National Implementation of Agenda 21
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Information Provided by the Government of Greece to the
United Nations Department for Policy Coordination and
Sustainable Development
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This country profile has been provided by:
Name of Ministry/Office: Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works, Department of International Relations and EU Affairs
Date: 13 January 1997
Submitted by: M. Kritikou
Mailing address: 17, Amaliados str., 11523 Athens, Greece
Telephone: 301-6411717
Telefax: 301-6434470
E-mail:
Note from the Secretariat: An effort has been made to present all country profiles within a common format, with an equal number of pages. However, where Governments have not provided information for the tables appended to Chapters 4 and 17, those tables have been omitted entirely in order to reduce the overall length of the profile and save paper. Consequently, there may be some minor inconsistencies among the formats of the different country profiles.
All statistics are rendered as provided by the respective Governments.
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APELL | Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level |
CFC | chlorofluorocarbon |
CGIAR | Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research |
CILSS | Permanent Inter-State Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel |
EEZ | exclusive economic zone |
ECA | Economic Commission for Africa |
ECE | Economic Commission for Europe |
ECLAC | Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean |
ELCI | Environmental Liaison Centre International |
EMINWA | environmentally sound management of inland water |
ESCAP | Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific |
ESCWA | Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia |
FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
GATT | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade |
GAW | Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO) |
GEF | Global Environment Facility |
GEMS | Global Environmental Monitoring System (UNEP) |
GEMS/WATER | Global Water Quality Monitoring Programme |
GESAMP | Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution |
GIPME | Global Investigation of Pollution in Marine Environment (UNESCO) |
GIS | Geographical Information System |
GLOBE | Global Legislators Organisation for a Balanced Environment |
GOS | Global Observing System (WMO/WWW) |
GRID | Global Resource Information Database |
GSP | generalized system of preferences |
HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
IAEA | International Atomic Energy Agency |
IAP-WASAD | International Action Programme on Water and Sustainable Agricultural Development |
IARC | International Agency for Research on Cancer |
IBSRAM | International Board of Soil Resources and Management |
ICCA | International Council of Chemical Associations |
ICES | International Council for the Exploration of the Sea |
ICPIC | International Cleaner Production Information Clearing House |
ICSC | International Civil Service Commission |
ICSU | International Council of Scientific Unions |
IEEA | Integrated environmental and economic accounting |
IFAD | International Fund for Agricultural Development |
IGADD | Intergovernmental Authority for Drought and Development |
IGBP | International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (ICSU) |
IGBP/START | International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme/Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training |
ILO | International Labour Organisation |
IMF | International Monetary Fund |
IMO | International Maritime Organization |
INFOTERRA | International Environment Information system (UNEP) |
IOC | Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission |
IPCC | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
IPCS | International Programme on Chemical Safety |
IPM | integrated pest management |
IRPTC | International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals |
ITC | International Tin Council |
ITTO | International Tropical Timber Organization |
IUCN | International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
MARPOL | International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships |
OECD | Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development |
PGRFA | plant genetic resources for agriculture |
PIC | prior informed consent procedure |
SADCC | South African Development Co-ordination Conference |
SARD | sustainable agriculture and rural development |
UNCTAD | United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |
UNDP | United Nations Development Programme |
UNDRO | Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator |
UNEP | United Nations Environment Programme |
UNESCO | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
UNFPA | United Nations Population Fund |
UNICEF | United Nations Children's Fund |
UNIDO | United Nations Industrial Development Organization |
UNU | United Nations University |
WCP | World Climate Programme (WMO/UNEP/ICSU/UNESCO) |
WFC | World Food Council |
WHO | World Health Organization |
WMO | World Meteorological Organization |
WWF | World Wide Fund for Nature (also called World Wildlife Fund) |
WWW | World Weather Watch (WMO) |
Since the Rio Conference, Greece has started to adopt its strategic policy framework towards sustainable development. The environmental protection requirements are integrated into the implementation of the key development sectors. This is achieved either through the implementation of the EU policy (e.g. Fifth Environmental Action Programme) or through national measures.
In order to attain sustainable development Greece is focusing on the following targets:
Integration of Environment and Economy. Incorporation of the principles, values, sensitivities and priorities of ecology in sustainable development.
Balanced socio-economic development, reduction of differences between the so-called "developed" and "problematic" regions or between centre and periphery.
Decentralisation of activities and population.
Improvement and development of potentials of peripheral regions and survival of small towns and rural centres.
Mitigation and reversion of the trends of migration and urbanisation.
Preparation of the National Cadastre.
Reinforcement of the economic, social and cultural development of remote areas.
Reshapement of the local government's services and responsibilities.
Energy planning towards renewable energies.
Enhancement of the social cohesion and the environmental and cultural identity of urban centres and minor settlements.
Conservation of the balance, harmony and diversity of the Greek nature and ecosystems.
Rational and integrated management, control and protection of water resources.
Abatement of coastal and marine pollution.
Improvement of the urban environment and living conditions (reduction of atmospheric and noise pollution in large urban centres, integrated and rational waste management).
Mitigation of unemployment problems and improvement of working and safety conditions.
Education, training and awareness raising for sustainable living patterns.
Promotion of international cooperation and implementation of international conventions.
Enhancement of the participation of major groups.
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1. Name of Key National Sustainable Development Coordination Mechanism(s)/Council(s).
Contact point (Name, Title, Office): Elpida Politi, Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works
Telephone: 30 1 6435740
Fax: 30 1 6434470
e-mail:
Mailing address: Hellenic Republic, Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works, Department of International Relations and E.U. Affairs, 17, Amaliados str., 11523 Athens, Greece
2. Membership/Composition/Chairperson:
2a. List of ministries and agencies involved:
2b. Names of para-statal bodies and institutions involved, as well as participating of academic and private sector bodies:
2c. Names of non-governmental organizations involved:
3. Mandate role of above mechanism/council:
4. If available, attach a diagram (organization chart) showing national coordination structure and linkages between ministries:
Submitted by (Name): M. Kritikou
Title: Head of the Department
Date: 13 January 1997
Ministry/Office: Hellenic Republic, Ministry for the Environment Physical Planning and Public Works, Department of International Relations and E.U. Affairs
Telephone: 30 1 6411717
Fax: 30 1 6434470
e-mail:
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 2: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
TO ACCELERATE SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND RELATED DOMESTIC
POLICIES (with special emphasis on TRADE)
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: No information available.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information available.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
available.
