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National Implementation of Agenda 21
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Information Provided by the Government of Romania to the
United Nations Department for Policy Coordination and
Sustainable Development
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This country profile has been provided by:
Name of Ministry/Office: Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection
Date: 21 January 1997
Submitted by: Mr. Ioan Oltean, Minister
Mailing address: Bd. Líbertatíí 12, Sector 5, Bucharest
Telephone: 40-1-4100243
Telefax: 40-1-3121436
E-mail:
Note from the Secretariat: An effort has been made to present all country profiles within a common format, with an equal number of pages. However, where Governments have not provided information for the tables appended to Chapters 4 and 17, those tables have been omitted entirely in order to reduce the overall length of the profile and save paper. Consequently, there may be some minor inconsistencies among the formats of the different country profiles.
All statistics are rendered as provided by the respective Governments.
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| APELL | Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level |
| CFC | chlorofluorocarbon |
| CGIAR | Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research |
| CILSS | Permanent Inter-State Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel |
| EEZ | exclusive economic zone |
| ECA | Economic Commission for Africa |
| ECE | Economic Commission for Europe |
| ECLAC | Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean |
| ELCI | Environmental Liaison Centre International |
| EMINWA | environmentally sound management of inland water |
| ESCAP | Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific |
| ESCWA | Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia |
| FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
| GATT | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade |
| GAW | Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO) |
| GEF | Global Environment Facility |
| GEMS | Global Environmental Monitoring System (UNEP) |
| GEMS/WATER | Global Water Quality Monitoring Programme |
| GESAMP | Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution |
| GIPME | Global Investigation of Pollution in Marine Environment (UNESCO) |
| GIS | Geographical Information System |
| GLOBE | Global Legislators Organisation for a Balanced Environment |
| GOS | Global Observing System (WMO/WWW) |
| GRID | Global Resource Information Database |
| GSP | generalized system of preferences |
| HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
| IAEA | International Atomic Energy Agency |
| IAP-WASAD | International Action Programme on Water and Sustainable Agricultural Development |
| IARC | International Agency for Research on Cancer |
| IBSRAM | International Board of Soil Resources and Management |
| ICCA | International Council of Chemical Associations |
| ICES | International Council for the Exploration of the Sea |
| ICPIC | International Cleaner Production Information Clearing House |
| ICSC | International Civil Service Commission |
| ICSU | International Council of Scientific Unions |
| IEEA | Integrated environmental and economic accounting |
| IFAD | International Fund for Agricultural Development |
| IGADD | Intergovernmental Authority for Drought and Development |
| IGBP | International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (ICSU) |
| IGBP/START | International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme/Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training |
| ILO | International Labour Organisation |
| IMF | International Monetary Fund |
| IMO | International Maritime Organization |
| INFOTERRA | International Environment Information system (UNEP) |
| IOC | Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission |
| IPCC | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
| IPCS | International Programme on Chemical Safety |
| IPM | integrated pest management |
| IRPTC | International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals |
| ITC | International Tin Council |
| ITTO | International Tropical Timber Organization |
| IUCN | International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
| MARPOL | International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships |
| OECD | Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development |
| PGRFA | plant genetic resources for agriculture |
| PIC | prior informed consent procedure |
| SADCC | South African Development Co-ordination Conference |
| SARD | sustainable agriculture and rural development |
| UNCTAD | United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |
| UNDP | United Nations Development Programme |
| UNDRO | Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator |
| UNEP | United Nations Environment Programme |
| UNESCO | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
| UNFPA | United Nations Population Fund |
| UNICEF | United Nations Children's Fund |
| UNIDO | United Nations Industrial Development Organization |
| UNU | United Nations University |
| WCP | World Climate Programme (WMO/UNEP/ICSU/UNESCO) |
| WFC | World Food Council |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| WMO | World Meteorological Organization |
| WWF | World Wide Fund for Nature (also called World Wildlife Fund) |
| WWW | World Weather Watch (WMO) |
Five years after UNCED, countries continue to take positive measures but remain concerned regarding persistent environmental protection problems and the management of natural resources.
An important positive aspect is the higher position which has been given on the Agenda of the Government to the concept of sustainable development, scientific and technical research activities, sustainable management of natural resources, as well as to public particpation in the decision-making process. An important part of society is aware of the changing patterns and are developing activities to ensure the transition.
The number of countries parties to environmental conventions has increased, particularly for the conventions signed in Rio. Even though all the objectives of Agenda 21 have not been applied and some of the measures taken have not yet been quantified, it is important to consider the efforts undertaken by the countries with economies in transition. Because of the transition process, these countries have difficulties in implementing the environmental measures necessary to achieve the objectives proposed at UNCED. In the field of transfer of technology, there is a need to increase cooperation between countries. It is also important to put into practice the various studies, analyses and evaluations in order to solve concrete problems.
Taking into account the general lack of financial resources, the complex character of environmental issues, the serious economic and social problems, the effects of certain radical meausres aimed at pollution abatement, it is necessary to consider the priorities, risks, advantages and the achievement stages of the mitigation measures.
It is our opinion that in the future we should focus on finding specific mechanisms which can contribute to a better approach in the field of transfer of available technologies and through activities implemented jointly under the environmental conventions.
Environmental protection matters are particularly complex and concern all sectors: the economic, social and political. The appropriate solution to these matters demands the participation of all polluters, those interested in environmental protection, the public and its elected representatives, non-governmental organizations as well as the state structure.
