The Ministry of Forestry is also reviewing several policies with a view to make them more compatible with the principles of sustainable forestry management. Notable among those being reviewed are the Act on Basic Provisions for Forestry and the concept of people participation in forest management.

At the international level, Indonesia is an active member of the Inter-governmental Panel on Forests (IPF) established under the UN Commission on Sustainable Development to negotiate the Forest Principles adopted at the Earth Summit. Responsibility for Indonesian input and action on IPF recommendations lie with the Ministry of Forestry.

In 1993, Indonesia was also appointed as host of the Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). Since then, Indonesia, in cooperation CIFOR, has conducted various forestry seminars and meetings, among others, the CIFOR dialogue on Science and Forests which was held in Bali in late 1994.

PROGRESS IN PROGRAMS

Several measures have been taken to ensure that sustainable forest management is being carried out in the country. For one, the Government is tightening control over timber harvesting operations through a range of policy and enforcement measures. For instance, with a World Bank loan, a study is being conducted to improve concession management and inspection services. The inspection system developed is being tried out in three provinces: Riau, East Kalimantan, and Maluku.

On active logging concessions, the Indonesian Selective Cutting System is slowly being replaced with the Production Forest Management Unit (KPHP) concept. Studies conducted with the support of the UK Overseas Development Agency (ODA), conclude that the KPHP is a promising system for better management of natural production forests in Indonesia. The KPHP system is being tried out in two provinces, Central Kalimantan and Jambi, where the area of production forest management units range from 40,000 to 120,000 hectares. At the field level, the Ministry of Forestry has revoked the licenses of several logging companies for failure to comply with existing regulatory measures, particularly regarding environmental protection. In many cases, the Ministry has taken over the management of these concessions through state forestry enterprises.

It is observed that the issuance of the "criteria and indicator" has improved the concession performance. In the early 1990's concessionaires were classified performance category with 4 % classed as "good" and 40 % "fair". The 1996 assessment showed the numbers in these categories had increased to 11 % "good" and 73 % "fair". Recent assessment showed that there were 25 % classed as "good" and 43 % "fair".

With the Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Indonesia conducted various forestry scientific meetings. In May 1996, Minister of Forestry and the Chairman of the Consultative Group of the Centres for Agriculture Research (CGIAR) inaugurated the CIFOR Headquarters built within the 10 hectares research forest site located adjacent to the campus of Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) at Darmaga, Bogor. Indonesia has provided over 300,000 hectares forest land in Kayan Mentarang area, East Kalimantan, for the CIFOR's forest research station In October 1996 Ministry of Forestry signed the Intellectual Property Right Agreement with CIFOR.

Serious efforts to implement the "integrated conservation and development program" approach in the management of national parks in line with the spirit contained within the UNCED 1992 outcomes has been maintained. Indonesia has established 3 new national parks in the last one year. Currently, there are 34 national parks covering 10. 154 million hectares land and sea/water areas. Ujung Kulon and Komodo National Parks which have been certified by the IUCN as The World Heritage Sites were given priority in its management. Gunung Gede, Tanjung Puting, Lore Lindu, Leuser National Parks which have been designated by the UNESCO as Biosphere Reserves are maintained to the maximum possible. Berbak National Park and Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve which have been designated as Ramsar cites are given special attention. Three conservation areas, Wasur National Park, in Irian Jaya Province, among them, are being proposed to be the Ramsar sites too.

Some foundations, which were founded to strengthen financing of various conservation measures, such as Wallacea Foundation to support the management of Bogani Nani Warta Bone National Park in Sulawesi Island, Leuser International Foundation to support Gunung Leuser National Park in Sumatera, are actively contributing to the conservation efforts in the country.

The Indonesian Ecolabelling Institute (LEI) which was established in 1994, as a third independent body, is actively preparing the concept and implementation of criteria on indicators of sustainable forest management on the forest management unit level. This effort would lead to the certification of the forest management units in the short run. In line with this, the government is also establishing a forestry accreditation committee so called Technical Accreditation Committee (KAIT) composed of members from relevant forestry institutions under coordination of the Ministry of Forestry.

The Government of Indonesia maintains a National Team for Forest Fire Control to anticipate the occurrence of forest fire during the dry season. The government also launched a "Forest Fire Awareness Campaign" led by several cabinet ministers related to forestry. In addition, the government conducted "National Regreening and Conservation Movement Campaign" as well as "Million Tree Planting Movement Campaign" annually.

