highly efficient pollution control equipment. A key strategy to integrate environment and development in decision-making is to incorporate the planning and construction of environmental infrastructure in development projects. With this strategy, practically all the population is served by sewers and the sewage treated before discharge into the seas. Refuse is collected daily and disposed of by incineration or sanitary landfill.
|
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of National
Development and the Urban Redevelopment Authority are the
bodies that are primarily concerned with developments.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Urban population in % of total population | |||
| Annual rate of growth of urban population (%) | |||
| Largest city population (in % of total population) | |||
| Other data
| |||
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: The protection of the environment
has always been an important concern in the development of
Singapore. In the early years of Singapore's development, the main
tasks in environmental protection were on institution
building, setting up the basic infrastructure, legal framework and
management system for public health and environmental
protection. These were achieved by the end of the 1980s and
Singapore was able to enjoy a clean and healthy
environment. It had become evident in the late eighties that it would be difficult to maintain a clean and healthy environment through further investment in environmental infrastructure and tighter legislation alone. In the coming years, the pressures of a growing population with increasingly high expectations will put greater stress on limited resources. In the eighties, global environmental issues, such as protection of the ozone layer, global warming, preservation of biodiversity and endangered species and pollution of the sea began to take on a higher prominence. Commitments under international conventions and protocols were beginning to have an impact on our businesses and industries. It was clear that a new approach was needed for us to keep to the path of sustainable development. A major review of policy was carried out at the end of the eighties and the result was the Singapore Green Plan. The Singapore Green Plan (SGP) is the environmental master plan to take Singapore into the twenty-first century. It describes what the government has done and maps out the policies and strategies the government would implement to transform Singapore into a model Green City. The SGP vision is Singapore as a city with a high standard of public health and a quality environment conducive to gracious living, with a population that cares for the local as well as the global environment. Under the SGP, investment in environmental infrastructure wil continue. An anticipated $3 billion will be spent on infrastructural programmes such as upgrading of sewage treatment works, a new offshore landfill facility, a new refuse incineration plant and improvements to water bodies over the years to 2000. New strategic directions in environmental education, resource conservation, promotion of clean technologies, nature conservation, noise management and promotion of environmental technologies have been mapped out in the SGP. These new directions are multi-dimensional. By October 1993, a total of 133 specific action programmes have been formulated with inputs from government ministries, statutory boards and private organisations. Implementation of the SGP action programmes by the various lead agencies began in Nov 1993. The lead agencies include both government and non-government bodies. An inter-ministerial Steering Committee on the SGP has been formed to oversee and guide the implementation of the action programmes. The Steering Committee is chaired by Permanent Secretary (Environment) and has representatives from the main government bodies that are involved in the implementation. The ministry has also formed six Working Committees to coordinate and track the implementation of the action programmes. The Chairmen of the Working Committees report to the Steering Committee.
|
1. Decision-Making Structure (please also refer to the fact
sheet): No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: The SGP is being implemented by various
lead agencies, including both government and non-government bodies.
In addition, industry has increasingly been taking a more proactive
role to protect the environment in
the conduct of their business in response to growing concerns with
the impacts their activities could cause. Various
industry committees and groupings on the environment have been
formed to promote environmentally friendly practice
among businesses. The publication of international environmental
standards by ISO is a further impetus for industry to
move in this direction. The government has also been actively
encouraging industry to adopt the international standard on
environmental management and has provided financial assistance
schemes to help the smaller firms.
Heightened awareness among the community has led to greater
involvement across a wide sector of the community
from primary schools to residents' associations and the general
public. This has led to numerous environmental activities
being held and higher expectations of a good living environment.