Measures have been taken at all levels - legislative, organizational, institutional, and financial - and a network of specialized monitoring stations has been set up to follow-up on the quality of environmental factors. Romania is comitted to fulfilling the agreements of the International Conventions on Environment.
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1. Name of Key National Sustainable Development Coordination Mechanism(s)/Council(s). Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection
Contact point (Name, Title, Office): Ioan Oltean, Minister of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection
Telephone: 40-1-4100243
Fax: 40-1-3121436
e-mail:
Mailing address: Bd. Libertatii, No 12, Sector 5, Bucharest, Romania
2. Membership/Composition/Chairperson:
2a. List of ministries and agencies involved:
2b. Names of para-statal bodies and institutions involved, as well as participating of academic and private sector bodies:
2c. Names of non-governmental organizations involved:
Nongovernmental organizations which unsdertake activities addressing the problems of sustainable developmen such as: The Romanian Association of Ecological Management and Sustainable Development and The Romanian Association of Energetics Policy
3. Mandate role of above mechanism/council:
4. If available, attach a diagram (organization chart) showing national coordination structure and linkages between ministries:
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 2: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
TO ACCELERATE SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND RELATED DOMESTIC
POLICIES (with special emphasis on TRADE)
The International Cooperation Principle is one of the
environmental policy principles on which "The Environmental
Strategy for Romania" is based. In accordance with this prinicple,
multilateral relationships are being developed with the
countries of the European Union as well as with other developed and
developing countries. International cooperation is
also based on international legal instruments such as environmental
conventions and protocols to which the countries are
parties. In this connection, Romania has ratified the CITES
Convention and is promoting specific procedures and
settlements to implement it. In the legislative field a number of
specific regulations concerning environment and trade are
being formulated. In this context the relationship between the
Central Environmental Authroity and the Ministry of
Industry and Trade is being developed by seeking to establish a
common strategy, taking into account the relative
priorities. Some actions in this area are:
labeling for refrigerators;
trade in energy that is being developed under the "European
Energy Charter";
regulations regarding the gathering and trading of forest
fruits, small plants and other species.
Some concrete measures have also been taken for the protection
of certain natural resources by limiting their export.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure:
the Romanian Government
the Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental
Protection
the Ministry of Industry and Trade
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 3: COMBATING POVERTY
Focus of national strategy
The social protection of low income persons is a priority of
the Romanian Government.
The economy of the country is in a comprehensive process of
restructuring which has had as a consequence an increase
in the rate of unemployment. The complex process of
reconstruction has to take into consideration the social protection
of those people especially affected. This can be done by giving
compensation only to those with low incomes. In addition
tax benefits will be given to those joint ventures which hire the
unemployed.
Low income people and those from isolated areas are supported
by being given access to certain strictly necessary
natural resources.
Highlight activities aimed at the poor and linkages to the
environment
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 1994 | |||||
| Unemployment (%) | |||||
| Population living in absolute poverty | |||||
| Public spending on social sector % | |||||
| Other data
| |||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 4: CHANGING CONSUMPTION
PATTERNS
National policy objectives/focus
An ojective of the Environmental Protection Strategy in Romania
is to change consumption patterns and the adjustment
of these to the demands of the transition through sustainable
development.
National targets: No information
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 1994_ | |||||
| GDP per capita (current US$) | |||||
| Real GDP growth (%) | |||||
| Annual energy consumption per capita (Kg. of oil equivalent per capita) | |||||
| Motor vehicles in use per 1000 inhabitants | |||||
| Other data
| |||||
Government policies affecting consumption and production.
1. Goals and Agents (Stakeholders)
Indicate with a () those agents which your Governments policies are meant most to influence.
| Agents Goals | |||||
| Material efficiency | |||||
| Energy efficiency: | |||||
| Transport | |||||
| Housing | |||||
| Other | |||||
| Waste: | |||||
| Reduce | |||||
| Reuse | |||||
| Recycle |
Comments:
2. Means & Measures and Agents (Stakeholders)
Indicate with an (R) those agents who assume primary responsibility for any of the policy measures indicated; indicate with an (I) the agents for which the impact is expected to be especially significant.
| Agents Means & Measures | |||||
| Improving understanding and analysis | |||||
| Information and education (e.g., radio/TV/press) | |||||
| Research | |||||
| Evaluating environmental claims | |||||
| Form partnerships | |||||
| Applying tools for modifying behaviour | |||||
| Community based strategies | |||||
| Social incentives/disincentives (e.g., ecolabelling) | |||||
| Regulatory instruments | |||||
| Economic incentives/disincentives | |||||
| Voluntary agreements of producer responsibility
for aspects of product life cycle | |||||
| Provision of enabling facilities and
infrastructure (e.g., transportation alternatives, recycling) | |||||
| Procurement policy | |||||
| Monitoring, evaluating and reviewing performance | |||||
| Action campaign | |||||
| Other (specify) |
Comments:
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 5: DEMOGRAPHIC DYNAMICS AND
SUSTAINABILITY
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: VERY HIGH | ||||
| STATUS REPORT:
The Government's view is that the fertility levels and population growth are too low; the demographic issue constitutes a warning for Romanian society. The natural birth rate of the population has recently had negative values. The Government aims at supporting young families, and youth in general, by offering financial facilities for the construction of housing.
