1. Decision-Making Structure: The National Land Agency is the agency primarily responsible for the integrated approach to the planning and management of land resources. The Agency is a member of the National Coordination mechanisms for Sustainable Development. The relevant national legislation includes the Comprehensive National Land Development Act (26 May 1950) and the National Land Use Planning Act (25 June 1974).

2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No additional information

3. Major Groups: Local authorities (prefectural governors) are responsible for developing and implementing the Land Use Master Plans. Local authorities also conduct systematic improvements in the collection, analysis and evaluation of a wide range of environment-related information.

4. Finance: No information.

5. Regional/International Cooperation: Within the framework of its bilateral or multilateral initiatives, the Japanese Government has been involved in an intergovernmental project "MAB of UNESCO", under which the effects of human activities and land-use on the eco-system were studied.

as steep terrain and heavy precipitation, and high industrial activities.

To allow forests to fulfill synthetically their multiple functions, the Government devises a Basic Plan for Japan Forest Resources in accordance with the provision of the Forestry Fundamental Law. In the Plan, desirable features of forest resources for playing functions and forest area for improvement to each function are shown. The functions are : (1) conservation of water source, (2) disaster prevention in hilly area, (3)conservation of environment, (4) timber production forest, and (5) health and cultural activities.

Areas especially desired to fulfill their public functions are designated as Protection Forest in accordance with the provision of the Forest Law, and their management practice is restricted so as to maintain the functions. In Protection forest, forest owners are obliged to regenerate their forests after harvesting.

National Forests which are equivalent to 30% of country's total forest area play various and important roles in producing wood, promoting functions for the public benefits such as conservation of land and water resources and providing natural environment.

As for forest development, Japan promotes afforestation and forest road network-building in a well-planned manner based on the Forest Improvement Operation Plan, as well as land conservation works based on the 5-years Conservation Plan. The following actions have been taken to improve forest productivity and tolerance to environmental stress: tree breeding, seed technology, seed procurement networks, gene banks project.

After Rio, the Government has addressed almost all specific issues described in Chapter 11 of Agenda 21. Japan has actively participated in the Montreal Process with a view to facilitating an international collaboration for the implementation of the Forest Principles. In line with this international endeavor, Japan has supported the work of ITTO which has played an important role for promoting both utilization and conservation of tropical forests with the principle of sustainable development. And it has also contributed to sustainable forest management in developing countries through both multilateral and bilateral schemes.

Japan sponsored the Integrated Application of Sustainable Forest Management Practices International Workshop held in Kochi Japan, Nov. 22-25, 1996 in collaboration with Canada, Malaysia, Mexico, FAO and ITTO. The Workshop was attended by more than 150 experts from 36 countries, and a number of international and non-governmental organization. The report featuring The New Culture on Research and Land use planningwas adopted by consensus and submitted to the Intergovernmental Panel on Forest.

The International Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Drought and/or Desertification

Particularly in Africa was signed on 14 October 1994 but not yet ratified

Each party shall file reports on implementation with the Conference of Parties, as often and in the form to be determined. Parties are to report on development of national action programmes. The Conference shall assist affected developing countries to make reports.

The latest report to the Secretariat of the Convention was prepared in 1994.

Additional comments relevant to this chapter

There are no deserts or areas in danger of becoming deserts in Japan.

Recognizing this situation as well as the potential impact of global warming, deforestation and desertification on agriculture, in June 1992 Japan developed a "New Direction of Food, Agriculture and Rural Policy" as a long-term vision of agricultural policy for the 21st century. Among the activities included in the policy are many directly related to the environment, such as development of environmentally-friendly technology, reduction of dependence on chemicals, recycling of agricultural wastes, including livestock manure, and application of integrated pest management.

Japan regularly surveys land, vegetation and various ecosystems. It is also carrying out surveys and research to assess the effects of increasing ultraviolet radiation on crops and on living organisms that feed on plants (herbivores). Japan has also developed indicators for sustainable agriculture.

1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) is primarily responsible for agriculture and rural development in Japan. The national legislation covering agriculture and rural development consists of the following laws:

- Agricultural Basic Law (12 June 1961);

- The Law concerning Establishment of Agricultural Promotion Areas (1 July 1969);

- Land Improvement Law (6 June 1949);

- The Law for the Improvement of the Basis of Farm Management (28 May 1980);

- The Law concerning the promotion of the improvement of basic conditions of agriculture, forestry and other

businesses in hilly and mountainous areas (16 June 1993);

- Land Improvement Long Term Plan (The first plan was made in March 1966).