3. Major Groups: No information available.
4. Finance: GRANTING AID FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
In granting aid, Greece has severe constrains, both because of
limited resources and for budgetary reasons. Today,
roughly 75% of Greek aid is channelled through multilateral
programmes of International Organisations and the European
Union. The remaining 25% concerns bilateral aid granted by
ministries and other state institutions as well as through
NGOs.
Due to the necessity of a drastic reduction of the deficit of the
governmental budget, funds are severely limited at the
moment. Greece does not have the necessary resources to finance
large scale programmes and has to be selective both for
the nature of the projects and for their geographic distribution.
Long term programmes have tended to be the exception in
the past though this is gradually changing. Short term projects are
very often the response to emergencies. Therefore
planning in this respect tends to be done in general terms, leaving
a lot of leeway for adjustments to current needs while
taking into account existing priorities.
This ad hoc way of responding to the needs of third countries is
particularly visible in the case of emergency humanitarian
aid. Greece responds to appeals by international organisations or
foreign governments in order to alleviate the suffering
caused by natural or man-made disasters. We also contribute to the
financing of humanitarian aid programmes initiated by
NGOs, when these are in agreement with our general priorities.
Scholarships are granted either in accordance with the relevant
provisions of bilateral cultural agreements or through our
own initiative.
Technical assistance is also granted in accordance with relevant
provisions of bilateral, technical and scientific
agreements, at the request of a foreign government, on our own
initiative or through the financing of an NGOs
programme of technical assistance. Other forms of aid are usually
given as a result of state initiative.
Increasing the stability of neighbouring countries and allaying the
economic problems of their population are our
priorities. Tackling the poverty of the population of developing
countries and supporting their development efforts is also
one of our priorities, while the environmental impact of our aid
programmes is not forgotten. Supporting regional peace
efforts is also a very important parameter in the planning of our
aid programmes.
Aid has been increasing in the last few years as a response to
existing challenges. It is planned to continue to increase aid
and all our projections show that the percentage of the gross
national product devoted to aid will greatly increase. In the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Department of Development
Cooperation is responsible for the coordination of all foreign
aid. (see also tables from chapter 3, Greek National Report 1996,
pages 10-18)
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
available.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 3: COMBATING POVERTY
Focus of national strategy
In Greece there is no official or commonly accepted definition of
an absolute poverty line. However, the country has
adopted the definition of relative poverty accepted by EU
countries.
Associated with matters related to poverty are problems of "social
exclusion". The latter is defined as alienation from one
or more of the following mechanisms: the labour market, social or
other informal support networks, state unemployment
benefits, retraining programmes, etc. Social exclusion is
considered a limited phenomenon in Greece, on the one hand
because the processes of economic restructuring and modernisation
are occurring at a slow pace and, on the other, because
the informal support networks, mainly family networks, are
functioning satisfactorily.
Highlight activities aimed at the poor and linkages to the
environment
The competent authorities (Ministry for the Environment, Physical
Planning and Public Works / Directorate of Shelter,
Policy and Housing, Ministry of Foreign Affairs/ National
Foundation of Emigrants, Ministry of Health and Welfare and
the Workers' Housing Organisation) have implemented the following
activities concerning the housing problem of
impoverished groups:
housing programmes for the homeless and poor, for gypsies,
minorities and emigrants;
remodelling of low quality habitation areas.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: Legislative degree 57/1973
addresses "Measures for the social protection of
economically needy people". Also, legislation on minimum pensions
and mixed social pensions has been issued.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
available.
3. Major Groups: No information available.
4. Finance: No information available.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
available.
1995 | |||||
Unemployment (%) | 7.8 | 7.0 | 8.7 | 10.0 | |
Population living in absolute poverty | |||||
Public spending on social sector % | |||||
Other data
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 4: CHANGING CONSUMPTION
PATTERNS
National policy objectives/focus
In accordance with the European Union's 5th Environmental Action
Programme (Towards Sustainability), Greece aims to
adjust its policies in order to avoid abuse and exhaustion of
natural resources. Policies address issues of waste reduction,
the use of water, traffic and transportation issues and energy
consumption. A national and sectoral review on consumption
and production patterns was held to identify possibilities for
waste reduction. National awareness programmes have been
initiated on consumption and production issues.
The Hellenic Action Plan for the Abatement of CO2 and other
Greenhouse Gas Emissions is based on a drastic energy
conservation policy in all sectors of final consumption (industry,
transport, commercial and domestic sector), as well as on
the use of natural gas in the national energy system and the
promotion of renewable energy sources.
The Energy Programme (1994-1999) launched by the Ministry for
Development promotes energy efficiency, rational use
of energy, use of renewable energy sources and the use of natural
gas (total budget: 566,300 kECU).
The introduction of natural gas in the national energy system is a
major infrastructure project. According to the
programme of the Public Gas Corporation, the total absorption of
natural gas will reach 3.5 billion Nm3 by the year 2005
(1.5 billion Nm3 for electricity generation, 1.0 billion Nm3 for
industrial uses and 1.0 billion Nm3 for the needs of
domestic and other sectors).
The Energy Operational Programme of the Ministry for Development is
mainly orientated towards financing of energy
efficiency projects. Financing methods are now under legal
regulation, such as Technology Performance Financing or
Third Party Financing, and are expected to facilitate even more
energy production and energy efficiency as well as
transfer and introduction of environmentally-friendly
technologies.
The Public Power Corporation is applying specific policies for
environmental protection and improvement of energy
efficiency:
commission of natural gas generating units
development of the country's hydropotential
exploitation of renewable energy sources (wind, geothermal and
solar energy)
energy conservation and improvement of the efficiency of existing
installations
new combustion technologies are being examined
awareness raising programme for energy saving and rational use of
energy
The National Action Plan for Energy Conservation in the Built
Environment, named Energy 2001, carried out by the
Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works,
intends to change the existing production and
consumption patterns, through the promotion of building
construction techniques and services aiming at energy
conservation and the integration of renewable energy
technologies.
The Action Plan is to be applied through a specific legislation,
concerning an incentive policy for energy saving measures
in the existing buildings (heating, cooling, DHW and lighting) as
well as policies, policy instruments, measures and new
standards concerning new buildings.
The Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public
Works/ Directorate of Shelter Policy and Housing
promotes pilot programmes aiming at the rational use and management
of natural resources, energy conservation, and
sustainable development of human settlements by:
1. Construction of a model settlement for civil servants in
Santorini island, according to bioclimatic house construction
principles.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
2. Co-funding of the photovoltaic systems programme of solar energy transformation in electric energy at Donousa and Sifnos islands. 3. Funding of the First (model) Ecological-Bioclimatic Building.