At the regional level, the Government of Indonesia in cooperation with the Government of Malaysia, launched a joint conservation Transboundary Reserve BentuangKarimun and Lanjak Entimau, located in northern Kalimantan. Launched in October 1994, this project was supported by the ITTO. This transboundary biodiversity conservation area covers over one million hectares with natural tropical forests which is the habitat of some important endangered species such as orangutan and proboscis monkey.

In addition to the above programs several other programs have been undertaken, through international cooperation. They are, among others:

Development of Low Impact Logging with CIRAD of France through the Silvicultural Techniques for Regeneration of Logged Rain Forest in East Kalimantan (STREK) project,

Development of vegetative propagation methods for Dipterocarp species, in cooperation with TROPENBOS,

Development of a model for the participation of local people in the management and utilization of public production and protection forests In West Kalimantan, in cooperation with GTZ of Germany,

Documentation of the traditional use of forests plants in Irian Jaya, In cooperation with the International Conservation Program, the State Minister of Environment and the Indonesian Science Institute (LIPI),

Development of a forest data base through the National Forest Inventory Project funded by the World Bank,

Development of a Mangrove Strategic Plan in co-operation with the Indonesian Mangrove Foundation which was funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the development of Sustainable Mangrove Management, in cooperation with JICA.

The concern over forest management practices results in the pressure for change in its implementation. Various schemes have been proposed to encourage improvement of forestry to more sustainable ones such as boycott and ban of trade in timber products. Timber certification of ecolabelling is now becoming more popular as a trade investment to promote sustainable management of forests.

The Indonesian Ecolabelling Working Group was initiated at the end of 1993 with three objectives: a) to set up a set of criteria set of criteria and indicators for sustainable forest, b) to design a decision making method in timber certification process, and c) to design institutional arrangements for the formal establishment of the Indonesian Ecolabelling Institute. Chaired by Dr. Emil Salim, former Minister of environment, the working group includes representatives from the academia and non-governmental organizations.

The development of criteria and indicators is carried out through discussions with various parties: the government, experts and academics, forest concession holders, forestry consultants and non-governmental organizations. During the first phase of developing criteria, the stakeholders are divided into three groups: forest management group, environmental management group, and socio-cultural group.

In June 1994, the criteria and indicators for Sustainable Forest Management set out by the three working groups were tested in three concession areas in Riau, East Kalimantan and Central Calimantan. The results of the test were discussed in the International Conference on Forest Product Certification System, September 1994 at the Pacet, West Java. In 1996, the working group developed the decision making procedure for certification. The second version to the criteria and indicators as well as the decision making procedure were then tested again in 11 logging concessions in Aceh, North and West Sumatera, Riau, East and West Kalimantan. Full System testing out was assisted by experts from various backgrounds, grouped into expert panel, evaluation team, and task force. The field assessment was assisted by forestry consultants who acted as assessors.

A refined certification system for sustainable natural forest management at the field management unit level has now been established. The system consists of:

procedure for certification of natural production forest management;

logical framework for evaluation of production forest management;

decision making procedure with Analytic Hierarchy Process;

criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management;

chain of custody for certified timber.

The system is now proposed to become the national standard for certification of forest management to the relevant agencies.

Kampang Improvement Program (KIP) or hamlet improvement project is aimed at improving human settlements for low-income urban residents in cities and towns through provision of an integrated package of basic services. The basic services include water supply, sanitation, drainage, road and footpaths, schools and clinics. While KIP has been very effective in providing basic infrastructure, and is popular among recipients, its top-down approach has revealed significant weaknesses. Failure to involve the residents in location planning and the absence of training programs for facility maintenance, together with a lack of financial or in kind contributions by residents, has frequently resulted in poor operation and maintenance, and thus limited use of public sanitation facilities.