These laws have been reviewed and modified to meet the requirements for sustainable development. In April 1993, a Cabinet meeting approved amendments for the Fourth Land Improvement Long Term Plan. In June 1994, the Parliament approved amendments for the Agricultural Land Use Promotion Law. The amendments cover a coherent national policy framework for sustainable agriculture and rural development.

- population of farmers ranchers

The Convention on Biological Diversity was signed and ratified in 1993.

Parties are to develop national strategies, plans and programmes for sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity and integrate them into general development plans.

Parties shall identify, monitor and maintain data on components of biodiversity.

Parties shall introduce appropriate procedures requiring EIAs for projects likely to have significant adverse effects on biological diversity.

Parties shall submit reports on measures which it has taken for the implementation of the Convention, at intervals to be determined.

Latest report submitted in 19--.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

Parties to take appropriate measures to enforce regulatory provisions and prohibit trade in specimens in violation thereof. Convention also governs treatment of animals in shipment.

Each party to prepare periodic reports on its implementation of the convention and to prepare: (a) an annual report listing export permits issued and species involved, and (b) a biennial report on legislative, regulatory and administrative measures taken.

Convention ratified 23 August, 1980.

Latest report submitted in 1994

Additional comments relevant to this chapter Japan adopted the National Strategy on Biological Diversity by the decision of the Council of Ministers for Global Environment Conservation on 31 October 1995. Japan has a Basic Policy for the Conservation of the Natural Environment which is intended to systematically conserve diversified nature; manage natural areas appropriately; apply environmental impact assessment; strengthen research and survey programmes; enhance public awareness; and coordinate outdoor recreation policies. In addition, National Guidelines for the Conservation of Endangered Species have been adopted, both to protect and conserve endangered species and to carry out breeding programmes. National Surveys on the Natural Environment as well as National Biodiversity Surveys are carried out approximately every five years. Biodiversity loss has been the result primarily of habitat destruction, over harvesting and the inappropriate introduction of animals.

Both in situ and ex situ conservation activities are carried out. Examples of the former include designation of protected areas, protection forests, protected forests of National Forests and Natural Monuments, development of new legislation for conservation of endangered species, and strengthening of management of protected areas. Ex situ activities include R&D of artificial breeding of endangered species and their artificial propagation. Japan also works to enhance ecosystem functions through restoration of endangered species habitats and damaged valuable plant communities and eradication of the Crown-of-Thorns Starfish for restoration of coral reef ecosystems.

1. Decision-Making Structure: The Environment Agency (for Biodiversity), several ministries and other agencies are primarily responsible for biodiversity and genetic resources. Among them is the Inter-Agency Coordinating Committee on the Convention on Biological Diversity which was established in January 1994 under the chairmanship of Director-General of the Nature Conservation Bureau of the Environment Agency. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) assists in the conservation of genetic resources in order to conserve biological diversity. Its major fields of work include conservation and use of animal genetic resources in Asia and the Pacific Region; the international programs and conference for plant genetic resources; and the development assistance on genetic resources preservation in developing countries (1993-1995) which has been strengthened to the collaborative research project on genetic resources in developing countries (1996-). Existing legislation, including the Law for the Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the Wildlife Protection and Hunting Law, the Aquatic Resources Protection Law, and the Law for the Protection of Cultural Property covers the obligations of the Convention on Biological Diversity, and there is therefore no need to have new legislation.

1. Decision-Making Structure: Among the official bodies established to deal with legal and policy issues related to environmentally sound management of biotechnology are: the Life Science Division of the Science and Technology Agency (STA); the Environmental Research and Technology Division of the Environment Agency (EA); the Research and Development Division and the Pharmaceutical Affairs Division of the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW); the Innovative Technology Division of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF); and the Biochemical-Industry Division of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). Main institutions involved in biotechnology research and development include the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research; the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES); the National Institute of Agrobiological Resources (NIAR); the Society for Techno-Innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (STAFF); the National Institute of Bioscience and Human-Technology; and the Public Works Research Institute.