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 9: PROTECTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: The Montreal Protocol and its Amendments Every four years, starting in 1990, the parties shall assess the control measures in the protocol on the basis of available scientific, environmental, technical and economic information. Not more than 9 months after the close of a calendar year, each country owes data on annual production, use, destruction, imports and exports of controlled substances (from Annex A and Annex B of the Protocol). Montreal Protocol (1987) acceded to on 5 January 1989. London Amendment (1990) acceded to on 2 March 1993. Copenhagen Amendment (1992) signed in 19-- The latest report to the Montreal Protocol Secretariat was prepared in 1995.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Parties shall: (a) develop and publish periodic national inventories of anthropogenic emissions; (b) publish, formulate and update national programmes to mitigate climate change by addressing emissions by sources and sinks; (c) promote and cooperate in development of technologies, practices and processes that control or reduce emissions; (d) promote sustainable management and promote and cooperate in the conservation and enhancement as appropriate of sinks and reservoirs, etc. Developed countries shall develop national policies and take measures (that demonstrate leadership role). Developed countries to provide financial resources. Each party shall report: (a) a national inventory of anthropogenic emissions be sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal protocol; (b) a general descriptions of steps taken or envisaged; (c) any other information the party considers relevant. Developed countries must report a detailed description of policies and measures it has adopted. Parties other than developed countries must submit their report within 3 years of accession or upon financial wherewithal. Least developed countries may submit at their discretion. UNFCCC was signed on 13 June 1992. The latest report to the UNFCCC Secretariat was submitted in 199-.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter Singapore has adopted a multi-pronged approach to reduce and eventually phase out the consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). The Ministry of the Environment (ENV), acting as a focal point between government agencies, is responsible for formulating strategies and policies to control the use of ODS in industries. The Ministry of Trade and Industry, through the Trade Development Board, administers a Tender and Quota Allocation System to cap the consumption of ODS in accordance with guidelines set by the Protocol. The system ensures an equitable distribution of the controlled supply of ODS to registered distributors and end-users. To keep carbon dioxide emission level as low as possible, action programmes have been formulated to promote energy efficiency and resource conservation. Power generation is from fuel oil and natural gas and accounts for about half of the carbon dioxide emission. To improve efficiency, combined-cycle technology is being introduced wherever it is technically feasible to do so. Resource conservation programmes aim to minimise use of energy, water and other raw materials and hence to reduce waste generation.
|
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of the
Environment is responsible for the protection of the
environment.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Financial and
technical assistance schemes have also been made available to
help industries switch to non-ODS substitutes or alternatives. The
Singapore Productivity and Standards Board (PSB)
provides technical consultancy to small and medium enterprises
wishing to switch to ozone-friendly processes under the
Local Enterprise Technical Assistance Scheme. Companies which
require financial assistance can seek grants through the
PSB which administers the Local Enterprise Finance Scheme (for
concessionary loans) and also approach the Economic
Development Board for the Investment Allowance Scheme (tax
allowance for approved investment in new equipment).
3. Major Groups:
The government and the private sector have collaborated in
various activities under this programme.
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 199- | ||||
| CO2 emissions (eq. million tons) | ||||
| SOx " | ||||
| NOx " | ||||
| CH4 " | ||||
| Consumption of ozone depleting substances (Tons) | ||||
| Expenditure on air pollution abatement in US$ equivalents (million) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATED APPROACH TO THE PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT OF LAND
RESOURCES
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: No information
|
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 11: COMBATING DEFORESTATION
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: No information
|
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 199- | ||||
| Forest Area (Km2) | ||||
| Protected forest area | ||||
| Roundwood production (solid volume of roundwood without bark in mill m3) | ||||
| Deforestation rate (Km2/annum) | ||||
| Reforestation rate (Km2/annum) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 12: MANAGING FRAGILE ECOSYSTEMS: COMBATING
DESERTIFICATION AND
DROUGHT
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: International Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Drought and/or Desertification Particularly in Africa Each party shall file reports on implementation with the Conference of Parties, as often and in the form to be determined. Parties are to report on development of national action programmes. The Conference shall assist affected developing countries to make reports. Convention : No information
The latest report to the Secretariat of the Convention was prepared in 19--.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter: No information
|
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
|
| Latest 199_ | ||||
| Land affected by desertification (Km2) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 13: MANAGING FRAGILE ECOSYSTEMS: SUSTAINABLE
MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: No information
|
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 14: PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: No information
|
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 199_ | ||||
| Agricultural land (Km2) | ||||
| Agricultural land as % of total land area | ||||
| Agricultural land per capita | ||||
| Latest 199_ | ||||
| Consumption of fertilizers per Km2 of agricultural land as of 1990 | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 15: CONSERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: Convention on Biological Diversity Parties are to develop national strategies, plans and programmes for sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity and integrate them into general development plans. Parties shall identify, monitor and maintain data on components of biodiversity. Parties shall introduce appropriate procedures requiring EIAs for projects likely to have significant adverse effects on biological diversity. Parties shall submit reports on measures which it has taken for the implementation of the Convention, at intervals to be determined. Convention : No information Latest report submitted in 19--.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Parties to take appropriate measures to enforce regulatory provisions and prohibit trade in specimens in violation thereof. Convention also governs treatment of animals in shipment. Each party to prepare periodic reports on its implementation of the convention and to prepare: (a) an annual report listing export permits issued and species involved, and (b) a biennial report on legislative, regulatory and administrative measures taken. Convention signed in 19--. Latest report submitted in 19--.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter: No information
|
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 199_ | |||
| Protected area as % of total land area | |||
| Latest 199_ | |||
| Number of threatened species | |||
| Other data
| |||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 16: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: No information
|
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
|
|
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: No information The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
See also the attached tables on the next pages.