Our country has harmonized with the European Community regulation 880/92 which introduced an Eco-Label Award Scheme, by the Joint Ministerial Resolution 86644/2482/1993. The Ministerial Resolution established a Supreme Board for Awarding Ecological Labels within the Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works. This Supreme Board, named ASAOS, provides information to the business community and consumers, organises international meetings and has undertaken the task to establish criteria, with the support of the Commission of the European Communities, for the following: 1. Greece is the lead-country for the establishment of criteria concerning the product group bed mattresses for the European Eco-Label, in cooperation with France. 2. Greece runs a pilot project concerning Touristic Services for the European Eco-Label with the cooperation of France. The project includes the definition of the product/service group and the setting of specific criteria. 3. Greece developed a Communication Strategy Programme to inform the industry, consumers, business and interested groups about the performance of the Eco-Label Scheme in Greece. ASAOS organised the third General Assembly of the Global Eco-Label Network which took place in the island of Skyros, Greece, on the 6th and 7th of July 1995.
National targets According to the Energy Programme (1994-1999), the expected annual energy saving at the end of the programme is 700 kTOE (energy efficiency, use of natural gas) and the expected substitution of primary energy at the end of the programme is 200kTOE (renewable energy sources).
1. Decision-Making Structure: Law 2244/94 enables independent aside from the self-sufficient producers to use renewables for the generation of electricity, improves the rate at which the KWH is purchased by the Public Power Corporation and ensures long term contracts for the independent and self-sufficient producers. Ministerial Decision YBET 8295/95 regulates the issue of the corresponding licenses. Law 2234/94 promotes operational industry projects, where energy efficiency is included in the target investments. According to Law 1512/85 which provides incentives for energy conservation, the Greek legislation is currently being harmonised with the European Directive SAVE (93/76/EC) for the stabilisation of CO2 emissions and energy efficiency of buildings. The Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works promotes: the new Building Regulation which is being harmonised with the Law for the Protection of the Environment and the Law for the Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources. The harmonisation of the Planning Law with the principles of sustainable development.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Training and information dissemination programmes are being carried out in the framework of the legislation for energy conservation in the Built Environment promoted by the Ministry for the Environment: Organisation of seminars, meetings etc. aiming at the information and training of specially interested groups (public, engineers, technicians etc.). Participation in environmental education programmes such as the programme "Ecological Schools". Provision of scientific support, printed material, implementation of pilot projects.
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Dissemination of the environmental policy principles aiming at
raising awareness and promoting participation of
interested groups and the public, e.g. voluntary employment of
young people in projects using traditional construction
materials and techniques in different regions of Greece.
3. Major Groups:
1. The National Action Plan for Energy Conservation was carried out
with the participation of recognised bodies,
representatives of Greek universities and research centres.
2. Several major groups, industry organizations, unions, NGOs and
consumer groups, participate in the Supreme Board
for Awarding Ecological Labels.
4. Finance: No information available.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Greece cooperates
with the other EU member states in the dissemination and
promotion of renewable energy sources as well as in energy
efficiency projects. The Ministry for Development tries to
incorporate and promote the EU programmes such as ALTENER, SAVE,
JOULE-THERMIE, SYNERGY, TACIS,
PHARE, Research and Development Programmes and new policies like
MEDA or the Energy Charter Treaty.
STATISTICAL DATA/INDICATORS | |||||
1985 | 1990 | 1992 | 1995 | ||
GDP per capita (current US$) | 3,366 | 6,568 | 7,537 | 8,762 | |
Real GDP growth (%) | 3.1 | -0.1 | 0.9 | ||
Annual energy consumption per capita (Kg. of oil equivalent per capita) | 2,209a | 2,160 | 2,269 | ||
Motor vehicles in use per 1000 inhabitants | 189.5 | 249.7 | 272.4b | ||
a 1989 b 1993
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Government policies affecting consumption and production.
1. Goals and Agents (Stakeholders)
Indicate with a (X) those agents which your Governments policies are meant most to influence.
Agents Goals | |||||
Material efficiency | |||||
Energy efficiency: | |||||
Transport | |||||
Housing | |||||
Other | |||||
Waste: | |||||
Reduce | |||||
Reuse | |||||
Recycle |
Comments:
2. Means & Measures and Agents (Stakeholders)
Indicate with an (R) those agents who assume primary responsibility for any of the policy measures indicated; indicate with an (I) the agents for which the impact is expected to be especially significant.
Agents Means & Measures | |||||
Improving understanding and analysis | |||||
Information and education (e.g., radio/TV/press) | |||||
Research | |||||
Evaluating environmental claims | |||||
Form partnerships | |||||
Applying tools for modifying behaviour | |||||
Community based strategies | |||||
Social incentives/disincentives (e.g., ecolabelling) | |||||
Regulatory instruments | |||||
Economic incentives/disincentives | |||||
Voluntary agreements of producer responsibility for
aspects of product life cycle | |||||
Provision of enabling facilities and infrastructure (e.g., transportation alternatives, recycling) | |||||
Procurement policy | |||||
Monitoring, evaluating and reviewing performance | |||||
Action campaign | |||||
Other (specify) |
Comments:
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 5: DEMOGRAPHIC DYNAMICS AND
SUSTAINABILITY
NATIONAL PRIORITY: | ||||
STATUS REPORT: Information was
provided to the Conference on Population and Development in Cairo.
A national
debate has been held on linkages between population and environment
at the national level. Women's organizations and
the media have been included.
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1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of National
Economy, especially the Department of Population and
Employment and the Department of Social Policy, is responsible for
demographic issues. The National Statistical Service
and the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Social Security are also
involved.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
available.
3. Major Groups: Steps have been taken to involve women in
decision-making. The "law for equality" promotes
women's participation.
4. Finance: No information available.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Greece has
participated in international conferences held by the European
Union, the European Council and OECD.
STATISTICAL DATA/INDICATORS | ||||
1990 | 1993 | |||
Population (Thousands) mid-year estimates | 10,161 | 10,379 | 10,454 | |
Annual rate of increase (1990-1993) | 0.6 | 0.3 | ||
Surface area (Km2) | 131,957 | |||
Population density (people/Km2) | 78 | 79 | ||
OTHER DATA | ||||||
Sex distribution (%) Male Female |
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Major age-groups 0-14 15-64 >64 |
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 6: PROTECTING AND PROMOTING
HUMAN HEALTH
A public awareness campaign was carried out concerning the
recommendations of the European Code against Cancer,
which aims at reducing deaths from cancer by 15 % by the year
2000.