A strategy to promote the bioremediation appropriately is under consideration (EA). For information on Guidelines adopted by Japan, please refer to the section on "Status."

2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Please refer to the section on "Status." In addition, among the most significant programmes recently implemented in this area are the following: (1) integrated research program for the use of biotechnological procedures for plant breeding; (2) development of technologies for the prevention and control of viral diseases in cultured fish through vaccines; and (3) development of MIIC-Pure Line in Mini-Pigs for elucidation of the physiological defense mechanisms of domestic animals.

3. Major Groups: Business and research sectors are the dominant actors in the biotechnology industry. In addition, institutes and industries hold public meetings and issue press releases to inform the public of field tests and general releases of cultivation.

4. Finance: The following financial resources were allocated to universities, technical schools and local research institutions to enhance biotechnology research and development:

- In national universities,

In 1993, the Ministry of Education (MOE) spent 57 million dollars for research of biotechnology.

- In the agricultural field,

In 1995, prefectural research institutes spent 5 billion yen for research and development of biotechnology in agriculture, forestry, fisheries and the food industry, and they employed some 800 researchers working on biotechnology.

5. Regional/International Cooperation: Japan is actively taking part in the discussions on biotechnology in the OECD, FAO, UNEP and the Convention on Biological Diversity. Among its bilateral initiatives in this sector are the following programs: Conservation and Use of Animal Genetic Resources in Asia and the Pacific Region; international programs and conferences for plant genetic resources and, development assistance on genetic resources preservation in developing countries, which has been strengthened to the collaborative research project on genetic resources in developing countries.

The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea was signed on 7 February 1983 and ratified on 20 June 1996.

See also the attached tables on the next pages.

As one of the developed marine states, Japan has contributed much to the conservation of the seashore areas, marine environment, marine living resources, and improvements of sewage systems. According to the Fourth Comprehensive National Development Plan, adopted by the Government in 1987, comprehensive seashore-utilization plans are prepared at the initiative of the local authorities with the assistance of the Government. Japan conducts surveys on coastal areas as part of basic research for the protection of the natural environment. Since 1984, as part of the Project to Construct a National Land Information System, Japan has been making improvements in information regarding coastal areas.

Japan has established environmental quality standards and drainage standards for nitrogen and phosphorus. Japan has also devised measures for stricter regulations for water quality, and the conservation of natural ocean beaches, particularly in the Seto Inland Sea. In the area of the prevention of marine pollution caused by dumping of waste at sea, Japan strictly observes the regulations of the MARPOL and London Conventions and participates actively in the work of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), including in the control of gas emissions from ships. Japan concluded the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation, 1990 (OPRC Convention in 1995).

Japan is taking appropriate regulatory measures for the management of resources in the seas, in the context, inter alia, of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. It considers that cooperation for the management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory species, as well as other ocean resource issues, should be developed within regional fisheries organizations and will make efforts to improve such organizations where they exist, or to develop them through mutual regional cooperation, where they do not yet exist.

During the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in Subic, Philippine, Japan proposed to enhance cooperation for marine environment protection among APEC member economies through the utilization of earth observation satellites and preservation of coral reefs.

In order to address uncertainties about the adverse effects of climate change on the marine environment, Japan is presently providing data obtained through observations regarding the marine environment to the network made up of such systems as the International Oceanographic Data and the Information Exchange System (IODE) and the Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS). To address the role of oceans in climate change and the effects on oceans from the depletion of the ozone layer, and with due consideration to the Action Program to Arrest Global Warming, the Comprehensive Promotion Programme for Global Environment Research, Monitoring and Technology Department, and the Basic Plans for R&D on Earth Science and Technology, Japan continues to promote scientific surveys and research, observation and monitoring, including those for clarifying the conditions of the circulation of carbon in oceans and the assessment of the effects on marine ecosystems of increases in ultraviolet radiation.

1. Decision-Making Structure: Legislation regarding this sector includes: the Basic Environment Law, the Water Pollution Control Law, the Law for Special Measures for the Conservation of the Environment of the Seto Inland Sea, the Law Relating to the Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime Disaster and Sewerage Law.

2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: In addition to promoting information for the safe navigation of ships and other issues related to reducing the risk of pollution, Japan supports R&D both for new tankers, for technology to clean up gas emissions from ships, and for the improvement of facilities for the treatment of waste oil and wastes at ports. It cooperates in the marine environmental surveys of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (IOC) and the Pacific International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (PICES). Japan will also develop technology for measures to deal with red tide and oil leakage. Please refer to other research issues discussed under "Status."