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1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 1994 | |||
| Population (Thousands) mid-year estimates | |||
| Annual rate of increase (1990-1993) negative natural increase | |||
| Surface area (Km2) | |||
| Population density (people/Km2) | |||
| Other data
| |||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 6: PROTECTING AND PROMOTING
HUMAN HEALTH
Increasing the quality of medical assistance is a priority
for the Romanian Government. Efforts have been made in
the last few years to increase the material base and to improve the
medical infrastructure. There are, however, great
difficulties due to limited financial resources.
The health/sanitary system in Romania is being restructured.
The private sector is also developing capacity in this
area for example, in 1994, 23 out of a total of 547 clinics were
private.
Another important and interdisciplinary aspect is health in
the work place. The strategy for this area calls for close
cooperation between the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection,
the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Water,
Forests and Environmental Protection.
Romania participates in the Environment/Health Process in
Europe. It is also elaborating a National Action Program
in the field of health which is part of the National Action Program
in the field of the environment. The Environmental
Protection Law states health prerogatives and has specific
previsions which are under the competence of the Health
Ministry concerning collaboration with the Central Environmental
Authority to improve the quality of life.
Improvement of the environmental quality and reduction of pollution
in "hot spots" included in the Environment Strategy
also contributes to the improvement of health in the working place.
In the Zlatna area, some programmes concerning environment and
health have been promoted as case studies. These
have included concrete measures like the modernization of certain
laboratories of health institutes. At the same time
measures have been taken to control pollution at Baia-Mare, Zlatna,
Copsa mica, Slatina and other areas. For example:
Pollution abatement by 35-40% at S.C.Phoenix Baia-Mare and SC
Romplumb S.A. was a determining factor in reducing
the cases of illnesses related to lead intoxication.
At present the Romanian economy is going through a process of
transformation, which includes a considerable amount
of privatization. The Government expects that the strengthening of
private property will promote sustainable development.
Programs for the development of family tourism are being
carried out in certain areas of the country.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 1994 | ||||
| Life expectancy at birth Male Female |
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| Infant mortality (per 1000 live births) | ||||
| Maternal mortality rate (per 100000 live births) | ||||
| Access to safe drinking water (% of population) | ||||
| Access to sanitation services (% of population) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 7: PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE HUMAN
SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT
According to existing legislation, the development of human
settlements is based on zones and is detailed in the
General Urbanism Plans. These plans must exist at the level of
every county. At the national level, a National Plan
includes different aspects: transportation, energy distribution
networks, communication pathways, waters management,
protected areas and others. In accordance with the Environmental
Law, an environmental impact assessment is required
for every such plan. Environmental agreements are also necessary
for activities and arrangements in each locality.
Certain issues specified by the law require environmental impact
assessment studies and/or environmental audits.
The Romanian economy is presently in a process of
transformation towards privatization which occupies the attention
of the Government. The Government expects that by strengthening
private property, it will support the promotion of
sustainable development.
Programs for the development of eco tourism are being carried
out at present in certain areas of Romania.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Urban population in % of total population | |||
| Annual rate of growth of urban population (%) | |||
| Largest city population (in % of total population) | |||
| Other data
| |||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 8: INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT IN DECISION-MAKING
Concrete measures have been taken in order to integrate
environment and development issues in the decision-making
process which include inter alia the coordination of
sectoral and environmental strategies and the integration of these
into
the national Action Plan. Inter-ministerial commissions dealing
with environmental issues and special environmental units
in Ministries have also been established.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure (please also refer to the fact
sheet): No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 9: PROTECTION OF THE
ATMOSPHERE
The Montreal Protocol and its Amendments
The Montreal Protocol (1987) was signed in 1993
The London Amendment (1990) was signed in 1993
The Copenhagen Amendment (1992) was signed in 1993
The latest report to the Montreal Protocol Secretariat was
prepared in 1996
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
The UNFCCC was signed in 1994.
The latest report to the UNFCCC Secretariat was submitted in 1995.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 199- | ||||
| CO2 emissions (eq. million tons) | ||||
| SOx " | ||||
| NOx " | ||||
| CH4 " | ||||
| Consumption of ozone depleting substances (Tons) | ||||
| Expenditure on air pollution abatement in US$ equivalents (million) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATED APPROACH TO
THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF LAND
RESOURCES
In 1995, the Environmental Protection Law was promulgated.
Among the relevant provisions contained in this law is
the need to elaborate environmental impact assessment studies and
to set up regulation specific to assessing the damage
produced by anthropogenic activities.
The issue of mineral resources management is the
responsibility of the Ministry of Water, Forest and Environmental
Protection and of the National Agency of Mineral Resources. All
the activities that are carried out must have an
environmental permit and must comply with the principles of
sustainable development.
In the Environmental Strategy of Romania there is a special
chapter dealing with the areas affected by pollution due to
both the overutilization of chemicals (especially before 1990) and
the development of the extractive and processing
industries.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 11: COMBATING
DEFORESTATION
Since 1989, the afforested surface has increased by 107,395
ha.
The strategy for the sustainable management of forests takes
into account the following:
- maintenance and rational exploitation of forests;
- increasing the afforested areas through reforestation of
degraded lands, as well as of non-productive agricultural
lands;
- development of green protective belts in polluted areas.
Under the Framework Convention on Climate Change, jointly
implemented activities under the pilot phase are being
developed by Romania. Under the same Convention, the terms of
reference for the afforestation programs will be
finalized for the GEF mechanism.