In response, central and municipal agencies have attempted to design a more flexible program based on increased community participation in defining local needs and in project design and implementation. This new approach allows the possibility for NGOs to work with kampung committees to identify problems and needs, to agree on project components, locations, costs, repayment responsibilities, to organize and train water and sanitation users, and to evaluate project implementation. Experience to date has highlighted the importance of participation in the initial stages of project design to ensure responsiveness to perceived needs within the community.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is being introduced on a relatively large scale in Indonesia, posing new challenges and directions for extension based-training. To apply it successfully, farmers must understand the principles of IPM and acquire the knowledge and confidence necessary to make autonomous decisions in response to rapidly changing local conditions. Experience in many developing countries suggests that it also requires a fundamental change in the role of extensions agents in relation to their clients. In contrast to their usual role in the top-down delivery of standard instructions, extension workers must become "consultants, facilitators and collaborators, " encouraging farmers to analyze their own situation, to experiment and to make constructive choices.

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation projects sponsored by the government in the past focused primarily on the hardware aspect of village water supply and sanitation by constructing community wells and providing handpumps and latrines. Projects were often selected and funded without significant input from the local communities. When they were consulted, their active role was typically limited to the selection of design options, with no involvement in implementation and no contribution required for future operation and maintenance. As a result, many projects failed after a relatively short time. More recent approaches involve a high degree of participation in project design and implementation. ln the pilot stage, one NGO is asked to help in establishing women's user groups and to provide training. These groups then participated in decisions on the location of the wells. They were also trained in how to maintain the pumps. Subsequently they were responsible for collecting the relatively modest fees needed to sustain the project. The results to date are positive, with a high degree of local ownership and strong commitment to maintaining the projects.

Citra Niaga Urban Area Development project is an integrated, mixed-use commercial, residential, recreational redevelopment project in the centre of Samarinda, the capital city of East Kalimantan. This project, a recipient of the Aga Khan Award, demonstrates the principles of a successful participatory development scheme, involving local government, local community, bank, developer, NGO and co-operatives as key stakeholders. With each stakeholder controlling some resources, this collaborative or interactive process evolved as common objectives were negotiated. The success of this project is partially due to the high degree of commitment to undertake a different kind of development. This is a community-centered development, using community-based resource management to tap local resources for the benefit of the community. In this participatory, bottom-up model, improvement of the environment is promoted as an economically affordable and desirable collective undertaking by the community.

This type of community participation originates solely from the internal motivation of people at the grassroots level. However, the extent of this type of participation is now limited. It is for this reason that the Ministry of Environment introduced the Kalpataru annual award.

The Kalpataru Award introduced in 1981 is a recognition to any Indonesian individual or community who has shown a significant contribution in sustaining the environment. So far, at least 21 have communities selected as the recipients for Kalpataru Award. Awarding the Kalpataru honours and positions these communities within a spectrum of others cited for national excellence. Moreover, this award also acts as an indirect incentive to promote further community participation in the society to wisely manage the environment for sustainable development.

Another type of participation emerges from the willingness of the people to participate, which is derived mainly from external inducement or forced by the authorities. However, there is a growing body of evidence that this top-down approach failed to receive full support and therefore active participation from the communities The achievement of environmental management objectives often will depend increasingly on development activities tailored to local conditions and directly involving the participation of local communities, individuals and households, private enterprises and NGOs in their design, implementation and evaluation. Indonesia has examples of both significant successes and failures in encouraging local community participation.

Indonesia's experiments with community participation provides several lessons to be learnt for future programs. The first and perhaps the most important lesson learned is that the formal procedures adopted in Indonesia to involve communities is not enough. Community participation is a long-term process. More time and effort are required to carry it out than the technical process of developing an environmental management plan. The following alternative of procedure may be an option to make community-based environmental management successful:

Identify and evaluate environmental problems and formulate intervention options to mitigate their effects;

Consensus must be built within communities, so that programs broadly reflect local as well individual needs. Once a consensus has been reached, beneficiaries can be expected to actively participate in planning, implementing and evaluating the program;

Government agencies must recognize this consensus and incorporate it in the sectoral program planning. With this approach public agencies can provide support and encourage efforts of the communities themselves to resolve environmental problems locally.

However, reorienting the prevailing process to incorporate meaningful community participation is not an easy task. The new approach requires substantial structural and attitudinal changes within the government agencies themselves. In planning environmental management, it should be recognized that government efforts alone are insufficient and that people should also contribute their part. Therefore, political support for community-based environmental management approach should be developed among government officials so that they view such community-based environmental management as complementary rather than competitive. In other words, government agencies should realize that the government's role in site specific environmental management has to change from that of a provider to that of enabler or facilitator. This will create a conducive atmosphere to enable community organizations to participate actively in environmental management. Experiences show that people will participate and contribute their share when there are realized needs, when they themselves become aware and feel the need for environmental improvements.