The Ministry of Health and Welfare implements a
dealuminisation programme, in order to reduce the exposure of
people to aluminium and reduce renal diseases.
In order to develop control of contagious diseases, the
following activities have been proposed:
- the promotion of hepatitis-B-vaccination,
- the implementation of an anti-malaria programme,
- a measles vaccination programme,
- a tuberculosis vaccination programme, and
- raising awareness on HIV/AIDS and increasing funds for the
rehabilitation of patients.
All types of primary health care are offered free of charge to
all citizens. Provision is made, inter alia, for social
care,
school health, dental health and family planning.
The Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public
Works has initiated controls on the use of building
materials, in order to mitigate the syndrome of "unhealthy
buildings". Levels of pollutant' emissions are being set and
environmentally friendly construction materials are being
promoted.
The Operational Environmental Programme of Greece (see chapter 8)
recognises the close link between health and
environment.
Action programme 2.4 aims at protecting the human,
anthropogenic and natural environment from industrial accidents.
Upon its completion, the requirements of the SEVESO Directive will
be fully met. It should be mentioned that the aim of the
programme is also to make the residents in the nearby areas aware
of the operational plans for the management of
environmental hazards once these occur. The overall budget for
action programme 2.4 is 5 MECU.
Specific actions:
Development of mobile stations for the monitoring of dangerous
substances
Public awareness campaigns
Programmes for the implementation of the SEVESO Directive
Action Plans in the event of an accident, technical
support to the local and regional authorities, etc.
Promotion of the "eco-audit" scheme
Land use planning in the vicinity of industrial areas
Specialised equipment for the Fire Services
Creation of a training unit for major industrial accidents
Action programme 2.6 of the Operational Environmental
Programme of Greece is two fold. It aims on the one hand to
improve the environmental conditions in major energy production
units in Greece, especially with respect to atmospheric
pollution. On the other hand the programme aims at promoting the
Charter "Health Cities" through pilot programmes and
technical interventions at the urban scale. The overall budget for
action programme 2.6 is 9 MECU.
A programme, aiming at reducing urban noise and related health
risks, is being implemented. The noise abatement
programme in major Greek cities attempts to reduce noise through
such actions as periodic inspections for motor
vehicles/motorcycles and major industrial installations with
respect to their noise levels, the construction of noise protective
barriers along major highways, the promotion of noise insulation
materials in buildings and the promotion of the so-called
"quiet products". Pilot projects have been implemented and research
projects on the psycho-social issues of noise are being
carried out.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: The Government of Greece targets
for fulfilling basic health care needs and for balancing regional
inequalities in social health services. Special emphasis is given
to the development of telemedicine, the development of
computer science in hospitals, cardiology, the operation of a
National Blood Donation Centre and the modernisation of the
blood donation services.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Health and
Welfare is responsible for the implementation of this
chapter. The Ministry for the Environment is also involved. Several
laws have been enacted to reduce health risks from
smoking.
Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: The programmes "Europe
against cancer" and "Greece against cancer" have
contributed to inform the public about cancer, to create awareness
and to improve health personnel training. Research on
cancer is being promoted and encouraged. Health training is
provided inter alia to young parents, and teachers and
students of all grades.
3. Major Groups: No information available.
4. Finance: No information available.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
available.
STATISTICAL DATA/INDICATORS | ||||
1980 | 1990 | 1995 | ||
Life expectancy at birth Male Female | 72.2 76.6 | 74.6 79.4 | 75.0 80.2 | |
Infant mortality (per 1000 live births) | 18 | 10 | 8 | |
Maternal mortality rate (per 100000 live births) | 18 | 1 | 0 | |
Access to safe drinking water and sanitation (% of population)a | 87.2b | 96.4c | ||
a National Report of Greece to the CSD 1995
b 1981 c 1991
All population in Greece has access to primary health care.
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 7: PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE HUMAN
SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT
a) Rational land use management in accordance with the
principles of sustainability.
Priority is given to peri-urban and coastal areas with a strong
cultural identity.
b) Upgrading the urban environment.
Regulation of development in peri-urban space and control of
unauthorised development through the regulatory framework
of the zones of controlled settlement. Traffic regulations in city
centres. Free space and space for public use for
recreation-related functions, in densely populated inner urban
zones. Participation in EU programmes for combating
poverty and social exclusion in particularly problematic urban
areas is encouraged. Strict control measures to combat air
pollution.
c) Balanced development of settlements in rural areas.
Administrative and functional grouping together of small rural
settlements, on the "open town" model, so that they may
constitute sustainable units, with population thresholds capable of
supporting the provision of basic social services.
d) Provision of technical urban infrastructure for healthy
living conditions.
Water quality controls, water sufficiency measures for islands,
works for securing sufficient water supply in large urban
areas. Strict controls regarding enforcement of sanitary
regulations for the disposal of urban and industrial wastes.
e) Provision of social infrastructure, basic services and
facilities.
Completion of infrastructure for social health, social welfare and
education services. Improvement of the welfare
conditions for groups with special needs and for women.
f) Development of Transport and Communication Systems.
Major communication works are in progress aiming at the expansion
of the closed national road network, by-pass of large
cities, and improvement and expansion of ports and airports. Local
traffic-management is being promoted. The Hellenic
Telecommunications Organisation plans to expand and upgrade the
services provided.
g) Prevention of disasters and preparedness to deal with the
effects of natural disasters.
Completion and implementation of an updated regulatory framework
for the protection of settlements from earthquakes,
floods and fires. Re-examination of the programme to relocate
landslide-prone settlements.
h) Rational use and conservation of energy.
Support of energy conservation programmes in urban subsystems and
bioclimatic planning in buildings and city-planning
works.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: The National Action Plan for
Cities and Housing (1996-2000) aims fundamentally at the
fullest
possible positive response of Greece to two main objectives: the
creation of cities which provide safe, healthy, equal and
sustainable living conditions and the guarantee of adequate housing
for all. The National Action Plan sets the following
sectors for action which refer to the above mentioned
objectives:
i) Preservation and revival of historical and cultural
heritage.
Protection, renewal and highlighting of traditional settlements,
historic city centres or quarters, monuments and other
spaces of a cultural nature.
j) Securing adequate supply of land and housing.
The three priority policies in the housing supply sector are: to
increase the credit system's supply potential, the
enlargement of the sector of modernisation and remodelling of older
stock and a rationally planned manner of supply of
properly equipped land for housing on urban fringes.