Special programs for reconstruction have been developed in
polluted areas, simultaneously or as a consequence of
certain pollution control measures in Baia-Mare, Alba-Iulia, and
Copsa Mica. In the framework of the National Program
against desertification and according the Envrionmental Protection
Strategy, afforestation should increase from 27% to
30% by the year 2000.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 1994 | ||||
| Forest Area (Km2) | ||||
| Protected forest area | ||||
| Roundwood production (solid volume of roundwood without bark in mill m3) | ||||
| Deforestation rate (Km2/annum) | ||||
| Reforestation rate (Km2/annum) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 12: MANAGING FRAGILE
ECOSYSTEMS: COMBATING DESERTIFICATION AND
DROUGHT
International Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries
Experiencing Drought and/or Desertification
Particularly in Africa has not been signed
Additional comments relevant to this chapter
In the south of Romania desertification appears as a result of
the climate change phenomena. To combat these trends
sustainable administration of these areas is being undertaken.
These areas are given special emphasis in the National
Forestry Development Strategy.
About 7 million ha of agricultural land are subject to land
sliding and erosion; on 3.5 million ha erosion is very strong
and has resulted in the loss of 20-25 tons of soil/ha per year as
compared to the rehabilitation capacity which is 2-3
tons/ha year.
A National Program to fight desertification has been promoted
by the Ministry of Agriculture.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 199_ | ||||
| Land affected by desertification (Km2) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 13: MANAGING FRAGILE
ECOSYSTEMS: SUSTAINABLE MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: No information
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 14: PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Soil resources in Romania are extremely important because 62%
of the total area of the country is agricultural land.
Agriculture contributes 20% to the national income.
Non-agricultural lands grew by 400,543 ha between 1989 and 1994;
about 246.126 ha of this area is covered with buildings, roads and
non productive lands. The agricultural lands
productivity is diminshed by 20-30% due to certain limitative
factors as: chemical pollution due to the unreasonable
utilization of fertilizers and pesticides, emissions of heavy
metals and hydrocarbonates. In drought periods, agricultural
productivity diminishes severely in the affected areas.
A priority for the Romanian Government is the sustainable
development of agriculture, which includes the following
objectives:
- decreasing the use of chemical fertilizers;
- increasing the use of natural fertilizers;
- land reclamation works and
- using adequate technology for the privitization of
agriculture.
A special effort is being undertaken by the Forestry and
Agricultue Academy which coordinates certain programs of
sustainable agriculture. There are regulations regarding the
utilization of chemicals in agriculture according to
environmental laws and scientific research.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: HIGH
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 1994 | ||||
| Agricultural land (Km2) | ||||
| Agricultural land as % of total land area | ||||
| Agricultural land per capita | ||||
| Latest 199_ | ||||
| Consumption of fertilizers per Km2 of agricultural land as of 1990 | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 15: CONSERVATION OF
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
Convention on Biological Diversity
The Convention was signed in 1992 and ratified in 1994
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora
The Convention was signed in 1994.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter
Of the 3,800 species of plants existing in Romania several
decades ago, 23 have been declared "Natural Monument",
290 are vulnerable, 185 are threatened with extinction and 17 have
already disappeared. The decrease of biological
diversity could contribute to the decreasing productivity and
resistance of the biological community. The National
Strategy for Biodiversity Conservation and the national Plan for
Biological Diversity Conservation have been established.
A draft project for the conservation of natural monuments and
protected areas has also been elaborated. The strategy is
one of the principal elements of the Environmental Strategy for
Romania.
In 1994, the National Network of Protected Areas included 586
sites which represent about 48% of Romania's
surface. This network is administered in conformity with
sustainable development principles by the Ministry of Waters,
Forests and Environmental Protection.
With the "Biotop" programme, Romania takes part in the CORIN
Programme, for example:
protected plants: Tisa (Tasux baccata), Edelweiss
(Leontopodium alpinum), the Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium
Calceolus), the Romanian Peony (Paeonia peregrina);
protected birds include the Bustard, the Mountain Cock and
the Mountain Aquilla.
According to the norms established by the IUCN, the protected
areas in Romania were classified in 5 distinct
categories:
1. Scientific reservations
2. National parks
3. Natural monuments
4. Natural reservations
5. Landscape reservations.
The following categories of "Protected Areas" have also been
adopted:
- zones included on the UNESCO "Man and Biosphere" Programme
List;
- zones registered on the "World Cultural and Natural
Patrimony".
The Danube Delta has been declared a "Biosphere Reservation'
and is part of a strictly protected area. It is self-administered
and headed by a governor.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 1994 | |||
| Protected area as % of total land area | |||
| Latest 1994 | |||
| Number of threatened species | |||
| Other data
| |||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 16: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
In this area some special concerns exist regarding research in
the field of agriculture and animal breeding.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 17: PROTECTION OF THE
OCEANS, ALL KINDS OF SEAS, INCLUDING ENCLOSED
AND SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS, AND COASTAL AREAS AND THE PROTECTION,
RATIONAL USE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR LIVING RESOURCES
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea has not been
signed.
See also the attached table on the next page.
The law for Environmental Protection stipulates that the
elaboration of specific legislation regarding the management of
coastal areas is mandatory. Romania ratified the Convention on the
Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution and the
preservation of its biodiversity and the Marpol Convention.