The challenge for the government now is how to induce and motivate the communities so that they will be more responsive to collaboration with the government in managing the environment. This can be done through a set of programs comprising activities to increase community awareness, at all levels, about the importance of environmental management for sustainable development, and human resources development. For the latter, the government must plan a systematic program of training and communication to provide community members, business communities, local NGOs and local government officials with the information, skills, method and practices needed in participatory program planning and implementation. This can be acquired throughout training existing extension workers drawn from agriculture, public health and other sectors in participatory techniques and in different aspects of environmental management planning and techniques. It can be supplemented by training non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that have grassroots experience in technical and professional skills. Indonesia has literally thousands of NGOs with experience in community participation. They are potentially very helpful in developing community-based environmental management projects, but most of them do not have the technical skills needed.

Financial resources are a critical factor that determine the nature and extent of community participation. In spite of the attempt to establish a decentralized budgeting system, only a few of the total annual budgetary resources are allocated to decentralized administrative units. At the micro level, financial constraints impose limits on the activities of every voluntary community organization or locally-induced environmental management effort. Clearly the first step is to gain political support from government so that there will be a willingness to address these issues.

As stated above, the core of each program area is a list of suggested programs and activities to be implemented in each of the time frames (1998-2003 and 2003-2020) in pursuit of national sustainable development objectives. It should be noted, however, that many program areas and activities in later Repelitas may depend on the success of activities slated for implementation during Repelita VII. Such activities have therefore been listed for implementation during the second period (2003-2020) and in many cases these may be quite specific in their intent and substance. Other activities in the period 2003-2020 however, will be dependent on the availability of funds and the development of an adequate level of skills and may not be implemented until after the recommended training and development programs of Repelita VII. Thus, whether activities listed in the second time frame are specific or general, they are still essential to the issue of sustainable development and the transition from the "business as usual" approach to a new development paradigm for the 21st century.

Each list of activities is accompanied by a list of recommended means of implementation for each of the time periods. In some chapters, not all categories have been addressed for each time period because they do not fit the specific needs of each program area. These means of implementation are often divided into:

financial
scientific and technological
human resource development
legal and institutional
data and information requirements

Each chapter also includes a final summary section on the role of major groups in the implementation of the listed program areas, and a final summary of a more general human resource development strategy to be pursued in furtherance of the sustainable development objectives of each chapter.

II. Highlights of chapters in Agenda 21

CHAPTER 1 - POVERTY ALLEVIATION

Poverty is thought to be one of the reasons for the decline in environmental quality. Conversely, the decline in environmental carrying capacity may create an increase in poverty. Various development programs are attempted to help alleviate poverty. Poverty alleviation and environmental management are therefore important co-dependent targets for Indonesia in relation to sustainable development.

Trends indicate that, in the future, poverty will be encountered more in urban areas due to increasing urbanization. Nevertheless, rural poverty, particularly in relation to farmers and fishermen should also be alleviated.

It is predicted that job opportunities in urban areas will grow both in speed and diversity, and that the poor who live in urban areas will have greater job opportunities. However, the poor in urban communities are faced with a number of constraints, including inadequate education and severe competition. Thus, it is necessary to improve human resources, both vertically and in terms of future job opportunities. Such a policy requires partnership between government, business and social sectors, and provision of adequate social services particularly health care and clean water supply.

In overcoming rural poverty, especially among farmers and fishermen, it is necessary to preserve the functions of natural resources which are the sources of people's livelihood, such as forests, the sea and mining areas. The preservation of these resources should be accompanied by an atmosphere which is conducive whereby poor communities are given just and equal access, and facilities to take advantage of these resources.

Sustainable Increase in Income and Quality of Life;

Development of Health Services: Drinking Water and Basic Environmental Sanitation (especially for the urban poor);

Sustainable Use of Natural Resources and the Alleviation of Poverty (especially for the rural poor).