|
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 199- | ||||
| Catches of marine species (metric tons) | ||||
| Population in coastal areas | ||||
| Population served by waste water treatment (% of
country's total population) | ||||
| Discharges of oil into coastal waters (metric tons) | ||||
| Releases of phosphate into coastal waters (metric tons) | ||||
| Releases of nitrate into coastal waters (metric tons) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: Clean, potable, piped water that can be drunk straight from the tap is available to practically 100% of the population. The water supply comes from both local sources and neighbouring Johor, Malaysia. Careful and integrated land use planning and a policy that all waste water must be discharged into sewers, have helped to safeguard these water catchments from pollution. Close monitoring of the quality of the waterways and reservoirs is carried out to assess the impact of urbanisation and the effectiveness of water pollution control measures. In addition, daily chemical and bacteriological tests are carried out to ensure that treated water meets the guidelines for drinking water quality set by the World Health Organisation.
|
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Water Department of the
Public Utilities Board is responsible for the production of
potable water. The Water Department and the Ministry of the
Environment maintain a national network to monitor the
quality of water in the water catchments and ensure that the
treated water is safe for human consumption.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Water conservation
is an important issue and strongly promoted. There are
fiscal incentives to promote water conservation in industry and
monetary penalities to discourage wasteful use of water.
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: The capital and recurrent costs of building and
operating the water and wastewater treatment plants are
financed by the government and recouped from the users following
closely the Polluter Pays Principle by way of fees and
tariffs.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Singapore and
Malaysia have agreed on a joint programme to clean up the
Straits of Johor that both countries share.
| Latest 199- | ||||
| Fresh water availability (total domestic/external in million m3) | ||||
| Annual withdrawal of freshwater as % of available water | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: The Ministry of the Environment controls the import, transport, storage and use of hazardous substances under the Poisons Act and the Poisons (Hazardous Substances) Rules. Any person or company planning to engage in such activities needs to obtain a Poisons Licence or Permit from the Ministry. Requirements on packaging, allowable load, route, transportation mode and schedule and emergency response plans are imposed to ensure the safe transportation of hazardous substances. The chemical industry has responded positively to programmes that promote environmentally sound management of hazardous chemicals and has launched a Responsible Care programme to raise the standard of environmental care in the industry.
|
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of the
Environment is responsible for the management of hazardous
substances.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation:
Singapore and malaysia have agreed on a procedure to manage
the transportation of hazardous substances across the
causeway linking the two countries.