Romania participates in the Programme for the
Environmental Protection of the Black Sea Basin, together with the
other riparian countries.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 199- | ||||
| Catches of marine species (metric tons) | ||||
| Population in coastal areas | ||||
| Population served by waste water treatment (% of
country's total population) | ||||
| Discharges of oil into coastal waters (metric tons) | ||||
| Releases of phosphate into coastal waters (metric tons) | ||||
| Releases of nitrate into coastal waters (metric tons) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
Chapter 17 (Oceans) Continued:
| Check the boxes in the column below left: | Check the boxes in the column below right: |
| For level of importance use: | For level of implementation use: |
| *** = very important | *** = fully covered |
| ** = important | ** = well covered- gaps being addressed |
| * = not important | * = poorly covered |
| N = not relevant | O = not covered; N = not relevant |
TABLE I*: THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED BY THE APPROPRIATE COORDINATING MECHANISM FOR INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL AND MARINE AREAS AND THEIR RESOURCES.
| a. Preparation and implementation of land and water use and siting policies. | ||
| b. Implementation of integrated coastal and marine management and sustainable development plans and programmes at appropriate levels. | ||
| c. Preparation of coastal profiles identifying critical areas including eroded zones, physical processes, development patterns, user conflicts and specific priorities for management. | ||
| d. Prior environmental impact assessment, systematic observation and follow-up of major projects, including systematic incorporation of results in decision-making. | ||
| e. Contingency plans for human induced and natural disasters. | ||
| f. Improvement of coastal human settlements, especially in housing, drinking water and treatment and disposal of sewage, solid wastes and industrial effluents. | ||
| g. Periodic assessment of the impacts of external factors and phenomena to ensure that the objectives of integrated management and sustainable development of coastal areas and marine environment are met. | ||
| h. Conservation and restoration of altered critical habitats. | ||
| I. Integration of sectoral programmes on sustainable development for settlements, agriculture, tourism, fishing, ports and industries affecting the coastal areas. | ||
| J. Infrastructure adaptation and alternative employment. | ||
| K. Human resource development and training. | ||
| L. Public education, awareness and information programmes. | ||
| M. Promoting environmentally sound technology and sustainable practices. | ||
| N. Development and simultaneous implementation of environmental quality criteria. |
* The Romanian Government only provided information for this table.
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: Until 1989, the water demand in
the industrial and agricultural sectors increased continuously.
Begining in 1989, the water demand for both these sectors decreased
in parallel with the increase of the quantity of water
used by the population. The water quality improved slightly owing
both to the diminution of agricultural and industrial
pollution and to the measures imposed on the economic agents by the
local EPA. The length of the 1st quality water
courses grew from 35% in 1985 to some 54% in 1994. There remained,
still, 12-13% of the rivers' reference length
where the degradation was such that it rendered them almost
lifeless. The Environmental Program for the hydrographic basin of the Danube Delta (within the Strategic Action Plan) creates a favorable general framework for taking rehabilitation measures regarding the water quality of this river which is important for Romania. The monitoring and self-monitoring operations as well as the introduction of flowmeters is important for both the supervision of the surface and subterranean waters quality and for the prevention of any accidental pollution. The Waters Law contains the necessary provisions in order to improve the sustainable management of water. It is based on the Environmental Law which was promulgated in 1995.
|
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 1995 | ||||
| Fresh water availability (total domestic/external in million m3) | ||||
| Annual withdrawal of freshwater as % of available water | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 19: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF TOXIC CHEMICALS, INCLUDING
PREVENTION OF ILLEGAL INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN TOXIC AND DANGEROUS
PRODUCTS
- labeling and classification of hazardous chemicals;
- risk assessment for hazardous chemicals;
- regulatory system for the import and export of this type of
chemicals.
A specific law was promulgated concerning the use of chemicals
in the agricultural sector. Special provisions are
contained the Environmental Law as in Governmental Decision
no.437/1992.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: A national regulatory framework
for the management of hazardous wastes is being formulated in
Romania. In this connection and within the environmental
legislation, the following EU norms will be adopted:
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 20: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES,
INCLUDING PREVENTION OF ILLEGAL INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN HAZARDOUS
WASTES
The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements
of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal
was ratified in 1991. The latest information was provided to the
Basel Convention Secretariat in 1996.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter
For Romania's Environmental Strategy the problem of hazardous
wastes is one of the most important due to both the
total amount of existing hazardous wastes and to the weakness of
the regulatory system.
A draft programme outlining the objectives for the sustainable
management of hazardous wastes is being formulated
presently. This regulatory framework will be based on EU
directives and will deal with all stages of hazardous waste
management.
An information system on hazardous and non-hazardous wastes
has been established as was a national system for
waste inventories.
According to domestic environmental legislation, it is
strictly prohibited to introduce hazardous wastes into Romania.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 1994 | ||||
| Generation of hazardous waste (mil.t) | ||||
| Import of hazardous wastes (t) | ||||
| Export of hazardous wastes (t) | ||||
| Area of land contaminated by hazardous waste (km2) | ||||
| Expenditure on hazardous waste treatment (US$) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 21: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTES AND SEWAGE-RELATED ISSUES
A system exists to collect information on the types and
quantites of wastes produced on a yearly bases. The system
was recently connected to the European Wastes Catalogue.