CHAPTER 2 - CHANGING CONSUMPTION PATTERNS

There is no explicit policy on sustainable production and consumption patterns. Consumption patterns pertaining to nutrition and health are the main problems in Indonesia. On the other hand, consumptive lifestyles are increasingly evident in urban areas, characterized by emphasis on image and glamour, as opposed to utility. This trend is facilitated by the information era, where information is no longer a means but an end product. Environmental issues such as pollution, degradation of lands, and depletion of natural resources will tend to increase along with excessive production and consumption patterns.

Energy consumption has been increasing by 8% annually. The largest consumer is the industrial sector at 49%, with transportation requiring 32%, and the remainder being used for domestic needs. The shift in economic structure from an agricultural to an industrial economy throughout Indonesia has resulted in increased energy consumption and a corresponding increase in emissions. To prevent and overcome this impact, the production and use of energy resources should be managed carefully.

The increasingly limited water resources in various areas throughout Indonesia has resulted in more careful water management and water consumption. Agriculture will continue to be the greatest water consumer; however, in different areas, particularly in Java, severe competition for water resources will take place with in the agricultural, industrial and domestic spheres.

Given this situation, it is necessary to develop a national policy and implement a strategy in order to change production and consumption patterns, through the following Program Areas:

Food Production and Consumption, Patterns, and Nutrition Adequacy;

Energy, Production and Consumption Patterns;

Water, Production and Consumption Patterns.

CHAPTER 3 - DEMOGRAPHY

Indonesia has succeeded in lowering its annual population growth rate from 2.34%, during the 1970-1980 period, to 1.98% during the period 1980-1990. This was done through the ongoing national family planning program. However, even population distribution has yet to be achieved so that in certain areas the carrying capacity of the environment has been surpassed, particularly in relation to agricultural productivity. To date population distribution has been dealt with separately from environmental management. Therefore, it is necessary to develop institutions and implementation procedures to manage the interaction between development, population and environment. These institutions should focus on the development and management of information, as well as policy formulation, and implementation.

Analysis pertaining to the issues of population dynamics and sustainable development are elaborated in the following three Program Areas:

Analysis of the Linkages between Population, Environment and Sustainable Development;

Formulation of Integrated Policy on Population, Environment and Sustainable Development at the National, Regional and Local Levels;

Implementation of an Integrated Program on Population, Environment and sustainable development.

CHAPTER 4 - HUMAN HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT

Health services, which has been an intensive and long-term program in Indonesia, has succeeded in decreasing infant mortality rates and increasing life expectancy. However, services tend to be uniformly distributed. Whereas human resources in the health sector differs from place to place. It is recommended that, in the future, health services be based on spatial approach and improvement in self-sufficiency. Due to increased urban and industrial activities, more attention should be paid to water and air pollution control, clean water supply, and other environmental measures. In particular, health services should be improved for populations most vulnerable to infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, cholera and malaria. These diseases must be eradicated, and urban community health services must be developed in line with urban community growth.

To this end the following Program Areas are proposed:

Primary Health Care Programs, especially for Indonesia's Vulnerable Communities;

Control of Contagious Diseases;

Urban Pollution Control and Urban Public Health.

CHAPTER 5 - PROMOTING SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT

In the development of settlement areas, an important measure, aside from provision of houses for dwellings, is the creation of a healthy living atmosphere in terms of environment, economy, and sociocultural and political conditions. These conditions should guarantee an improvement in quality of life, whereby each person can enjoy a better life, respect one another, have access to infrastructure facilities and good housing services, and be able to enhance the quality of their environment. This means that the integration of social and environmental conditions, will serve as the basis for action. Based on this, all persons are treated, and expected to treat themselves, as equal to each other, and everyone has a role in the decision-making process.

In achieving this objective, it is necessary: (l) to change the concept of 'housing development' into 'settlement development', which places emphasis on social, functional and ecological integration; and (2) to create an atmosphere conducive for settlers to maintain their own settlements with a view to improving their welfare.

The above objectives are described and analyzed in the following Program Areas:

Development of Housing and Settlement;
Management of Housing and Settlement.

CHAPTER 6 - GLOBAL TRADE SYSTEM, ECONOMIC INSTRUMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT

The basic strategy is the integration of environmental components into a comprehensive economic development and accounting strategy. This strategy includes: 1) a global trade system which utilizes domestic markets as a component of the global market, through environmentally-sound trade principles; and 2) industrial development which supports the trade system, without disrupting environmental functions through the application of quality standardization or environmental standardization.