3. Major Groups: Local authorities are directly involved in the design and implementation of the relevant laws and regulations.

4. Finance: No information.

5. Regional/International Cooperation: Japan is presently cooperating with such international organizations as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP). Japan has been playing a main role for the International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI), especially in East Asian Sea. It is working for an early conclusion of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. Japan participates in the North West Pacific Action Plan, which is being promoted by UNEP, for the prevention of marine pollution in the northwest Pacific Ocean. In addition, it promotes the OSPAR Plan for improving activities to deal with oil spills in the waters around the ASEAN countries. In order to enhance compensation for damage caused by oil leakage, Japan concluded the revised Protocol 92 for the two so-called "Leak Conventions", i.e., the CLC and the FC in 1994. As an example of bilateral cooperation, it is working with Brazil to attack pollution in Guanbara Bay, Brazil. Finally, as an island country, Japan has been involved in cooperation for the sustainable development of small islands and positively contributed to the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States held in 1994.

Japan has established a National Integrated Water Resources Plan (Water Plan 2000) whose objective is the improvement of the water supply system. It has also adopted a Basic Plan for Water Resources Development, to be realized by the year 2000, concerning seven river systems, including that of the Tone River.

Concerning about water quality, Japan establishes Environment Quality Standards based on the Basic Environment Law. In order to achieve these standards, Japan enforces effluent limitations and regularly conducts observations of both ground and surface water quality based on the Water Pollution Control Law.

Japan continues to improve sewerage and to promote construction of community plants, or "Gappei-Shori Johkasou" and rural sewerage in farming areas.

Japan also continues to promote measures for the conservation of the quality of water in lakes based on the Basic Policy for the Conservation of Water Quality in Lakes and Reservoirs and the Law for Special Measures for Conservation of Lake Water Quality.

About preservation of drinking water sources, in 1994, Japan enacted the Law to take Special Measures for the Preservation of Water Quality in Headwaters Areas for the Purpose of Preventing Specific Trouble in the Drinking Water Supply.

In March 1995, the distribution percentage of waterworks in Japan nationwide was 95.5%. In order to further improve the quality of water, Japan established "Long-Term Objectives for the Improvement of Waterworks as We Approach the 21st Century," a basic policy, and revised Quality Standards of Drinking Water, based on the Water Works Law to provide water works to ensure a safe and stable supply of water to all citizens.

As regards the management of water quality for agriculture and rural areas, Japan enforces regulations on agricultural chemicals in accordance with the Agricultural Chemicals Regulation Law. It is also involved in the promotion of the creation of soil which does not excessively depend on fertilizers.

As freshwater areas are important for the production of fishery resources, and in order to build on the natural environment, Japan carries out work for the creation of spawning grounds and places for raising juvenile fish, the installation of artificial reefs, and the installation of fishways.

1. Decision-Making Structure: Japan has adopted a National Integrated Water Resources Plan (Water Plan 2000), a Basic Plan for Water Resources Development, the Basic Environment Law, a Water Pollution Control Law, the Law for Special Measures for the Conservation of Lake Water Quality, the Law to Take Special Measures for the Preservation of Water Quality in Headwaters Areas for the Purpose of Preventing Specific Trouble in the Drinking Water Supply, the Agricultural Chemicals Regulation Law, the Water Works Law and the "Long-Term Objectives for the Improvement of Waterworks as We Approach the 21st Century."

2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Japan actively promotes awareness among the general public concerning water, by conducting water-related events.

3. Major Groups: No information.

4. Finance: No information.

5. Regional/International Cooperation: As regards the rationalized development and management of water resources, as well as conservation of these resources, Japan participates in the International Hydrological Programme (IHP) of UNESCO. Japan promotes international scientific surveys and research, observation and monitoring, including those for assessing the effects of global warming on water balance.

Concerning assistance to developing countries, Japan cooperates with developing countries by improving water supply and sanitation system, providing dispatching experts and receiving trainees to and from their countries. Such projects account for a majority of environmental ODA by the Japanese government.

