Policy initiatives have been consistently supported by advocacy activities. In line with this, a significant accomplishment of the PPMP is the Development of a heightened awareness among Development planners, legislators and government executives on the need to integrate the population perspective into the Development activities. Particularly instrumental in this was the holding of the Gathering for Human and Ecological Security (GHES) in June 1995.

A number of studies on the state of poverty and inequity in the Philippines were also undertaken. These include, among others, an overview of the state of poverty in the country and a household survey of the lowest income groups in the Philippines. Software packages for the application of improved methods for the analysis of poverty and income distribution issues in the country were also developed.

1. Decision-Making Structure: No information

2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information

3. Major Groups: No information

4. Finance: No information

5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information

HEALTH

Accomplishments in basic health services, disease prevention and health promotion consisted in the quantitative gains of the principal programs and projects, most which have been started in previous years. These include: Expanded Program on Immunization; Maternal Care and Breast Feeding Program; Prevention of Blindness Program; Environmental Health Service; National Rabies Control Program; National TB Control Program; National AIDS-STD Prevention and Control Program; Malaria Control Service; Hospital Services; National Dengue Prevention and Control Program; National Filariasis Control Program; and Leprosy Elimination and Special Action Project.

The year 1996 saw the completion and approval of the National Health Plan, 1995-2000. This plan is the country's perspective plan for health which provides the general directions and broad strategies for an effective and efficient system.

Other notable accomplishments in the area of policy DEvelopment during the year are the continued facilitation in the implementation of the Magna Carta for public health workers, capability building for devolved LGU health personnel, and the publication of the 1995 Field Health Information System statistics.

Moreover, the government has formulated the implementing rules and regulations for R.A. 8203 "Special Law on Counterfeit Drugs" and issued the 1996 edition of the Philippine National Drug Policy. The latter aims to rationalize drug procurement, distribution and use.

NUTRITION

The hallmarks of the nutrition subsector accomplishments is more quantitative and qualitative in terms of outreach and better program implementation in pursuit of the Philippine Plan of Action for Nutrition (PPAN). Accomplishment in this subsector counted on the inputs of concerned agencies like the DOH and the NNC.

The government launched the Health Lifestyle and Health Diet Promotion (IWAS SAKIT DIET) project as a vigorous health promotion and disease prevention endeavor.

A corollary effort at the national level which springs from PPAN implementation continued to focus on addressing micronutrient (Vitamin A, iodine, and iron) deficiency and protein-energy malnutrition. However, more activities were geared toward food fortification with the private sector playing a lead role. The DOH, in coordination with Helen Keller International, through its Child Growth Project focused on the establishment of weighing posts as a satellite of the baranggay health stations. The weighing post also serves as a post for nutrition counselling depending on the observed changed in the child's weight and weight status.

At the local level, PPAN implementation involved the delivery of a mix of services along PPAN's impact program of Home and Community Food Production, Micronutrient Supplementation and Food Fortification, Nutrition Education, Credit Assistance for Livelihood, and Food Assistance. The mix of services delivered by local government units (LGUs) was based on their assessment of the local nutrition situation as well as of the prevailing socio-economic-political environment. The accomplishment of these programs, among others, are as follows:

31,000 gardens established in the homes, community, and schools.

about 9,100 families with moderately and severely underweight children and 4,300 pregnant and lactating women received small animals such as goats, swines and poultry.

19 million fingerlings were distributed to 353 LGUs serving 2,200 fishermen.

The distribution of Vitamin A Capsules, reaching about 7.6 M preschool children, 308,000 grade school entrants and about 100,000 lactating women in local health centers during postnatal visits.

conduct of Araw ng Sangkap Pinoy (ASAP) and Knock-out Polio (KOP) campaign which resulted in 92% of the UFC having received Vitamin A, 62.3% of target women population having received Iodized Oil capsule and 51.1% of women having received Iron tablets.