The value-added acquisition process, which is based on available resources, and makes use of comparative and competitive advantages must be supported by highly-qualified, environmentally-conscious human resources. The industry, trade, public and related sectors, must be based upon an improved intellectual capacity which is able to incorporate human, organizational, technological and information components, available both internally and externally. Economic resilience must be able to maintain sound and dynamic economic stability through economic instruments which take into account environmental audit based on prevailing laws and regulations as well as early development and application of legal norms.

Economic Approaches to Natural and Environmental Resource Management;

Development of a Pro-active Approach to Pollution (Minimization of Waste);

Development of Economic, Natural Resources and Environmental Accounting System.

All actions within the above Program Areas require human resources as the main motivator of environmentally-sound national economic growth and development.

CHAPTER 7 - ATMOSPHERIC PROTECTION

The atmosphere serves three major functions: 1) It provides raw materials for various human activities; 2) It absorbs and recycles the residue (waste) of human activities; and 3) It supports human life. Therefore, the atmosphere constitutes an asset that needs to be protected and preserved.

The atmosphere's ability to function may be disrupted by the introduction of pollutants into the air as a result of human activities. To prevent and control air pollution, a change of view is urgently required among the government, private sector and community at large, on the following issues:

The limited capacity of the atmosphere to receive and recycle waste.

The negative impact of air pollution health, reduction in economic efficiency, a slowdown economic and social development.

Impaired air quality will be extremely costly, with the costs increasing immensely in proportion with worsening air quality.

The atmospheric protection issue is not only a local and national issue, but a regional and global issue as well. As a result, activities associated with atmosphere and air quality can affect international relations, both political and commercial.

The above-mentioned issues are elaborated in the following four Program Areas:

Integrating and Enhancing Environmental Considerations and Efficiency Measures in Energy Development;

Improving Capacity and Measures in Managing Ozone Depletion;

Improving Capacity and Measures to anticipate Climate Change;

Managing Potential Long Range Air-Borne Pollutants

CHAPTER 8 - CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

The widespread and ever increasing use of chemicals in all fields has been followed by the accumulation of its negative effects, including the contamination of land, water and air. Better management of these chemicals globally is essential. In the Indonesian context, there are a number of activities which can be undertaken such as: the uniform classification of toxic substances; the development of a labeling system for products, which is based on the internationally-approved system; the use of international data and the dissemination of information through the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedures; the application of a life cycle analysis to production processes related to chemical management; and increased national ability to detect and reduce the import of toxic products.

To achieve the goals, four Program Areas have been recommended:

Development of National Capability and Capacity for Management of Toxic Chemicals;

Harmonization of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals;

Information Dissemination on Toxic Chemicals and Chemical Risks;

Risk Reduction Programs and Prevention of Domestic and International Illegal Traffic in Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals.

CHAPTER 9 - HAZARDOUS (B-3) WASTE MANAGEMENT

In order to minimize the volume of hazardous and toxic, production systems should be reoriented, from end-of-the-pipe approaches to cleaner production and cradle to grave. This is especially important for hazardous waste which is a growing problem in Indonesia.

The successful control and environmentally-sound management of B-3 waste will depend on interaction between legal and social infra-structure, institutional capacity, human resources quality, technological capacity and NGO advocacy.

The following Program Areas are addressed in this chapter:

Development and Improvement of Environmentally-Sound B-3 Waste Management, with emphasis on Waste Minimization;

International Cooperation and Prevention of Illegal Traffic in B-3 Waste;

Improvement and Strengthening of Institutional Capacity in Managing B-3 Waste.

CHAPTER 10 - RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT

Radioactive waste management is particularly earmarked for maximum protection of living creatures, the environment and its ecosystems.

In order to guarantee maximum safety and protection, all parties involved in the acquisition of radioactive materials should abide by the ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle. In order to achieve radioactive waste management that complies with the principle of sustainable development, technological applications should be technically and economically viable for maximum protection of the environment and safety from any potential nuclear hazards, now and in future. The application must also be accepted by the community.

To maximize safety considerations associated with radioactive waste, the following Program Area is proposed: Environmentally-Sound Management of Radioactive Waste.