Pursuant to OECD regulations, it has had a plan of action since 1991 for mutual checking of the safety of existing chemicals of a high production volume (HPV) (10,000 tons or more for manufactured chemicals, or 1,000 tons or more for chemicals manufactured in two or more countries). Through the International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS) of UNEP, ILO, WHO and FAO, Japan participates in activities for chemical risk management. In connection with the International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC), it cooperates in collecting information and in conducting research on chemicals.

Toxic chemicals are classified and labeled in Japan in accordance with such laws as the Law concerning the Examination and Regulation of Manufacture of Chemical Substances, the Poisonous and Deleterious Substances Control Law and Industrial Safety and Health Law. Under these Laws, Japan conducts examination of safety-related measures, including the potential for biodegradability, bioaccumulation, and the toxicity of chemicals. Based on its findings, it regulates the manufacture, import and use of such chemicals. Japan also supports worldwide harmonization in the classification and labeling of dangerous and toxic chemicals.

Japan supports the London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade as well as the extension of the Guidelines to require the prior informed consent (PIC) procedure. In conformity with the London Guidelines, Japan has amended the Export Trade Control Order to establish a system for management of exports of toxic chemicals which are prohibited or strictly restricted in Japan or internationally.

The Basic Environment Law, Air Pollution Control Law and Water Pollution control Law all control the discharge of chemicals into the environment. In May 1996, Japan amended Air Pollution Control Law for the purpose of preventing human health damage caused by long-term exposure to hazardous air pollutants. The Agricultural Chemicals Regulation Law prohibits the sale of unregistered agricultural chemicals. Standards have also been developed for the registration of agricultural chemicals with respect to their residue in crops and water pollution. Japan conducts systematic environmental surveys and monitoring to measure the state of chemical residue in the environment, and acts accordingly.

Based on the recommendation in February 1996 by OECD on the introduction of the PRTR system, the implementation of the Pilot Project in local areas in 1997 is under discussion.

Japanese industries started voluntary emission control measures of some hazardous air pollutants with pledge and review system.

The Japan Chemical Industries Association started to implement the pollutants release survey through "Responsible Care".

1. Decision-Making Structure: Toxic chemicals are managed in accordance with the following laws: Law on the Examination and Regulation of Manufacture, etc. of Chemical Substances; the Poisonous and Deleterious Substances Control Law; the Basic Environment Law, the Air Pollution Control Law; the Water Pollution Control Law; the Export Trade Control Order; the Agricultural Chemicals Regulation Law and Industrial Safety and Health Law. Japan prohibits the sales of unregistered agricultural chemicals. (See discussion under "Status.")

2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Japan has established basic management procedures for the import, use and export of chemicals.

3. Major Groups: Local authorities and business groups are involved in the decision-making and implementation of activities in this area.

4. Finance: No information.

5. Regional/International Cooperation: Japan participates in related programmes of the OECD, in the International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS) of UNEP, ILO, WHO and FAO, and in the International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC), and it supports the London Guidelines and the PIC procedure. (Please refer also to "Status.")

The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal was signed and ratified in 1993.

Parties shall cooperate to disseminate information on transboundary movement of hazardous wastes. Parties shall cooperate to promote environmentally sound low-waste technologies, to transfer technology and cooperate in developing codes of practice. Parties to assist developing countries.

Parties shall immediately inform affected parties as to accidents. Prior to the end of each calendar year, parties shall provide the following information on the preceding calendar year: (a) the authorities handling Convention matters; (b) information regarding the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes; © measures adopted to implement convention; (d) available statistics on human health and environmental effects of generation, transport and disposal of hazardous wastes; (e) information on agreements entered into; (f) information on accidents; (g) information on disposal options; and (h) information on development of waste-reduction technologies;

The latest information was provided to the Basel Convention Secretariat in 1994.

Additional comments relevant to this chapter

Japan promotes the prevention and minimization of hazardous waste by continuing to provide technological and financial assistance to prefectural governments which enforce the Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Law, and by strengthening institutional capacities in hazardous waste management. In accordance with the October 1991 amendments of the Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Law, each of the individual prefectures has the power to designate a waste treatment public center for disposing of specially controlled wastes.

Japan strictly enforces the Basel Convention by means of proper implementation of the relevant domestic laws and regulations, including, in particular, the Law on the Control of Export, Import and Management of Specified Hazardous Wastes and Other Wastes which was enacted specifically for this purpose. A penalty regime has been established against illegal transactions of wastes.