90,000 pre-school and school children, respectively received IOC through routine services of the local health system.

pregnant and lactating women, 51,000 preschoolers, 20,000 infants, and 32,000 school children received iron supplements from January-June 1996.

about 24,000 families, 205 women's and youth groups and 268 baranggays received either seed capital or material assistance for income generating projects from LGUs, NAtional agencies, and NGOs (DOLE, DSWD, DTI, NNC, BIDANI, CRS etc.)

decreased in the number of nutritionally vulnerable Filipinos receiving food supplements to about 262,000. Of this number, 50 percent were underweight school children, 44 percent preschool children, and 6 percent pregnant preschool children, lactating women.

more than 45,000 preschool and schoolchildren and about 35,000 mothers beneffited from extensions of LKASS II.

succeeded in developing entrepreneurial skills for self-employment and greater productivity through provision of small-scale IGPs seed capital and skills training to 81.5% of the targeted 120,000 PPAN households and 93% of the 1,640 LAKASS households.

Accomplishment on the major capability building activities consisted in the following:

BNSS and 600 District/City Nutrition Program coordinators (D/CNPCs) recruited, trained and deployed by local government units in all regions of the country.

municipal and 69 baranggay level trainings were conducted for municipal and baranggay local officials, project beneficiaries, government agency representatives as well as representatives for non-government organizations, religious and civic organizations.

workshop sessions on nutrition program management held for provincial, city and municipal interagency nutrition teams from 1 province, 5 cities and 7 municipalities. Regional level capability building workshops were also conducted for 261 implementors/planners covering 15 provinces and 80 municipalities.

Finally, in the area of nutrition advocacy, the major accomplishment was the formulation of implementing rules and regulations of RA 8172 or the Act 1995. As a result, more iodized salt was produced and marketed as salt iodization plant increased from 26 in 1995 to 36 in 1996.

POPULATION DEVELOPMENT

The population Dvelopment sub-sector posted major gains in terms of the basic population services, advocacy measures, capability building, and working towards policy environments for the greater welfare of families, and more responsible parenthood of the Filipinos.

The Family Planning Program was able to reach out to three (3) million clients who are now practicing the family planning methods. Around 3,972 community volunteer health workers were trained on family planning and responsible parenthood. Moreover, 14,839 clinics (private and public) nationwide were provided with contraceptives.

As regards institutional capability building, POPCOM, with the assistance of JICA, conducted an in-country training program on Gender and Development Towards Improvement of Women's Health and Family Welfare wherein individual action plans were formulated on mainstreaming gender into the various organizations and projects. Other capability building programs conducted in 1996 were: Training on Gender and Sensitivity and Reproductive Health; Seminar on the program Awareness and Team building through Staff Development; Workshop/Writeshop on Local Population Planning; IEC Prototype Development Skills Training; Values Orientation Workshop for the RPO XI staff; Basic Demography Training for Technical Staff of RPO I, II, and VII; Interpersonal Communication Skills Training; and Monitoring and Evaluation Training.

Various advocacy activities were undertaken in 1996 for the promotion of the population Development program. Most notable of these is the 1996 LGU Award which gives National recognition and prominence to outstanding province, city, municipality which have contributed in a significant way in the promotion and implementation of local population management program activities in their respective localities. Other advocacy activities were conducted with the end-in-view of getting the support of various stakeholders such as the Senators, Congressmen, Regional Directors of DAR, media, church leaders, foreign guests, Sangguniang Kabataan (SKs), women leaders, volunteers, youth groups, other GOs/NGOs, and local government officials (LGUs) at the provincial city, municipal and baranggay levels. These include (1) orientation on the PPMP/PRE Balance; (2) the conferring of the annual Salas Award: (3) advocacy programs through radio programs, such as "Pag-uugnay:" Tao at Mundo" and "Kamalayan" and (4) commemoration of POPCOM's anniversary.

In terms of policy advocacy and planning, the work towards the early passage of Population bills was done through the publication of information materials on the popbills, and conduct of consultative meetings with legislators and other stakeholders. Meanwhile, the Philippine Population Management Program Advocacy Plan, an inter-agency undertaking, was formulated in 1996 to guide Commission on Population (POPCOM) in its role as the lead advocacy agency for population and DEvelopment.

Furthermore, the POPCOM prepared the Regional Population Program Plan for CY 1996-1998. Planning Workshop with partner agencies and population structures in the LGUs were conducted to formulate/discuss the plan. In the same vein, a convergence group was convened by POPCOM and DILG to discuss possible efforts to integrate the concepts/framework of Human Ecological Security (HES).