In 1996, standards were established for town waste products,
specifically for:
- the terminology of wastes;
- general information on the design of waste storage
places.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: The legislative framework for
the sound environmental management of hazardous and non-hazardous
wastes is being established, improved and developed.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
| Latest 1994 | ||||
| Generation of industrial and municipal waste (mil.t) | ||||
| Waste disposed(Kg/capita) | ||||
| Expenditure on waste collection and treatment (US$) | ||||
| Waste recycling rates (%) | ||||
| Municipal waste disposal (Kg/capita) | ||||
| Waste reduction rates per unit of GDP (t/year) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 22: SAFE AND
ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Operational legislation and
rigorous procedures exist in this area.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
|
| |
| Ch. 24: GLOBAL ACTION FOR WOMEN TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND
EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women was No information 24.b Increasing the proportion of women decision makers. No information 24.2.e assessing, reviewing, revising and implementing curricula and other educational material with a view to promoting dissemination of gender-relevant knowledge. No information 24.2.f and 24.2.c formulating and implementing policies, guidelines, strategies and plans for achievement of equality in all aspects of society including issuing a strategy by year 2000 to eliminate obstacles to full participation of women in sustainable development. No information 24.2.d establishing mechanisms by 1995 to assess implementation and impact of development and environment policies and programmes on women No information Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): In Romania a tradition regarding the participation of youth and women in decision making processes exists. After 1989 a decrease in this participation was registered. At present, however, the interest regarding the access of youth and women to the decision making process is again one of the main preoccupations of the authorities. There is a Ministry involved in youth issues. There are also a lot of youth and women's associations promoting them to decison making positions. In the Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection and in the Local Agencies for Environmental Protection there are many women involved in decision and policy making.
| |
| |
| Ch. 25: CHILDREN AND YOUTH IN SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT. 25.4 establishing processes that promote dialogue between the youth and government at all levels and mechanisms that permit youth access to information and opportunity to present their views on implementing A21. Name relevant youth fora (3-4 most important): No information
Describe their role in the national process: No information
25.6 reducing youth unemployment: No information 25.5 ensuring that by year 2000 more than 50% of youth -- gender balanced -- have access to appropriate secondary education or vocational training. No information Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page):
In Romania a tradition regarding the participation of youth and women in decision making processes exists. After 1989 a decrease in this participation was registered. At present, however, the interest regarding the access of youth and women to the decision making process is again one of the main preoccupations of the authorities. There is a Ministry involved in youth issues. There are also a lot of youth and women's associations promoting them to decison making positions. In the Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection and in the Local Agencies for Environmental Protection there are many women involved in decision and policy making.
| |
| |
| Ch. 26: RECOGNIZING AND STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND THEIR
COMMUNITIES.
26.3.a establishing a process to empower indigenous people and their communities -- through policies and legal instruments: no information
26.3.b strengthening arrangements for active participation in national policies No information
26.3.c involving indigenous people in resource management strategies and programmes at the national and local level. No information
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page):
| |
| Ch. 27: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS: PARTNERS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. 27.5 developing mechanisms that allow NGOs to play their partnership role responsibly and effectively. 27.6 reviewing formal procedures and mechanisms to involve NGOs in decision making and implementation. 27.8 promoting and allowing NGOs to participate in the conception, establishment and evaluation of official mechanisms to review Agenda 21 implementation.
27.7 establishing a mutually productive dialogue by 1995 at the national level between NGOs and governments.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): In 1995 the National Strategy on Environment and the National Action Plan were established with the involvement of Romanian NGOs. They were able to express their points of view and make comments for the improvement of these important documents. In order to present suggestions, workshops were organized to facilitate the exchange of opinions. The public participation process was applied for the rehabilitation of the energy sector and lignite mining, with the support of the Ministry of Industries, as well as some other governmental bodies. It was a good opportunity to present the strategy for this sector. In Romania there are over 250 NGOs involved in issues of environmental protection.
| |
| |
| Ch. 28: LOCAL AUTHORITIES' INITIATIVES IN SUPPORT OF
AGENDA 21.
28.2.d encouraging local authorities to implement and monitor programmes that aim to ensure participation of women and youth in local decision making. Government plans to support local agenda 21 initiatives.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information
| |
| Ch. 29: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF WORKERS AND
THEIR TRADE UNIONS. 29.2 full participation of workers in implementation and evaluation of A21. 29.3 a to e (By year 2000, (a) promoting ratification of ILO conventions; (b) establishing bipartite and tripartite mechanism on safety, health and sustainable development; (c) increasing number of environmental collective agreements; (d) reducing occupational accidents and injuries; (e) increasing workers' education and training efforts. Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): The role of trade unions is important in Romania. A partnership mechanism was created between Government, the private sector and the trade unions. Meetings have taken place between the Environment Ministry and the trade unions on issues regarding environmental protection, sustainable development, etc. The trade unions have been actively involved in finding optimal solutions for controilling pollution and improving working conditions especially in areas considered "hot spots" from an environmental point of view.
| |
| |
| 30: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY. 30.6 increasing the efficiency of resource use, including reuse, recycling, and reduction of waste per unit of economic output. There are governmental policies encouraging the above objective and requiring recycling, etc.
30.18.a encouraging the concept of stewardship in management and use of natural resources by entrepreneurs.
List any actions taken in this area: There are concessions for certain activities especially in the field of management of natural resources in the Danube Delta. These types of procedures have been utilized frequently in forestry and waters management but they are also starting to be used in other fields. The Agencies for Environmental Protection have been promoting environmental management and sustainable development concepts at the county level.