Adequate supply of land equipped with the appropriate urban
technical infrastructure for proper functioning of the land
market is being continued and promoted through the extension of
city plans and their implementation through the Town-Planning
Reorganisation Operation.
k) Strengthening financial sources for housing.
1. Increase of the role of loans for housing.
2. Endeavours to reduce the cost of construction and improvement
of the technical quality of housing by promoting
applied research on new building materials and technologies.
3. Modernisation of the General Building Regulations and other
regulations with reference to construction of new
buildings.
l) Support of social groups in acquiring shelter.
State welfare to support special population groups for acquiring
shelter is expressed through programmes to subsidise
interest rates on loans for acquisition of first houses, through
certain tax exemptions as well as through special
programmes of subsidies and/or direct public provision of shelter
wherever required.
Policies and measures are promoting:
the reorganisation of the system of housing subsidies
dealing with the problem of social and economic integration and
housing for refugees and economic immigrants
projects for community development and upgrading according to the
model introduced by the EU pilot programmes to
combat poverty
provision of housing for special disadvantaged categories of
people.
The Action programmes and the special programmes included in the
Operational Environmental Programme of Greece
(for details see ch.8) relevant to this chapter are the
following:
1. Action programme 4.2 aims at the definition of urban plans for
cities which lack relevant plans, as well as for the
improvement of existing urban plans in light of modifications in
the urban structure and the operations in the city.
Considerable emphasis is given to the development of urban plans
for estates located in ecologically sensitive
areas, coastal zones and islands. The overall budget for action
programme 4.2 is 24.5 MECU.
2. Action programme 4.3 aims at improving the urban conditions in
selected Greek cities, traditional settlements and
tourist sites, in order to improve the quality of life and living
and working conditions. The overall budget of
action programme 4.3 is 35 MECU; in addition this action programme
is part of a wider national programme for
the restoration of the urban environment in selected Greek cities
(see Special Programmes).
Specific actions
Restoration of traditional city centers
Restoration of the landscape in areas of large technical
works
Reduction of aestheric pollution, with emphasis given to
tourist sites
3. Special Programmes
a) ATTICA - SOS
The programme - which has as a theme "Athens, a sustainable city"
- aims at improving the environmental conditions in
the Attica region where Athens resides. The programme includes
interventions at the local and regional scales in the
thematic areas: air, water, waste, traffic, noise, land planning,
urban development, environmental awareness and
legislation. To this end, a major intervention recently implemented
(April 1996) was the full banning of traffic in the
commercial center of Athens.
The programme also includes the improvement of the State operated
public transportation system with such actions as the
renewal of buses and the expansion of the subway system. Finally a
substantial part of the programme is attributed to the
construction of peripheral ("ring") avenues which will allow the
avoidance of the central neighbourhoods of Athens.
The total cost of the programme ATTICA - SOS accounts for 3.5
billion ECUs (including the cost for the expansion of the
subway system).
b) THESSALONIKI - SOS
A relevant programme to that for the Attica region is also designed
and implemented for Thessaloniki, the second largest
city of Greece. The Programme aims at protecting the natural and
urban environment in Thessaloniki through
interventions at the local scale in such thematic areas as: air,
water, waste, traffic, noise, land planning, urban
development, environmental awareness and legislation.
The programme is complemented by the construction of a major sewage
treatment facility for Thessaloniki as well as a
subway system. The overall cost of the programme accounts for 1
billion ECUs for the period 1995-2000.
c) Urban restoration programme in Greek cities and
settlements (excluding Athens, Attica and Thessaloniki)
The programme complements specific action 4.3. It aims at
improving the urban conditions in selected Greek cities,
traditional settlements and tourist sites, by means of such
interventions as: restoration of traditional buildings, improvement
of
common and open spaces, development of green areas, development of
cultural centers and recreational facilities, and soft
interventions for the improvement of living conditions. The overall
budget of the programme accounts for 240 MECU, out of
which 138 MECU reflect national funding.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry for the
Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works is mainly
responsible for the implementation of this chapter. Urban planning
is mainly based on legislation from the early 1980s. The
Law on Urban Development (1983) introduced "urban controlled zones"
to direct urban development, safeguard sensitive
areas and stop unplanned construction. The Regional Plans of
Counties (1984) provide for land-use organisation,
infrastructure planning and environmental protection. Master Plans
were developed for metropolitan areas. Special Regional
Studies have been carried out in areas with environmental problems
to address gaps in the legislative framework. Provision is
made for relevant reform of town-planning legislation - according
to sustainable development principles - for the development
of newly built up areas and the improvement of the institutional
framework and procedures. Modernisation of the General
Building Regulation. The regulatory framework on energy-efficient
design of buildings is being updated. Bioclimatic-energy
design of buildings and settlements is being promoted, as well as
the use of renewable energy sources. Legislative instruments
encourage technology and methods for energy and water conservation.
Legislative and administrative measures have been
adopted for the protection of people living in disaster-prone
industrial areas.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: In cooperation with
the UN Committee of Human Settlements a Colloquium on
Urban Management was held in 1995. In the same year a seminar was
held on Sustainable Development of Human
Settlements.
Open dialogue between agencies and the public and information
dissemination through professional journals, the press and
informative leaflets for the preparation of the National Report
submitted to Habitat II. Nationwide competition "for models of
policy and programme implementation for improving the quality of
the local urban environment and housing through specific
projects" as a method of publicising the activity of the National
Committee and prepare the country's participation in the
Habitat II Conference.
Training of local government officials and mobilisation of the
interest of the local population in promoting the National Action
Plan.
3. Major Groups: Involvement of local groups and
organisations in supporting the sector of social and cultural
services and
welfare on the level of the local community. Encouragement of local
government's initiatives for the improvement of social
infrastructure and transport systems. Support for relevant local
initiatives by non-governmental bodies for the implementation
of the National Action Plan. Special programmes for loans to
employees of the State, local government and public
organisations. Special programmes of the Workers' Housing
Organisation for the provision of subsidised housing for low and
middle-income workers. Special housing programmes for housing of
immigrants of Greek origin from the former Soviet
Union. Special assistance will be given for housing of families
with more than three children.