Japan presently permits the import and export of recyclable wastes as a resource with the United States and Southeast Asian countries.

In order to construct a socio-economic system with reduced environmental load, Japan is reducing waste amounts by promoting the recycling of resources as well as limiting the generation of wastes. In 1991, with a view to enhancing public awareness, ministries and government agencies declared October of each year as the month for the promotion of recycling. In addition to promoting the improvement of sewerage, Japan will also promote the improvement of community plants and Gappei-shori johkasou (domestic waste water treatment system) in towns and villages.

According to a waste collection plan, in 1993 the percentage of the total population which receives collection service for general waste had reached 100%. However, when looking at the conditions of disposal, the amount accounted for by direct reclamation was equal to 14.4% of the total amount of waste generated. The amount of household disposal by household was equal to 2.0% of the total. At present, the population ratio of domestic waste water treatment is 51.6%. Improvement of sewerage is slow in small and medium-sized municipalities. In accordance with the Five-Year Plan for the 8th Stage of Waste Treatment Facilities Improvement started in 1990, local authorities have decided to reduce the disposal amount of garbage to 91% of the present amount, by means of incineration, segregation, and composting.

In 1995, "the Law for the Promotion of Sorted Collection, and Recycling of Containers and Packaging" which is intended to encourage the establishment of new recycling and packaging systems under the each responsibility of consumers, local governments and producers.

1. Decision-Making Structure: The disposal of waste is conducted in accordance with the Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Law. In September 1992, in order to promote the reduction of waste, a National Conference for the Promotion of the Reduction in the Amount of Garbage was established. Also relevant are the October 1991, Law for Promotion of Utilization of Recyclable Resources, the Law on Temporary Measures to Promote Business Activities for the Rational Use of Energy and the Utilization of Recycling Resources, and the amended 1991 Waste Management Law. The 1990 Guidelines that were developed from the report of the Subcommittee for Industrial Structure on measures to address waste disposal and recycling of resources are applied and reviewed on an annual basis. In 1991 a Council for the Promotion of Recycling was established to bring together industrial and consumer organizations in this field.

2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Japan promote public awareness of appropriate waste disposal, environmental education and assists voluntary activities among the private sector, through the national government and local authorities, to encourage companies to develop waste reduction and reuse policies.

3. Major Groups: Japan conducts reduction of waste and recycling activities with the cooperation of local authorities, citizens and corporations.

4. Finance: As measures for assistance regarding recyclable waste, Japan has adopted measures for special tax redemptions in regards to facilities for recycling waste, as well as financial measures for low-interest financing through governmental financial agencies.

5. Regional/International Cooperation: Japan promotes international cooperation in this area.

1. Decision-Making Structure: Legislation concerning the safe management of radioactive wastes includes such laws as the Law for the Regulation of Nuclear Source Material, Nuclear Fuel Material and Reactors and the Law concerning Prevention from Radiation Hazards due to Radio-Isotopes, etc.

2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.

3. Major Groups: No information.

4. Finance: No information.

5. Regional/International Cooperation: Regarding measures for the treatment and disposal of radioactive wastes, Japan abides by such international arrangements as Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Dumping of Wastes and other Matter. Japan will continue to cooperate with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

With respect to debt relief, Japan initiated the Financial Recycling Scheme for a five-year period in 1987 and extended it beyond 1992 for two countries. Japan has also implemented measures for grant aid for debt relief and non-project grant assistance for low-income countries, and it provides debt assistance through both the Paris Club System and the Enhanced Toronto Terms, which is a measure to substantially reduce debts by 50% for lower- and middle-income countries.

Japan also recognizes that private funding is important, including the transfer of technology and development of human resources. In these areas, private businesses and NGOs play a major role. For this purpose, the Japan Fund for Global Environment, based on contributions from the national government and the private sector, was established to provide assistance for the activities of NGOs for global environmental conservation.