In order to maximize safety considerations associated with radioactive waste, the following Program Area is proposed: Environmentally-Sound Management of Radioactive Waste.

CHAPTER 11 - SOLID AND WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT

The principles of solid and waste water management, within the context of sustainable development, are that waste may not accumulate so as to disturb material and nutrient cycles; that waste disposal should be limited to a level not exceeding the environmental carrying capacity to absorb pollution; and that closed systems of material utilization, such as recycling and composting, should be maximized. Based on these principles, the following four Program Areas have been identified:

Waste Minimization;

Maximizing Environmentally Sound Waste Reuse, Recycling and Composting;

Extending Waste Service Coverage;

Promoting Environmentally Sound Waste Disposal and Treatment.

In order to obtain effective results, these four Program Areas should be planned and implemented in an integrated manner and by applying economic instruments.

Mounting demand for development sites has increased pressure on land resources in Indonesia. The problems associated are exacerbated by lack of agreement between various interest groups and economic sectors. In addition the regulatory system, is extremely complex and largely irrelevant to community is socio-economic conditions. What often results is inconsistent and inefficient land resource management.

To deal with these problems, a strategy for efficient, fair and sustainable land resource management must be developed. The strategy is comprised of the following four Program Areas:

Land Administration and Spatial Planning;
Establishing an Effective Land Administration System;
Improving Institutions for Land Management;
Information and Data System.

CHAPTER 13 - FOREST MANAGEMENT

From economic, socio-cultural and ecological perspectives, forests play an important role in Indonesia. Yet, in line with population and national economic growth, pressure on forest resources is constantly increasing. This is evident from the high deforestation levels.

To deal with the issue, a forest management strategy should be prepared, not only in terms of forest utilization, but also in terms of price determination in accordance with the potential of forest resources; institutional strengthening; laws and regulations which benefit all parties; and tax regulations which support sustainable forest management. It is hoped that implementation of such measures would improve sustainable forest management and increase awareness among concerned parties which, in turn, would maintain long-term forest productivity, thus supporting the development of the Indonesian economy. Within a sustainable management system, forests must be seen from a new perspective, not only as an economic resource, but as serving multiple purposes. As such, the practice of forest management must change from "tree management" to "ecosystems management," where forest dwelling communities also play an important role in forest management. Efforts to achieve these objectives are outlined in the following five Program Areas:

Developing and Sustaining Integrated Sustainable Forest Production;

Enhancing the Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Protection of Forests;

Strengthening Regulations and Law Enforcement for Sustainable Forest Management;

Maintaining and Improving the Participation and Welfare of Forest-Dwelling CommunitieS,

Establishing and Strengthening Research and Capacity in Sustainable Forest Management.

CHAPTER 14 - SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

In addition to contributing to the national economy, the agricultural sector also supports the livelihood of a majority of Indonesians who reside in rural areas. However, the current agriculture development strategy focuses on the achievement of short-term production targets to the neglect of ecological considerations.

The Development of Agricultural Policy, Planning and Integrated Programs to Promote Food Security and Sustainable Development;

Improvement in Agricultural Products and Farming Systems through Diversification of Farming and Development of Supporting Infrastructure,

Enhancing Community Participation and the Quality of Human Resources;

Conservation and Rehabilitation of Agricultural Land;

Integrated Pest Control;

Nutrients for Increasing Food Production.

CHAPTER 15 - WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Once believed to be an unlimited resource, the supply and quality of water in Indonesia's major cities is now questionable. Growing levels of consumption, environmental damage, and pollution have made it necessary to begin sustainable management efforts so that water will not become a scarce resource in the years to come.

A water management strategy must be developed which will protect and preserve water resources while educating the public on the value of water and their responsibility for sustaining it. In managing water resources, measures should be taken to ensure efficiency in the distribution of water according to needs. Strategies in water management should guarantee the availability of water for all levels of society. In preparing a sustainable water strategy, the government should pay attention not only to physical and technical matters, but also to the improvement of regulations, laws and administration of water resources management. These efforts are elaborated upon in the following four Program Areas:

Availability of and Requirement for Water Resources;
Water Resources Quality;
Water Resources Distribution;
Integrated Water Resources Management.