|
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal Parties shall cooperate to disseminate information on transboundary movement of hazardous wastes. Parties shall cooperate to promote environmentally sound low-waste technologies, to transfer technology and cooperate in developing codes of practice. Parties to assist developing countries. Parties shall immediately inform affected parties as to accidents. Prior to the end of each calendar year, parties shall provide the following information on the preceding calendar year: (a) the authorities handling Convention matters; (b) information regarding the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes; (c) measures adopted to implement convention; (d) available statistics on human health and environmental effects of generation, transport and disposal of hazardous wastes; (e) information on agreements entered into; (f) information on accidents; (g) information on disposal options; and (h) information on development of waste-reduction technologies; Basel Convention ratified on 2 January 1996
The latest information was provided to the Basel Convention Secretariat in 19--.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter The Ministry of the Environment controls the disposal of toxic industrial wastes under the Environmental Public Health (Toxic Industrial Waste) Regulations. A Licence is required before a person or company can collect and dispose of toxic industrial wasts. In 1995, approvals were granted to 100 companies to collect, treat and dispose of toxic industrial wastes. About 64,880 cu m of chemical wastes were collected, of which 80% were treated and recycled and the rest treated and rendered safe for disposal. Hospital wastes are collected separately and disposed of at two dedicated incinerators.
|
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of the
Environment is responsible for the management of hazardous
wastes.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: The policy and
approach adopted have helped to minimise the generation of
hazardous wastes and promote treatment of these wastes for
reuse.
3. Major Groups: The private sector plays a major role in
the collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of
hazardous industrial wastes.
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 199- | ||||
| Generation of hazardous waste (t) | ||||
| Import of hazardous wastes (t) | ||||
| Export of hazardous wastes (t) | ||||
| Area of land contaminated by hazardous waste (km2) | ||||
| Expenditure on hazardous waste treatment (US$) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 21: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF SOLID
WASTES AND SEWAGE-RELATED ISSUES
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: A comprehensive system of
sewers, pumping stations and six centralised sewage treatment works
ensure that all wastewater generated by domestic and non-domestic
sources are collected and treated before discharge into
the sea. In 1995, 430 million cu m of wastewater was collected and
treated at the sewage treatment works where
secondary treatment was applied to the wastewater. Sludge produced
is stabilised in digesters before disposal as a soil
conditioner for reclaimed land. Biogas is produced at all the
sewage treatment works as a by-product of sludge
stabilisation and utilised to generate electricity to operate the
works. To promote water conservation, the treated effluent
from the sewage treatment works is used for non-potable purposes
such as engine cooling, watering of golf courses and
for industrial purposes after tertiary treatment to improve the
quality of water and disinfection. About 2.68 million tonnes of solid waste were collected in 1995, half of which was from domestic and commercial sources, and the other half from industrial sources. About 70% of this waste was disposed of at three refuse incineration plants and the rest at a sanitary landfill site. In line with the programme to conserve resources, electricity is generated from the three incineration plants and ferrous metals recovered for recycling. While it is necessary to continue to plan ahead to ensure adequate disposal facilities for solid wastes, the Ministry of the Environment hopes to slow down the rate of waste generation and has introduced a series of programmes to achieve this. The Ministry works closely with industry, trade associations and business groups to promote and enhance efforts on waste minimisation. Land has also been set aside at disused landfill sites for the setting up of recycling plants.
|
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of the
Environment is responsible for the management of solid wastes and
sewage.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: The capital investments and recurrent
costs of the municipal solid waste disposal facilities and the
sewerage system and sewage treatment works are financed by the
government and the users. The dedicated incinerators
for hospital wastes are built and operated by the private sector on
a commercial basis.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 199- | ||||
| Generation of industrial and municipal waste (t) | ||||
| Waste disposed(Kg/capita) | ||||
| Expenditure on waste collection and treatment (US$) | ||||
| Waste recycling rates (%) | ||||
| Municipal waste disposal (Kg/capita) | ||||
| Waste reduction rates per unit of GDP (t/year) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 22: SAFE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT
OF RADIOACTIVE
WASTES
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: No information
|
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
|
|
| |
| Ch. 24: GLOBAL ACTION FOR WOMEN TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND
EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women was No information
24.b Increasing the proportion of women decision makers. Percentage of women: No information in government % in parliament % at local government level %
24.2.e assessing, reviewing, revising and implementing curricula and other educational material with a view to promoting dissemination of gender-relevant knowledge. Curricula and educational material : No information
24.2.f and 24.2.c formulating and implementing policies, guidelines, strategies and plans for achievement of equality in all aspects of society including issuing a strategy by year 2000 to eliminate obstacles to full participation of women in sustainable development. Policies/strategies etc. have been
No information 24.2.d establishing mechanisms by 1995 to assess implementation and impact of development and environment policies and programmes on women: No information
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information
| |
| |
| Ch. 25: CHILDREN AND YOUTH IN SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT. 25.4 establishing processes that promote dialogue between the youth and government at all levels and mechanisms that permit youth access to information and opportunity to present their views on implementing A21. Name relevant youth fora (3-4 most important): No information 1. 2. 3. 4.