CHANGES IN NATIONAL BUDGET TO ADDRESS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:

Since 1992, the Government has provided new and additional grant funds for sustainable development for a total of US$ eq. 1,115.6 million not specifically earmarked for the sectoral chapters under review in 1995. After 1992, the Government provided new and additional loans totalling US$ eq. 3,309.3 million. Among the new and additional funding (grants, loans) mentioned above, the following grant amounts have been provided specifically for the following activities: US$ eq. 0.5 million - Integrated planning and management of land resources (Chapter 10); US$ eq. 99.1 million - Combating deforestation (Chapter 11); US$ eq. 10.9 million - Combating desertification and drought (Chapter 12); US$ eq. 6.7 million - Sustainable mountain development (Chapter 13); US$ eq. 47.9 million - Sustainable agriculture and rural development (Chapter 14); US$ eq. 15.5 million - Conservation of biological diversity (Chapter 15); US$ eq. 4.9 million - Environmentally sound management of biotechnology (Chapter 16); US$ eq. 74.7 million - Information for decision making (Chapter 40); US$ eq. 0.3 - (Other Chapters). In addition, loan amount of US$ eq. 205.3 million was provided for Combating deforestation (Chapter 11).

NEW ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS: No information.

ELIMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY UNFRIENDLY SUBSIDIES: No information

Japan is a donor country.

Total amount of environmental-related ODA is 9.12 billion US$.

The spread of environmentally sound technology is considered to be essential for achieving sustainable development particularly in developing countries. Among the organs which assess available sources of information and support inventories of environmentally sound technologies are the UNEP International Environmental Technology Center, established in Japan in October 1992, the Global Environment Center Foundation, the International Lake Environment Committee Foundation and International Center for Environmental Transfer of Technology. Local governments also play an important role in technology transfer, particularly in the area of pollution control technologies. The establishment of KITA (Kitakyushu International Techno-cooperative Association) Environmental Cooperation Center is a significant example of a local initiative.

With respect to bilateral or multilateral initiatives, Japan has been assisting environmental research and training centers in Thailand, China, Indonesia, Chile and Mexico to help decrease environmental pollution and strengthen the capacity of developing countries for pollution control. In addition, "Green Aid Plan" projects between Japan and developing countries such as Thailand, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and India have been jointly implemented in the area of human resource development, research cooperation, survey, and demonstration of technologies such as desulfurization technology.

In the field of telecommunications, Japan has established co-operative research on remote sensing with KMITL (King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang), Thailand.

MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION: In addition to accepting trainees in environmental fields from developing countries, as well as dispatching experts to these countries, Japan has been active in the enhancement of public awareness for the development of environment-related technology, and has improved systems for the development of environment-related technology. However, problems such as lack of information networks, innovative mechanisms to finance the transfer and application of environmentally sound technologies, experiences of innovative technology transfer mechanisms, technical expertise, as well as inadequate telecommunication infrastructure still exist.

Provide information on the adoption of environmental management systems. National reaction to environmental management system standards such as the ISO 14000 Series and others. Please note efforts made at the national level to promote their adoption and the creation of certification infrastructure in order to facilitate access to these standards to local industry.

The government of Japan established the JIS-Q Series (Japanese name of the ISO 14000) on October 20, 1996, and is going to hold briefing conferences for local industry within the year.

List and describe programs or work under way to facilitate the transfer of ESTs to small and medium sized enterprises. Please note efforts to facilitate access to financial resources and other transfer strategies.

The Science and Technology Basic Law was established in 1995. Its objectives are to achieve a higher standard of science and technology ("S&T"), to contribute to the development of the economy and society in Japan and to the improvement of the welfare of the nation, as well as to contribute to the progress of S&T in the world and the sustainable development of human society, through prescribing the basic policy requirements for the promotion of S&T and comprehensively and systematically promoting policies for the progress of S&T.

The Science and Technology Basic Plan was established in 1996 to promote S&T policies comprehensively, systematically and positively from a new view point with the aim of S&T system reforms, and also to provide concrete science and technology promotion policies for 5 years from the 1996 fiscal year to the 2000 fiscal year which contain projections for the next 10 years.

The Science and Technology Agency, the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture and the Ministry of International Trade and Industry are the institutions primarily responsible for Natural and Social Sciences and related legislation and policies. Both, representatives of the science sector (Natural and Social Sciences) and some individual scientists are represented in the National Coordination Mechanism for Sustainable Development.

Having experienced serious pollution in the past, Japan has actively promoted scientific research to address the problems of domestic pollution. Japan also works to improve public awareness of policies related to sustainable development and to transfer scientific knowledge to developing countries. It actively participates in worldwide research projects, including the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Charge Program (HDP), as well as in such scientific assessment activities as those of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It also carries out related, interdiscipilinary, research. Furthermore, Japan contributes to regional development, including the construction of a research network for the promotion of effective research in the Asia-Pacific region.