1. Decision-Making Structure: No information

2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information

3. Major Groups: No information

4. Finance: No information

5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information

In terms of planning, the National Urban Development and Housing Framework provided the strategy for the Development of environmentally sound and sustainable human settlements. For program implementation, the National Shelter Program adopted eight major housing policies: catalyst for economic activity; people-centered and aided self-help approaches, maximum multi-sectoral participation; easier land access for housing, Development of regional growth poles, sustainability and matching of housing finance with beneficiaries' affordability, maintenance of ecological balance and improvement of the housing delivery system.

The key players of the shelter program were mobilized and their roles enhanced. The scientific community assisted in testing new construction materials and technologies. The NGOs have taken the lead in organizing and mobilizing communities for the Community Mortgage Program. The private sector now dominates housing production and as well as housing finance for economic housing. On the other hand, the government has shifted its role from the major provider of socialized housing to being the major source of housing finance.

The improved overall performance of the shelter sector may be characterized by the following, among others: a) increasing access by the poor to land, finance, infrastructures and building materials; b) strengthening the capability of local authorities for improved management; c) regularizing and upgrading existing slums and squatter settlements; d) improving rural living conditions; and e) involving the private sector in shelter and service production for the middle and lower income groups.

A Development vision and framework for the 21st century was formulated under the Long-Term Philippine Development Plan (LTPDP), 2000-2025. The LTPDP framework recognizes that the new millennium shall increasingly call for economic DEvelopment to become less ecologically destructive.

A number of programs which aim to integrate environment and Development in the decision-making process were also implemented by the Philippine government, e.g. Integrated Environmental Management for Sustainable Development and Capacity Building in Support of the PCSD Project, among others.

In particular, the Integrated Environmental Management for Sustainable Development (IEMSD) Programme was implemented to support efforts in the integration of the environment in decision-making, proper pricing of natural resources and strengthening of people's participation and constituency-building for environmental policy advocacy. The IEMSD has six (6) subprogrammes, namely: a) Environment and Natural Resources Accounting (ENRA); b) Integration of Environmental and Socio-Economic Development Policies SEI); c) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA); d) Sustainable Development Models (SDM); e) ENR Database (DBAS); and f) Programme Management Support System (PMSS). Under the Programme, the following major activities have been undertaken: a) Development of a comprehensive operational framework for the Philippine System of Economic and Environmental Accounts; b) formulation of sustainable DEvelopment indicators; c) incorporation of environmental concerns in the project evaluation process; d) Development of an action impact matrix which identifies priority areas of study on environment-economy integration; e) strengthening of the EIA system; f) reformulation of guidelines for the implementation of the Environmental Guarantee Fund; g) preparation of an EIA Procedural Handbook; h) Development of environmental risk assessment software; and i) documentation of sustainable Development projects, among others.

The Capacity Building in Support of the PCSD Project, meanwhile, has been instrumental in the formulation of the Philippine Agenda 21 and in pursuing advocacy efforts on SD.

Environmental conservation and protection activities were listed among the priority activities entitled to fiscal incentives under the 1995 and 1996 Investment Priorities Plans (IPPs). These include the establishment of forest plantations and integrated waste management facilities to service domestic industries. In addition, the Philippines implemented market-friendly trade and investment reforms. A number of EOs were issued from July 1995 to March 1996 providing for a phased reduction in the tariff rates of manufactures and agricultural products. Quantitative import restrictions on agricultural products were likewise lifted and replaced by tariffs.

As early as 1978, the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) was established in the Philippines in order to facilitate and maintain a rational and orderly balance between socioeconomic growth and environmental protection. In January 1996, President Fidel V. Ramos signed the revised Executive Order No. 291 entitled "Improving the Environmental Impact Statement System (EIS). The EO seeks to integrate EIS system early into the project DEvelopment cycle to promote its ultimate function as a planning tool for sustainable DEvelopment and environmental planning and conservation. An EO institutionalizing the ENRA in the Philippine System of Accounts has also been drafted for the consideration and approval of the President.