4. Finance: The priorities for housing policy is to reform
the system of subsidies and to support innovative efforts to reduce
the cost of new housing. Reform of the system of financing (public
investment, subsidies, local taxes) for carrying out
infrastructure works and securing public spaces in newly built-up
areas. Financial incentives to promote new technologies and
systems of application of soft forms of energy.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Participation in structures and programmes of the EU, in OECD working groups and in committees and working groups of the UN, i.e. the Centre for Human Settlements and the Committee for Housing, Building and Planning of the Economic Commission for Europe. Participation in the Habitat II Conference (June 1996). Set up by the Ministry for the Environment, a Greek National Committee prepared the National Report submitted to the Conference. Participation in the European Ministerial Conference "Sustainable Building - Sustainable Cities" (Copenhagen) Participation in the European Architectural Competition Programme (EUROPAN) which has as a theme the current problems of urban areas and the promotion of sustainable solutions Participation in the proceedings of the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) and the two European Conferences for Sustainable Cities and Towns. Greece has signed the "Aalborg Charter" for the implementation of Local Agenda 21 The Organisation for Planning and Environmental Protection of Athens is an associate member of "Metropolis", the "World Association of the Major Metropolises". The same organisation is a member of the "European Metropolitan Regions Network -METREX's Interim Management Committee"
|
STATISTICAL DATA/INDICATORS | |||
1981 | 1991 | ||
Urban population in % of total population | 58.1 | 58.8 | |
Annual rate of growth of urban population (%) | 1.019 | 1.006 | |
Largest city population (in % of total population) | 31.2 | 30.0 | |
Other data
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 8: INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT IN DECISION-MAKING
Principles of Sustainable Development have been established by the
case law of the 5th Section of the Supreme Administrative
Court (Council of State), having jurisdiction on environmental
matters, among them the principles of sustainability, of
carrying capacity of man-made systems and ecosystems, of
sustainable land development, of management of fragile
ecosystems, biodiversity and others.
In 1986, Law 1650 for the Environment was passed, establishing a
framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of
the environment. In 1990, a joint ministerial resolution introduced
environmental impact assessments for certain production
facilities and activities.
Since 1994, the Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and
Public Works has elaborated an integrated National Action
Programme for Climate Change. The Action Programme is based on a
drastic energy conservation policy in all sectors of final
consumption (industry, transport, commercial and domestic sector),
the use of natural gas and the promotion of renewable energy
sources.
The Environmental Programme of Greece for the period 1994-2000 aims
at addressing the major environmental problems of
Greece as well as at creating the infrastructures for the efficient
management of the Greek environment in the 21st century. In
addition, the Programme reflects the commitment as well as the
efforts of the Greek Government to link development to
environment, in a manner which will support the uninterrupted
implementation of the development policy of Greece, while at the
same time safeguarding the environment and the physical
resources.
The Operational Environmental Programme of Greece (hereinafter
referred to as OEP) is supported by both national and
community funding. National funding stems from the country's budget
and is also complemented by a special levy which is applied
on gas. Income from the levy is invested in projects with potential
to rectify the environment, or to allow the study of
environmental problems for which no immediate answers can be
provided. Community funding comes from the Structural Funds
as well as from the Cohesion Funds.
The legal framework of the Operational Programme of Greece are the
National Law 1650/86 for the protection of the
environment, the EC environmental regulations and directives and
the obligations of Greece with respect to international
environmental agreements and conventions. The programme is based
upon the sustainability principle, the polluter pays principle
and the precautionary principle and the principle of joint
responsibility.
OEP consists of seven subprogrammes: six of the subprogrammes
reflect respective environmental action areas, while the
remaining programme aims at the provision of technical assistance
in selected thematic areas. Each subprogramme is further
divided in action programmes which aim at resolving specific
environmental problems as depicted from a thorough assessment
of the state of environment in Greece. Part of OEP aims at
developing the National Environmental Informatics Network,
the
Greek contribution to the EIONET of the European Environment Agency
(EEA).
The first six subprogrammes are:
Development of the infrastructure to respond to the needs of the
European Environment Agency, to monitor the environment
and to comply with environmental standards. Funding 47 MECU.
Management of anthropogenic environment and control of
atmospheric pollution in Athens. Funding 138.2 MECU
Management and protection of the natural environment. Funding 53
MECU
Urban planning. Funding 74 MECU
National Cadastral Programme. Funding 172 MECU
Integrated Environmental Actions. Funding 7.3 MECU
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Greece is in the process of
setting up a National Coordination Mechanism for Sustainable
Development.
To date, the Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and
Public Works is in charge of sustainable development
coordination.
The remaining programme includes:
The Environmental Programme of Greece includes specific -
thematically or geographically oriented - programmes, aiming
at resolving major environmental problems. These programmes are
funded by both community and national funding, the latter
stemming from the special environmental levy applied to gas. The
Special Programmes consist of:
a) ATTICA-SOS (see chapter 7)
b) THESSALONIKI-SOS (see chapter 7)
c) National Programme for Waste Management (excluding the
Attica region and Thessaloniki; see chapter 21)
d) Noise abatement programme in major Greek cities (see
chapter 6)
e) Urban restoration programme in Greek cities and settlements
(excluding Athens, Attica, Thessaloniki; see chapter 7)
f) HYDROSCOPE (see chapter 18)
The Operational Environmental Programme of Greece (Action programme
1.3) aims at promoting the implementation of the
environmental standards as these relate to the construction and
operation of private and public works. Taken that Greece lacks
a wide and comprehensive inspectorate system, the main aim of the
action programme is to firstly define the legal framework
and the technical terms of reference of such system and to
thereafter provide for the required infrastructure. It should be
mentioned that the inspectorate system is expected to operate under
the auspices of the Central Government. Finally the
overall budget for action programme 1.3 is 10 MECU.
Specific actions
Development of an Environmental Inspectorate System
Special Programme for the Implementation of the Community
Directive Integrated Pollution Prevention Control (IPPC)
Definition of the requirements for environmental impact
assessments for selected industrial fields
Programme for the promotion of EMAS (Environmental Management
System)
Development of a programme for the estimation of economic
impacts resulting from environmental degradation -
development of economic tools (not initiated)
Programme for environmental education and awareness (not
initiated)
(also see ANNEX I)
1. Decision-Making Structure (please also refer to the fact
sheet): The Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning
and Public Works is in the process of setting up a National
Coordination Mechanism for Sustainable Development.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
available.
3. Major Groups: Reforms in the local government and new
mechanisms for participation and social awareness in the
process of planning have played an important role in activating
major groups and the public.