30.18.b increasing number of enterprises that subscribe to and implement sustainable development policies. A few big, small and medium enterprises have adopted sustainable development policies.
| |
| |
| Ch. 31: SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL
COMMUNITY. 31.3.b improving exchange of knowledge and concerns between s&t community and the general public. There is some effort in this direction.
31.9 developing, improving and promoting international acceptance of codes of practice and guidelines related to science and technology and its role in reconciling environment and development.
Brief comments on this chapter not already described in chapter 35 (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): According to the provisions of the Environmental law no. 137 of 1995, all activities with negative impacts on the environment must be authorized. Environmental permits can only be given based on an Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA). Existing economic agents have to apply the compliance schedule in order to comply with domestic environmental legislation.
In all these actions, the scientific community has an important role. There is a National Priority Programme of Research in the field of ecology and environmental Protection and Waters Management. Under this programme important themes have been promoted with international participation, including problems connected to development and environmental reconstruction. | |
| Ch. 32: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF
FARMERS. 32.5.c promoting and encouraging sustainable farming practices and technologies.
32.5.e developing a policy framework that provides incentives and motivation among farmers for sustainable and efficient farming practices.
32.5.f enhancing participation of organizations of farmers in design and implementation of sustainable development policies.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): The Forestry Agricultural Science Academy is directly involved in promoting the sustainable use of agricultural procedures at the farmers level. Both the Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection and the Agriculture Ministry are involved in the implementation of the appropriate practices, by adequate policies and regulations.
| |
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 33: FINANCIAL RESOURCES
AND MECHANISMS
Financial resources and mechanisms are also covered under each
sectoral chapter of Agenda 21 where
relevant. This summary highlights broader national financial
policies, domestic and external
(including ODA)
It is very difficult to make an estimation of the investments
required for environmental protection purposes but their
effects are even more difficult to estimate. The estimation of
this amount requires an analysis of every polluting object (in
industry, agriculture, transport and populated centres) based on
restructuring projects, on re-technologization and, where
necessary, on rendering them profitable different options being
taken in to account.
CHANGES IN NATIONAL BUDGET TO ADDRESS SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT: According to the data
published by the National Commission for Statistics, GDP reached
48,333 billion lei in 1994, while the State Budget
totaled 9,870 billion lei. Data published by the same Commission,
reflect that investments made for environmental
protection purposes equaled about 0.6% of the GDP and 2.73% of the
State Budget. The economic agents contributed
with up to 50% to those investment expenses.
NEW ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS: Financial mechamisms have been
promoted to support environmental investment
through the privatization process. Based on the Environmental Law,
negotiations between the former and present owners
of companies are possible to cover the costs of erasing past
environmental damages by the company in question. In
addition, about 60% of the funds which have been obtained by the
State Property Fund (FPS) by selling shares, could be
returned to that society for using them in the fight against
pollution.
ELIMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY UNFRIENDLY SUBSIDIES:
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Environmental problems are
caused by the existing energy-intensive industries with less
economic
efficiency. One of the priorities for the Romanian Government is
the process of economic restructuring, for which
available financial resources are limited. An important way to
solve the environmental problem is to focus the existing
resources on priorities.
| ODA policy issues
Romania is a recipient country.
|
| ODA funding provided or received (Total US$million) | ||||||
| Net flow of external capital from all sources as % of GDP | ||||||
| Other data
| ||||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 34: TRANSFER OF
ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND TECHNOLOGY, COOPERATION AND
CAPACITY-BUILDING
Transfer of environmentally sound technology, cooperation and
capacity-building is also covered under each sectoral
chapter of Agenda 21 where relevant. This summary highlights
broader national policies and actions relating to chapter
34.
Technology transfer is based on trade specially through
environmenal protection investments. There are consultations
being undertaken for the establishment of a technology transfer
center in the Ministry of Industry. International
convention secretariats are also sources of information. In the
Ministry for Water, Forests and Environmental Protection
there is an Office for Information and Documentation which is
connected to the Internet. A national information network
also exists in the Ministry of Research.
MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION:
A national Agency for Technology Transfer has recently been
created in the Ministry of Research and Technology.
This Agency has supported the transfer into practice of the results
of its own research.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT ON LINKS BETWEEN NATIONAL, REGIONAL
AND INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION
NETWORKS/SYSTEMS:
| Describe any work being undertaken at the national or
local level regarding efforts to promote clean production
processes and/or the concepts of eco-efficiency. These processes
may include training, preferential financial
arrangements, information dissemination and changes in legal or
regulatory frameworks.
The environmental law, has created the framework to promote certain clean production processes. At the national level, the national Action Plan in the field of the environment has been promoted. The implementation of this Plan also requires the transfer of technology. The Ministry of Research and the Ministry of Trade have responsibilities in this field.
Provide information on the adoption of environmental management systems. National reaction to environmental management system standards such as the ISO 14000 Series and others. Please note efforts made at the national level to promote their adoption and the creation of certification infrastructure in order to facilitate access to these standards to local industry.
A national system of standards has been organized and there is an accreditation system for laboratories and quality certification: the Network of Accredited laboratories in Romania and the Account Book for Accreditation. At present, Romania is adopting the ISO standards and there are concerns regarding the application of ISO 14000. The Environmental Protection Agencies will follow-up with the economic agents in this field.
List and describe programs or work under way to facilitate the transfer of ESTs to small and medium sized enterprises. Please note efforts to facilitate access to financial resources and other transfer strategies.