The Montreal Protocol and its Amendments

Montreal Protocol (1987) signed in 1988

London Amendment (1990) signed in 19--

Copenhagen Amendment (1992) signed in 19--

The latest report(s) to the Montreal Protocol Secretariat were prepared in 19--

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNFCCC was signed in 199-.

The latest report to the UNFCCC Secretariat was submitted in 199-.

Additional comments relevant to this chapter

With regard to Philippine initiatives, measures to improve air quality was highlighted through the promotion of lead -free gasoline. Passage of the Environment Code which incorporates laws that will improve the quality of air and water resources was endorsed and adoption of appropriate pollution management schemes is being pushed. Pending the passage of the Environment Code, an Executive Order (EO) was issued mandating the production and use of low lead and unleaded gasoline.

The establishment of Metropolitan Environmental Improvement Program (MEIP) in Asia was pushed to help selected metropolitan regions in designing and implementing solutions to rapidly growing environmental problems which include, among others, the need to address deteriorating air and water quality, flooding and stagnation of water resources, pollution from solid wastes and traffic congestion. Likewise, the "Clean Air 2000" which is an action plan to improve the level of air quality by the year 2000 was formulated.

1. Decision-Making Structure: No information

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4. Finance: No information

5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information

The Lands Management Bureau (LMB) came up with a National Master Plan on Land Resources Management which aims to provide an integrated approach to the planning and management of the country's land resources that will best suit the demands of the present times. Specifically, the plan proposes the following:

- establishment of a monolithic agency which will adopt key and related functions;

- in view of our limited land resources , a gradual shift from freehold to leasehold system of land disposition shall be adopted;

- adoption of the computerized Survey Verification System (SVS) and Land Records Management Information System (LMRIS);

- adoption of the Geographic Information System (GIS) Technology on a NAtional scale and acquisition of modern surveying equipment ; and

- creation of Land Management Fund wherein the management of the proceeds from the disposition of land shall be vested in the LMB;

- creation of Land Management Fund wherein the management of the proceeds from the disposition of land shall be vested in the LMB. The Land Management Fund will be a growth fund to be used in the purchase of lands for strategic inventories in land banking, DEvelopment of A and D lands to improve land values, and investment in government securities.

As of this date, the Master Plan is still pending approval at the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). Once it is approved, it shall be translated into Regional Master Plans.

A National Land Use Act was drafted in line with the goal of strengthening the existing process of identifying, determining, and evaluating alternative land use patterns to guide and enable appropriate land management and DEvelopment. The Act was certified as a priority environmental legislation and is currently being discussed in both houses of Congress (A Review of the Implementation of Philippine Commitments to the Global Agenda 21 1992-1996).

The Master Plan for Forestry Development (MPFD) which provides the framework for combating deforestation and which is intended to guide the long-term DEvelopment of the forestry sector in the Philippines was adopted in 1990. It has a total of 15 programs thematically clustered into: 1) Man and the Environment Programs; 2) Forest Management and Products Development Programs; and 3) Institutional Development Programs. The Plan targets the reforestation of 1.8 million hectares to meet the country's needs. Of the target, the DENR has established and developed 276,834 hectares of forest lands to date.

In line with the country's policy to ensure equitable access to, and sustainable DEvelopment of forest resources, the President signed EO 263 entitled "Adopting Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) as the National Strategy to Ensure the Sustainable Development of the Country's Forestland Resources and Providing Mechanisms for its Implementation".

National programs and projects being implemented include the :

Integrated Social Forestry Program - This program aims to promote a strong partnership between the forest occupants and the government in food production and forest rehabilitation; and

Industrial Forest Management - The program is being initiated with the objective of establishing industrial forest plantations as alternative resource base for forest-based export industries.

International Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Drought and/or Desertification

Particularly in Africa

Each party shall file reports on implementation with the Conference of Parties, as often and in the form to be determined. Parties are to report on DEvelopment of NAtional action programmes. The Conference shall assist affected developing countries to make reports.

Convention

No information

The latest report to the Secretariat of the Convention was prepared in 19--.