4. Finance: See STATUS REPORT.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Greek policy is
seeking to fully exploit the opportunities for cooperation created
by
the policies and instruments of the EU. Greece also tries to
promote collaboration and exchange of experiences among the
countries of the European South and examine the potential needs and
prospects of collaboration with the neighbouring
countries.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 9: PROTECTION OF THE
ATMOSPHERE
The Montreal Protocol was ratified in 1988, the London Amendment
in 1992 and the Copenhagen Amendment in
1994. The latest report to the Montreal Protocol Secretariat was
prepared in 1996.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was
ratified in 1994, the latest report to the UNFCCC
Secretariat was submitted in 1995.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter
Action programme 1.2 of the Operational Environmental Programme of
Greece (see also chapter 8) aims at the development
of the infrastructure for the continuous monitoring of the
atmospheric environment (including air emissions) of Greece, with
emphasis given to large urban centers and to areas with significant
energy production units. The overall budget for action
programme 1.2 is 19 MECU.
Specific actions
National monitoring network of the atmospheric environment
Inspectorate for air pollution
Operational Centre for the monitoring of atmospheric pollution
and the implementation of rectification measures in the
wider Athens area
Development of a station for monitoring of meteorological
parameters in the tropospheric region of Athens
Development of a mobile station for the teledetection of air
pollutants with the use of lidars
On-line connection of the Operational Center and the National
Network to the National Meteorological Center
Development of an inventory system for VOC and other
non-conventional pollutants in Athens
Development of a countrywide inventory for industrial
emissions
Assessment of the impact of greenhouse gases to the Greek
climatic conditions and development of a network for the
assessment of climatic variations
Installation of Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) stations and
stations for sea level monitoring
Programme for the compliance of Greece to the requirements of the
Montreal Protocol (and subsequent amendments)
Improvement of the calibration system of the automatic air
pollution instruments
System for the monitoring of air pollution in museums
Monitoring network for urban noise
Assessment and mapping of noise pollution from traffic
Definition of noise zones for the wider Athens and Thessaloniki
industrial areas
Action programme 2.3 of the Operational Environmental Programme of
Greece aims at improving the air quality in the urban
area of Athens. The programme consists of major interventions for
the reduction of emissions from motor vehicles, domestic
heating devices and industrial units. It is expected that with the
completion of the programme air quality will be improved
substantially, especially in the center of Athens. The overall
budget for action programme 2.3 is 32.6 MECU.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
Specific actions
Programme of interventions to improve traffic in urban centers
Development of a coordinated mass transit system
Measures for noise reduction in major roadways
Programme for the abatement of noise in tourist areas
Expansion of dedicated bus lanes in the urban center of Athens
Extended system for the inspection of emissions from motor
vehicles
"Park and Drive" Programme
(also see ANNEX I)
2. In the Energy sector the national energy programme comprises
four subprogrammes.
The Energy Saving Subprogramme is primarily oriented towards the
industrial and tertiary sectors. Investments for
co-generation and the use of the new-coming natural gas in the
industrial and tertiary sectors are considered to be of special
importance. Voluntary agreements, third party financing and
demonstration projects of new energy efficient technologies are
also under consideration.
The Public Power Corporation (PPC) is committed to pursue a variety
of measures to ensure that all implemented projects
meet environmentally acceptable standards. The PPC is applying
specific policies for the environmental protection that include
the following measures:
commission of natural gas generating units
development of the country's hydropotential
exploitation of renewable energy sources (wind, geothermal,
solar)
energy conservation and the improvement of the efficiency of
existing installations
new combustion technologies are examined during the design of new
projects, such as fluidised bed and Integrated
Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
The National Action Plan for Energy Conservation in the Built
Environment intends to restrict the use of conservative energy
systems and to increase energy efficiency.
3. The National Action Plan for the Abatement of CO2 and other
Greenhouse Gas Emissions was elaborated under the
responsibility and supervision of the Ministry for the Environment,
Physical Planning and Public Works. The Action Plan is
based on drastic energy conservation policy in all sectors of final
consumption (industry, transport, domestic/tertiary) aimed at
rationalizing energy consumption without affecting the population's
standard of living and a bold investment policy in order to
promote new energy generation means (natural gas, renewable energy
sources) in an aim to substitute conventional fuels. In
Greece, a "spontaneous" course of events (in the absence, in other
words, of abatement measures) would lead to an increase
in emissions in the order of 27% CO2 by the year 2000. As stated in
the National Action Plans, the Greek Government, after
taking into consideration both economic and social parameters,
accepted that a realistic objective for Greece is the restriction
of the overall increase of CO2 emissions to 153% during the
1990-2000 period.
4. All automobiles require, among others, a periodical gases check
at the already established regional Centres of Vehicles'
Technological Check (one in each Prefecture). Besides, Greece has
already harmonized EU directives concerning the upmost
permitted limits for CO and oxygen surplus emissions. In 11
prefectures of Greece, including the prefecture of Attika, there
has been established the Gases Check Card System; according to this
private use automobiles are obliged, once annually, to
be checked and to be supplied with the appropriate card.
Furthermore, mobile checking stations of the Ministry for the
Environment and the Ministry of Transportation perform random
emission checks on cars.
5. A research programme "Environmental Energy Map for the Housing
Sector" is being elaborated by the Ministry for the
Environment. Elaboration of a software model for an energy
conservation data bank and monitoring of energy conservation
measures.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry for the
Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works is the primarily
responsible authority. Law 2244/94 on autoproduction, co-generation
and creation of Public Power Corporation's affiliate
companies. For the implementation of the law: Ministerial Decision
YBET/8295/95 which regulates the issues of the
corresponding licences and Ministerial Decision 8907/96 (Ministry
of Development) which regulates the issues of
co-generation of electricity with heat or cooling.
Legislation on Environmental Impact Assessment study requirement in
all related sectors. Legislative and administrative
measures for response mechanisms for pollution resulting from
industrial accidents.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
available.
3. Major Groups: The Scientific Community has undertaken
studies on health effects resulting from air pollution and
depletion of the ozone layer.
4. Finance: See ANNEX I.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: The Laboratory of
Atmospheric Physics at the Physics Department of Aristotle
University, Salonika, hosts the WMO World Ozone Mapping Centre (in
1995 it had 4 observation stations). Greece has
acceded to regional/ international conventions regarding
transboundary air pollution (EMEP, ECE Conventions).
STATISTICAL DATA/INDICATORS
1980
1990
CO2 emissions (eq. million tons)
82.78
86.17
SOx "
NOx "
0.359
0.361
CH4 "
0.35
0.36
Consumption of ozone depleting substances (Tons)
Expenditure on air pollution abatement in US$
equivalents (million)
Other data
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATED APPROACH TO
THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF LAND
RESOURCES
A substantial pillar of the Operational Environmental Programme of
Greece, Action programme 4.1 "Land Use Planning",
aims at supporting the sustainable development of Greece, defining
activities by site or region, and reducing pressures onto
the natural or human environment. The overall budget for action
programme 4.1 is 14.5 MECU.