Describe their role in the national process: 25.6 reducing youth unemployment No iformation 25.5 ensuring that by year 2000 more than 50% of youth -- gender balanced -- have access to appropriate secondary education or vocational training. The goal set in Agenda 21: No information
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information
| |
| |
| Ch. 26: RECOGNIZING AND STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND THEIR
COMMUNITIES.
26.3.a establishing a process to empower indigenous people and their communities -- through policies and legal instruments: No information 26.3.b strengthening arrangements for active participation in national policies: No information 26.3.c involving indigenous people in resource management strategies and programmes at the national and local level. No information
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information
| |
| Ch. 27: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS: PARTNERS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. 27.5 developing mechanisms that allow NGOs to play their partnership role responsibly and effectively. 27.6 reviewing formal procedures and mechanisms to involve NGOs in decision making and implementation. 27.8 promoting and allowing NGOs to participate in the conception, establishment and evaluation of official mechanisms to review Agenda 21 implementation. No information
27.7 establishing a mutually productive dialogue by 1995 at the national level between NGOs and governments.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information
| |
| |
| Ch. 28: LOCAL AUTHORITIES' INITIATIVES IN SUPPORT OF
AGENDA 21.
28.2.d encouraging local authorities to implement and monitor programmes that aim to ensure participation of women and youth in local decision making. There are at least ------ local agenda 21s. -----% involve representation of women and/or youth They involve ----% of population Government support of local agenda 21 initiatives: No information
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information
| |
| Ch. 29: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF WORKERS AND
THEIR TRADE UNIONS. 29.2 full participation of workers in implementation and evaluation of A21. 29.3 a to e (By year 2000, (a) promoting ratification of ILO conventions; (b) establishing bipartite and tripartite mechanism on safety, health and sustainable development; (c) increasing number of environmental collective agreements; (d) reducing occupational accidents and injuries; (e) increasing workers' education and training efforts. No information Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information
| |
| |
| 30: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY. 30.6 increasing the efficiency of resource use, including reuse, recycling, and reduction of waste per unit of economic output. No information 30.18.a encouraging the concept of stewardship in management and use of natural resources by entrepreneurs.
List any actions taken in this area: No information
30.18.b increasing number of enterprises that subscribe to and implement sustainable development policies.
No information Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information
| |
| |
| Ch. 31: SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL
COMMUNITY. 31.3.b improving exchange of knowledge and concerns between s&t community and the general public. No information
31.9 developing, improving and promoting international acceptance of codes of practice and guidelines related to science and technology and its role in reconciling environment and development.
Brief comments on this chapter not already described in chapter 35 (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information
| |
| Ch. 32: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF
FARMERS. 32.5.c promoting and encouraging sustainable farming practices and technologies.
32.5.e developing a policy framework that provides incentives and motivation among farmers for sustainable and efficient farming practices.
32.5.f enhancing participation of organizations of farmers in design and implementation of sustainable development policies.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information
| |
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: No information
CHANGES IN NATIONAL BUDGET TO ADDRESS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
NEW ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS:
ELIMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY UNFRIENDLY SUBSIDIES:
|
| ODA policy issues
Donor country: No information Recipient: No information
|
| ODA funding provided or received (Total US$million) | ||||||
| Net flow of external capital from all sources as % of GDP | ||||||
| Other data
| ||||||
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT ON LINKS BETWEEN NATIONAL, REGIONAL
AND INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION
NETWORKS/SYSTEMS: No information
MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION: No information
|
| Describe any work being undertaken at the national or
local level regarding efforts to promote clean production
processes and/or the concepts of eco-efficiency. These processes
may include training, preferential financial
arrangements, information dissemination and changes in legal or
regulatory frameworks.