Additional comments relevant to this chapter

No information

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The country also adopts an ecological approach to crop cultivation through the following:

Integrated Pest Management (IPM which was introduced in 1993. The program, known as "Kasaganaan ng Sakahan at Kalikasan" or 'KASAKALIKASAN" represents the government's commitment to the Agenda 21 of the UNCED, towards promoting sustainable agriculture and rural Development. The IPM is an effective tool for empowering farmers to improve know-how and expertise in this field. Rice and vegetable farmers have benefited from the training on IPM extended by specialists through the DA;

Soil conservation and management. Appropriate land use management systems and soil conservation techniques have been developed to minimize land degradation, indiscriminate conversion and consequent deterioration of land productivity. These farming techniques include: Contour Farming and Alley Cropping;

Water resource management. Water conservation-related projects are being undertaken to ensure effective DEvelopment and management of the country's water resources. The Small Water Impounding Projects (SWIPs) have been developed as a water storage mechanism to supplement water supply for subsistence farmers and as a deterrent to soil erosion.

A program of assistance to Local Government Units is also being implemented by the DA to prevent further environmental degradation by: a) prohibiting further destruction of the mangrove ecosystem and reconverting abandoned, foreclosed or unproductive fishponds into mangrove farms; and b) establishing and maintaining fish sanctuaries and marine parks in municipal waters; c) restoring productivity and ecological balance of exploited inland waters by prohibiting the use of destructive fishing methods and gears and by dispersing fingerling; and d) providing support for programs which promote community participation in environmental conservation (i.e., Bantay Dagat Program which encourages local communities to actively participate in the protection of their fishing grounds).

Convention on Biological Diversity

Convention signed in 1992. Ratified in 1993

Latest report submitted in 1996.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

Convention signed in 1973. Ratified in 1981

Latest report submitted in 1995.

Additional comments relevant to this chapter

No information

1. Decision-Making Structure:

Consultations/Meetings/Discussions

2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues:

Trainings; orientations; seminars; workshops

3. Major Groups:

Academe

Non-Government Organizations

Other Government Agencies/Local Government Units

People's Organizations

Indigenous Cultural Communities

4. Finance: No information

5. Regional/International Cooperation:

1 .Establishment of the ASEAN Regional Center on Biodiversity Conservation

2. Joint Management of Turtle Island Heritage Protected Area

3. Shembird Reserve Network

4. Assignment of JICA Expert

The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

Signed in 1982

Ratified in 1984

See also the attached tables on the next pages.

The Philippines as a participant to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, signed the Convention on December 10, 1982 and was ratified in February 27, 1984.

Recognizing the need to ensure a comprehensive and pragmatic approach in addressing marine and ocean related concerns within the context of the Philippines' commitment as it implements the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the existing Cabinet Committee on the Treaty of the Law of the Sea which was created on October 3, 1981 was reconstituted into the Cabinet Committee on Marine and Ocean Affairs. The Committee was mandated to formulate practical and viable policies that will address the various concerns of UNCLOS and other marine related matters. As an initial output of the Committee, a National Marine Policy was formulated and consequently adopted to serve as the umbrella framework for addressing ocean and marine concerns.

A comprehensive national marine program is currently being formulated to achieve the goals of the National Marine Policy. The Philippines became a partner of the International Coral Initiative (ICRI) which was established to implement Chapter 21 of Agenda 21. In 1995, the Philippines hosted the ICRI workshop which resulted in the formulation of the ICRI Call for Action and a Framework for Action. The Call of Action and Framework of Action serves as guide in the formulation of the regional action plan. As an ICRI Partner, it has now established the Philippine Reef Database (Philreef), and has formulated a national program for the celebration of the International Year of the Reef. The Philippines participated in the formulation of the Regional Action Plan for the East Asian Seas.

A national data center on coastal zone environment and resource management is currently being established under the auspices of the ASEAN-Australia Environment and Economic Program, Phase III. This project aims to create a metadatabase on coastal resource management which will be implemented through a network approach, ie. network of network, and the development of a decision support system.