Japan carries out long-term assessments of the state of the environment in a socio-economic context, and assists efforts to improve the capacity-building in developing countries, through various means, including official development assistance.

STEPS TAKEN TO ENHANCE SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, IMPROVE LONG TERM SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT, BUILDING OF CAPACITY AND CAPABILITY:

The following national legislation has been established, reviewed and modified to meet the requirements for sustainable development as described in chapter 35 of Agenda 21:

- The Science and Technology Basic Law (15 November 1995)

- The Science and Technology Basic Plan (2 July 1996)

- The Basic Plans for Research and Development on Earth Science and Technology (20 August 1990);

- The Comprehensive Promotion Program for Global Environment Research, Monitoring and Technology Development (13 Sep. 1994).

The most important post Rio projects related to natural, social, and engineering sciences are:

- The New Sunshine Project, initiated by the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology in June 1992,

- Studies for the Production of a Fundamental Dataset for Earth Science and Technology Researches, Global Research Network System initiated by the Science and Technology Agency,

- Toward the Realization of Global Change Prediction (9 July, 1996)

- Special Collaboration Study with Developing Countries, Global Environmental Research Program initiated by the Environmental Agency.

The most important multilateral or bilateral programmes addressing Science for Sustainable Development are (1) the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme with a budget of US$ 1 million; (2) the World Climate Research Programme; and (3) the Technology Renaissance for Environment and Energy with a budget of US$ 0.5 million.

The Government is also involved in the establishment of the Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research to provide necessary governmental support to the scientific process of reducing uncertainties related to global change; and activities related to various bilateral environment or science and technology agreements. ( As of November 1996, there are 4 bilateral environmental cooperation agreements and 17 bilateral science and technology agreements).

(in research)

(for research)

a) Reorientation of education towards sustainable development

In order to promote the voluntary involvement of the general public and of the business community, it is necessary to promote environmental education. To this end, Japan will undertake the following activities: 1) Development of an information base conducive to environmental education and the provision of this information through various kinds of media. Human resources for the promotion of environmental conservation will also be fostered; 2) Efforts will be undertaken to promote environmental education directly in contact with nature in national parks for example; 3) School curriculum on environmental education have been prepared for every level of schooling. Education will be further promoted through the drafting and distributing of teaching materials, holding of education symposia and conferences aimed at improving the teaching abilities of educators; 4) Education provided by NGOs will continue to be supported; 5) The Junior Eco Club project, which has been promoted since 1995 by the Environment Agency, will be continued with a view to promoting environmental education and/or activities of children aged from 7 to 15.

b) Increasing public awareness

Japan will promote the following activities to increase public awareness: 1) providing information through various media from television video and pamphlets to posters and commemorative stamps; 2) creating opportunities for the general public to take part in events such as an environment month, campaigns for contact with nature and the recognition of persons who undertake meritorious activities in environmental conservation; 3) measures for the promotion of eco-tourism, both in Japan and abroad, will be studied; 4) campaigns for conservation of resources and energy throughout the country mostly during Energy Conservation Month and Recycling Month; 5) improvement in the network among local authorities in order to strengthen the work done in the regions. In this context World Environment Day (June 5) will be used to promote a series of activities by both the national government and local authorities.

c) Promoting training

So as to strengthen human resources in this area Japan will undertake the following activities:

1) training in administration and technology for authorities at the local and national levels; this knowledge will then be promoted through international cooperation by training people from developing countries; 2) the national government, local authorities and relevant NGOs will cooperate to conduct training for instructors to lead activities promoting environmental knowledge among the general public.

ROLE OF MAJOR GROUPS: No information.

FINANCING AND COST EVALUATION OF THE LABOUR ACTIVITIES: No information.

a = 1989

In addition to these official technical cooperation activities, Japan will continue to implement measures (the Green Aid Plan) for the diffusion and enhancement of environment-related technology in developing countries including: the sending of experts to developing countries, the training of inexperienced professional from these countries, local training activities in these countries, and joint research and development activities and research cooperation for the purpose of transferring technology to developing countries including pollution-prevention technology which is owned by the private sector.