No information
Provide information on the adoption of environmental management systems. National reaction to environmental management system standards such as the ISO 14000 Series and others. Please note efforts made at the national level to promote their adoption and the creation of certification infrastructure in order to facilitate access to these standards to local industry.
No information
List and describe programs or work under way to facilitate the transfer of ESTs to small and medium sized enterprises. Please note efforts to facilitate access to financial resources and other transfer strategies.
No information
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 35: SCIENCE FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT ON NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE,
RESEARCH NEEDS AND PRIORITIES: No
information
STEPS TAKEN TO ENHANCE SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, IMPROVE LONG TERM SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT, BUILDING OF CAPACITY AND CAPABILITY: No information
|
| Year | |||
| Number of scientists, engineers and technicians engaged in research and experimental development | # | 19-- | |
| Total expenditure for research and experimental development (US$eq.) | $ | 19-- | |
| Other data
| |||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 36: PROMOTING EDUCATION, PUBLIC AWARENESS AND
TRAINING
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: No information
a) Reorientation of education towards sustainable development No information
b) Increasing public awareness No information
c) Promoting training No information
ROLE OF MAJOR GROUPS: No information
FINANCING AND COST EVALUATION OF THE LABOUR ACTIVITIES: No information
|
| Latest 199- | ||||
| Adult literacy rate (%) Male | ||||
| Adult literacy rate (%) Female | ||||
| % of primary school children reaching grade 5 (1986-97) | ||||
| Mean number of years of schooling | ||||
| % of GNP spent on education | ||||
| Females per 100 males in secondary school | ||||
| Women per 100 men in the labour force | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT ON NATIONAL ENDOGENOUS CAPACITY
BUILDING: No information
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 38: INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL
ARRANGEMENTS
| Ch. 38: Brief summary of any particular UN System
response affecting this country/state:
No information
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 39: INTERNATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND
MECHANISMS
| Ch. 39: International Legal Instruments are covered
under the relevant sectoral chapters. This is a listing of major
agreements/conventions (not already covered) entered into and
relevant to Agenda 21: No information
|
| 2. | International cooperation and trade | |||||
| 3. | Combating poverty | |||||
| 4. | Changing consumption patterns | |||||
| 5. | Demographic dynamics and sustainability | |||||
| 6. | Human health | |||||
| 7. | Human settlements | |||||
| 8. | Integrating E & D in decision-making | |||||
| 9. | Protection of the atmosphere | |||||
| 10. | Integrated planning and management of land resources | |||||
| 11. | Combating deforestation | |||||
| 12. | Combating desertification and drought | |||||
| 13. | Sustainable mountain development | |||||
| 14. | Sustainable agriculture and rural development | |||||
| 15. | Conservation of biological diversity | |||||
| 16. | Biotechnology | |||||
| 17. | Oceans, seas, coastal areas and their living resources | |||||
| 18. | Freshwater resources | |||||
| 19. | Toxic chemicals | |||||
| 20. | Hazardous wastes | |||||
| 21. | Solid wastes | |||||
| 22. | Radioactive wastes | |||||
| 24. | Women in sustainable development | |||||
| 25. | Children and youth | |||||
| 26. | Indigenous people | |||||
| 27. | Non-governmental organizations | |||||
| 28. | Local authorities | |||||
| 29. | Workers and trade unions | |||||
| 30. | Business and industry | |||||
| 31. | Scientific and technological community | |||||
| 32. | Farmers | |||||
| 33. | Financial resources and mechanisms | |||||
| 34. | Technology, cooperation and capacity-building | |||||
| 35. | Science for sustainable development | |||||
| 36. | Education, public awareness and training | |||||
| 37. | International cooperation for capacity-building | |||||
| 38. | International institutional arrangements | |||||
| 39. | International legal instruments | |||||
| 40. | Information for decision-making | |||||
No information
| Latest 199- | ||||
| Number of telephones in use per 100 inhabitants | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
Copyright © United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Comments and suggestions: esa@un.org
1 November 1997