So as to promote certain environmental investments which are supposed to include transfer of technology, small and medium sized enterprises will benefit from a 50% increase in tax benefit if their investments are in the environmental field. Presently, and based on the environmental law, regulations have been worked on to promote economic incentives to stimulate those firms which have environmental investments. The state has stimulated such investments in environmental "hot areas".
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 35: SCIENCE FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
A scientific base exists because of experience in the National
Research Programme for Environment and Waters
Management. The priorities are in connection with knowledge about
the state of the environment, problems in the Danube
Delta, the Danube and the Black Sea, the promotion of certain clean
technologies, problems in connection with the
application of international conventions and provisions and
obligations in the framework of international programs.
STEPS TAKEN TO ENHANCE SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, IMPROVE LONG
TERM SCIENTIFIC
ASSESSMENT, BUILDING OF CAPACITY AND CAPABILITY:
The priorities in this area were established in the
Environmental Protection Strategy of Romania and also in the law in
the field of research, both of which have been promulgated by the
Romanian Government. A National Research Institute
will be established in the future and the restructuring of some
research units will be undertaken based on experience in the
EU countries.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT ON NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE,
RESEARCH NEEDS AND PRIORITIES:
| Year | |||
| Number of scientists, engineers and technicians engaged in research and experimental development | # | 19-- | |
| Total expenditure for research and experimental development (US$eq.) | $ | 19-- | |
| Other data
| |||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 36: PROMOTING EDUCATION,
PUBLIC AWARENESS AND TRAINING
a) Reorientation of education towards sustainable
development
The new environmental law stipulates that environmental
protection should be stimulated at all levels of the educational
system. Romania has received international assistance from
PHARE-UK for this endeavour.
b) Increasing public awareness
A PHARE programme with this theme has been promoted as has the
increase in capacity needed in the Ministry of
Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection to reach this
objective.
c) Promoting training
At the national level, there is an ongoing tranining programme
which deals with the problems of environmental
protection.
ROLE OF MAJOR GROUPS:
There is an important number of NGOs in the environmental
protection field. Some of them focus on sustainable
develoment. These NGOs contribute to the promotion of educational
and training activities.
FINANCING AND COST EVALUATION OF THE LABOUR ACTIVITIES:
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
| Latest 199- | ||||
| Adult literacy rate (%) Male | ||||
| Adult literacy rate (%) Female | ||||
| % of primary school children reaching grade 5 (1986-97) | ||||
| Mean number of years of schooling | ||||
| % of GNP spent on education | ||||
| Females per 100 males in secondary school | ||||
| Women per 100 men in the labour force | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 37: NATIONAL MECHANISMS
AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR CAPACITY-BUILDING IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
National capacity building is also covered under sectoral
chapters.
Donors: You may wish to describe here how Agenda 21 has
influenced your ODA policies in this area.
Developing countries: You may wish to describe any new
national mechanisms for capacity building - and any changes
in technical cooperation.
No information
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT ON NATIONAL ENDOGENOUS CAPACITY
BUILDING:
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 38: INTERNATIONAL
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
| Ch. 38: Brief summary of any particular UN System
response affecting this country/state:
No information
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 39: INTERNATIONAL LEGAL
INSTRUMENTS AND MECHANISMS
| Ch. 39: International Legal Instruments are covered
under the relevant sectoral chapters. This is a listing of major
agreements/conventions (not already covered) entered into and
relevant to Agenda 21:
No information |
| 2. | International cooperation and trade | |||||
| 3. | Combating poverty | |||||
| 4. | Changing consumption patterns | |||||
| 5. | Demographic dynamics and sustainability | |||||
| 6. | Human health | |||||
| 7. | Human settlements | |||||
| 8. | Integrating E & D in decision-making | |||||
| 9. | Protection of the atmosphere | |||||
| 10. | Integrated planning and management of land resources | |||||
| 11. | Combating deforestation | |||||
| 12. | Combating desertification and drought | |||||
| 13. | Sustainable mountain development | |||||
| 14. | Sustainable agriculture and rural development | |||||
| 15. | Conservation of biological diversity | |||||
| 16. | Biotechnology | |||||
| 17. | Oceans, seas, coastal areas and their living resources | |||||
| 18. | Freshwater resources | |||||
| 19. | Toxic chemicals | |||||
| 20. | Hazardous wastes | |||||
| 21. | Solid wastes | |||||
| 22. | Radioactive wastes | |||||
| 24. | Women in sustainable development | |||||
| 25. | Children and youth | |||||
| 26. | Indigenous people | |||||
| 27. | Non-governmental organizations | |||||
| 28. | Local authorities | |||||
| 29. | Workers and trade unions | |||||
| 30. | Business and industry | |||||
| 31. | Scientific and technological community | |||||
| 32. | Farmers | |||||
| 33. | Financial resources and mechanisms | |||||
| 34. | Technology, cooperation and capacity-building | |||||
| 35. | Science for sustainable development | |||||
| 36. | Education, public awareness and training | |||||
| 37. | International cooperation for capacity-building | |||||
| 38. | International institutional arrangements | |||||
| 39. | International legal instruments | |||||
| 40. | Information for decision-making | |||||
No information
| Latest 199- | ||||
| Number of telephones in use per 100 inhabitants | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
Copyright © United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Comments and suggestions: esa@un.org
1 November 1997