CHAPTER 16 - CONSERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

Biodiversity conservation focuses on the sustainable management of Indonesia's wealth of biological diversity, comprising land and marine ecosystems, agroecosystems and production areas, and ex situ conservation. These conservation efforts must safeguard traditional knowledge systems, and develop biodiversity utilization systems based on equitable sharing of benefits.

Efforts to achieve these objectives are described and analyzed in the following five program areas:

Managing the Protected Areas System More Effectively;

Conserving Biodiversity in Agroecosystems and Non-Protected Production Areas;

Ex Situ Conservation of Biological Diversity;

Protecting Traditional Community Knowledge and Improving Knowledge on Conservation of Biodiversity;

Developing and Maintaining a Sustainable Biological Diversity Utilization System, Including Equitable Sharing of Benefits.

CHAPTER 17 - PROMOTING AND MANAGING BIOTECHNOLOGY

Biotechnology development must be focused providing solutions to agriculture, health and environment issues, which are a priority in Indonesia. However, for a biotechnology approach to be successful, it must be supported by infrastructure development, an increase in national biotechnology capacity, and the development of biosafety aspects intended to prevent negative impacts of biotechnology.

The achievement of these objectives is described and analyzed in the following five Program Areas:

Agricultural Biotechnology to Increase Food Production, Feed and Other Renewable Materials;

Medical Biotechnology to Improve Human Health and Quality of Life;

Environmental Biotechnology;

The Development of Infrastructure for Biotechnology;

Biosafety Regulations.

CHAPTER 18 - INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL AND MARINE AREAS

In Indonesia's fifth Five-Year Development Plan, many of the development activities take place in coastal areas. Population growth, export demand, and per capita consumption increased the utilization of coastal and marine resources. In 1992, fish production was 3.5 million tons, or equaling 53% of the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) of 6.6 million tons. It is predicted that, by 2000, this will increase to 4.25 million tons, and by 2020, to 6.04 million tons. On the other hand, this will also cause an increase in pollution. Waters off the Surabaya coast show the existence of large volumes of domestic and industrial waste, and the water quality is reported to be the second most polluted in Indonesia after Jakarta Bay.

However, the coastal communities have not yet gained any significant benefit from development in these areas. Therefore, the development of coastal villages should pay more attention to the regional social, economic, cultural and environmental conditions.

In Indonesia, there are 116 small islands and groups of small islands which are ecologically susceptible, particularly to global warming and natural disasters. The potential result is a decrease in the quality and quantity of biodiversity. Small islands typically have large numbers of endemic species, and high levels of biodiversity consisting of valuable and protected species.

Indonesian waters are frequently navigated by both foreign container ships and fishing boats. Law enforcers face problems in preventing ship traffic, which is protected by agreements. Relatively weak control in eastern Indonesia creates other problems in dealing with the frequent violations, such as disposal of toxic and hazardous waste and trespassing in the catchment zone.

This situation requires better management of coastal and marine areas, especially institutional integration and competence, so that resources in these areas can become prime products in the development of Indonesia in the future.

The following Program Areas are discussed to deal with these issues:

Integrated Planning and Resource Development in Coastal Zones;
Monitoring and Protecting Coastal and Marine Environments;
Sustainable Utilization of Marine Resources;
Strengthening and Empowering Coastal Communities;
Sustainable Development of Small Islands;
Maintaining Security of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ);
Managing the impacts of Climate Change and Tidal Waves.

Ministry of Forestry (1996), Country Paper; Indonesia Progress Towards Sustainable Management of Tropical Forest (Objective Year 2000), Jakarta

State Ministry for the Environment (1996), Agenda 21 Indonesia; National Strategy for Sustainable Development,

Jakarta

The State Ministry for Environment (1994), Indonesia Country Programme for The Phaseout of Ozone Depleting Substances Under The Montreal Protocol, The Government of Indonesia, Jakarta

The State Ministry for Environment (1995), Indonesian Policy and Strategy on Climate Change, The Government of Indonesia, Jakarta

The State Ministry for Environment (1996), Inventory of Greenhouse Gases Emissions and Sinks in Indonesia, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta

The State Ministry for Environment (1992), Indonesia Country Report on United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, Republic of Indonesia

The State Ministry for Environment in cooperation with The National Consortium for Forest and Nature Conservation in Indonesia (1995), Indonesia Country Report on Implementation of Agenda 21, Republic of Indonesia