Recognizing the impact of land-based resources of pollution in marine and coastal productivity, the Philippines actively participated in the series of meetings that led to the formulation and adoption of the Global Programme on Land-based Sources of Pollution. A national program on land-based sources of pollution is currently being conceptualized to integrate Philippine initiatives and commitments to both the ASEAN and COBSEA Regional Programs and NGO initiatives under the auspices of the Advisory Committee on the Protection of Seas (ACOPS).

The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal

Basel Convention signed in 1989. Ratified in 1993

The latest information was provided to the Basel Convention Secretariat in 19--.

Additional comments relevant to this chapter

As signatory to the Basel Convention, the Philippines continues to monitor the implementation of RA 6969 on Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990. This law bans the importation, storage or transport of toxic or nuclear wastes into or through the Philippines. On the need to regulate the movement of hazardous wastes, the DENR issued Administrative Order No. 28 which bans the importation of Recyclable Materials Containing Hazardous Substances. In addition, waste management practices are underway to include the hospital waste management program of the government. Strict monitoring of government-owned and private hospitals are being undertaken to ensure adherence to the program. Rewards and recognition for outstanding sanitation performance are also being instituted.

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5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information

CHANGES IN NATIONAL BUDGET TO ADDRESS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: No information

NEW ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS:

The PA 21 recommends the adoption of a mixture of market-based instruments and command and control measures to provide the needed financial flows to support its implementation. The strategy aims to influence the consumption and production behavior of the general public including the business sector, in favor of sustainable development. The PA 21 adopts the principle that the LGUs, national government and economic sectors should be further developed to achieve the optimal conditions for the application of the financial resources strategy.

ELIMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY UNFRIENDLY SUBSIDIES: No information

No information

1996 ODA Commitments in the environment sector

Financing type:
Grant = US $ 6.684 M
Loan = 58.510 M
Mixed Credit = 18.600 M

1997 ODA Pipeline
Grant = US $ 14.374 M
Loan = 20.476 M
Mixed Credit = 10.000 M

The promotion of SD through information and education is one of the priority activities to invoke a paradigm shift on the development outlooks of the nation. PCSD member agencies as well as their civil society counterparts have all contributed to the promotion of sustainable development in the country though the various programs, projects and other IEC activities related to the promotion of awareness and advocacy activities for the environment and sustainable development. The Philippine Agenda 21, which is currently undergoing printing will be distributed to key agencies/organizations/institutions. Popular versions and primers which will be printed in different dialects and designed for basic sectors will also be distributed to provide the general public with a laymanized version of the Philippine Agenda 21. The PCSD Subcommittee on Information and Education is the primary arm that coordinates with the different agencies and organizations in the efforts of communicating sustainable development to the Filipino through the various IEC activities of said organizations. Elements of PA 21 are incorporated in their IEC activities and materials. These efforts are hoped to be strengthened with the inclusion of business and labor groups in the PCSD.

a) Reorientation of education towards sustainable development

Efforts are being undertaken to integrate environmental education in all levels of education (basic, secondary, tertiary, technical/vocational, teacher training and non-formal). Concerned agencies are the Department of Education, Culture and Sports, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Commission on Higher Education, and the Technical Skills Development Authority, particularly with the soon to be concluded ADB-DECS-EMB Project on Environmental Education.

b) Increasing public awareness

The general public was stratified into specific target audiences; of these, policy-makers (national and local), educators and media were identified as priorities. Several seminars and symposia are identified as venues for popularizing the Philippine Agenda 21 aside from the dissemination of primers and posters for the general public.

c) Promoting training

Training of policy-makers (local government) on sustainable development, particularly the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB ) - organizational seminars on solid-waste management , Environmental Impact Assessment, Environmental Risk Assessment, and waste minimization.

ROLE OF MAJOR GROUPS:

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources and its attached Bureaus have taken the lead in promoting education on environment and sustainable development through its various programs, projects and IEC activities. These activities included the participation of various groups such as policy makers, local government authorities, youth and non-government organizations. Non-government organizations also conducted IEC activities on environment and sustainable development for communities and other local sectoral groups through their own efforts and initiatives.

FINANCING AND COST EVALUATION OF THE LABOR ACTIVITIES: No information

Basic literacy rate: 93.5% (1990), 95.0% (1995)

Functional literacy rate: 75.6% (1989), 83.8% (1995)