Specific actions:
Promotion of special land use planning schemes for:
coastal areas
small islands
settlements and urban areas
Definition of areas for controlled exploitation of natural
resources
Development of an Observatory for Land Use Planning
(also see ANNEX I)
Action programme 3.3 of the Operational Environmental Programme of
Greece reflects a new spirit in the environmental
programme of Greece, as it is the first time that significant
amounts are being invested for the protection of natural sites. The
programme is expected to support protection measures for 100 (25%)
Greek biotopes which are included in the NATURA
2000 list. The overall budget for action programme 3.3 is 30
MECU.
Specific actions:
Programme for the protection and management of wetlands
Programme for the protection and management of forest
ecosystems
Programme for the protection of biotopes through the development
of ecotouristic activities
Anti-erosion measures at selected sites
A significant measure in sustainable land resources management is
the creation of the National Cadastre, a project which has
already begun.
Cadastre for ecologically sensitive areas
Action programme 5.1 of the Operational Environmental Programme of
Greece aims at developing a special cadastre for
ecologically sensitive areas which protect forest areas from
destruction, as well as from land use modifications which usually
take place at the expense of forests. The programme will also
support the agricultural policy of Greece, and the protection of
owners' rights for both public and private entities. The programme,
which will built on the existing CORINE programme and
will also include the cadastre for archaeological monuments and
sites, reflects 15,000 km2 of ecologically sensitive areas in
the vicinities of municipalities. The overall budget for action
programme 5.1 is 51 MECU.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Spatial planning is being
promoted for the protection of resources from exhaustion,
destruction and
pollution, along with their rational use, by expanding current
programmes for special planning studies and their
institutionalisation. The objective is to define the regulatory
framework for the protection of vital zones of park and forest
land, coastal areas, important agricultural land, water reserves,
etc., along with zones for development in environmentally
sensitive areas facing pressures from tourism, urban expansion and
second homes; priority is given to peri-urban and coastal
areas, islands and areas with a strong cultural identity.
Cadastre for urban areas Action programme 5.2 of the Operational Environmental Programme of Greece has a central role in the development policy of Greece. It is expected that the programme will support upon its completion the land use planning efforts of the Ministry of Environment for urban sites, with special emphasis given to the protection of open and green spaces in urban sites. The programme, which also includes the National System for Earth Information, that is a major data base with the geographic or property limits of landfills, refers to 200 municipalities with a total urban area of 5,000 km2. The overall budget for action programme 5.2 is 70 MECU.
Cadastre for agricultural areas Action programme 5.3 of the Operational Environmental Programme of Greece aims at supporting the agricultural policy of Greece as well as the protection of the environment from agricultural activities. It is expected that the Programme once completed will allow the Central Government to implement an integrated economic policy for agriculture. The total agricultural area to be registered is 15,000 km2 in the administrative limits of 300 municipalities. The overall budget for action programme 5.3 is 51.0 MECU. (See also Annex I)
1. Decision-Making Structure: Within the Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works, the Directorate of Regional Planning and the Directorate of Environmental Planning are responsible for the planning and management of land resources. The administrative machinery for controlling the spatial location of activities which produce pollution and disruption, is strengthened and expanded through environmental impact assessments. In addition, the regulatory framework regarding determination of the ability of the environment to withstand the burden of specific human activities is strengthened.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Data collection and the organization of information systems has been initiated. Education and training in the integrated approach and strengthening of institutions and technological capacity have been initiated. Pilot projects are planned. Under the EU ENVIREG program, study groups have been established and GIS-mapping was introduced. Under the EU LIFE-program, environmentally friendly technologies and materials are being introduced.
3. Major Groups: Reforms in the local government and new mechanisms for the participation and social awareness have activated major groups and the public.
4. Finance: See Annex I.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Cooperation is in progress with UN and EU bodies. Greece participates in the Mediterranean Blue Plan of UNEP and in the LIFE and ENVIREG programs of the EU. International cooperation could be improved through better coordination, better legislation, the promotion of information systems and public participation.
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 11: COMBATING
DEFORESTATION
Forest fires are the most serious cause of deforestation destroying
on average 300km2 of forest annually even though intensive
efforts managed to reduce substantially their effects. Encroaching
urbanisation is a rather moderate cause of deforestation
while the effects from logging and the need for fuel-wood have had
a light impact. Land ownership patterns, grazing rights on
public lands and land speculation are the main obstacles to
effective reforestation.
Various activities in the fields of seed technology, tree breeding,
torrent control, erosion restrain and desertification impel are
helping to fight against deforestation while others like national
part improvement, grazing population and eco-tourism are
demonstrating the social values of the forest.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The General Secretariat of
Forests and Natural Environment, an integral part of the Ministry
of Agriculture, is responsible for all forestry issues. Research in
the field is undertaken by the National Agricultural Research
Foundation through its two forestry related institutes in Athens
and Thessaloniki. A new law bill destined to update the
existing legislation was recently announced.
The Central Forest Service is responsible for planning,
coordination and assurance of appropriate financial resources. The
regional services are in charge for forest management, protection,
improvement, engineering works and production.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: The General
Secretariat of Forests and Natural Environment had 484 staff
members in 1980, 770 staff members in 1990 and 816 staff members in
1994. Professional staff of the Forest Research
Institute of Athens increased from 14 in 1980 to 21 in 1990 and 26
in 1994. Professional staff of the Forest Research Institute
of Thessaloniki increased from 13 in 1980 to 23 in 1990. Since 1990
the staff number has remained unchanged.
3. Major Groups: Major groups are ad hoc participants in
decision-making on forestry matters at all level. The concept of
sustainable forestry is well followed in forest management since
the beginning of scientific development of forestry.
4. Finance: Forest expenditures were 0.68% of the national
budget in 1988, 0.47% in 1990 and 0.34% in 1992. At the same
time, budgets of forest institutions increased during the last
years. The budget of the General Secretariat of Forests and
Natural Environment was US$ 166 million in 1990 and increased to
US$ 182 million in 1994. The budget of the Forest
Research Institutes of Athens increased from US$ 630,855 in 1990 to
US$ 1,733,333 in 1994. The budget of the Forest
Research Institutes of Thessaloniki decreased in the same period
from US$ 1,222,654 to US$ 986,612.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Greece participated
in the Ministerial Conferences of Strasbourg (1990) and
Helsinki (1993) on protection and sustainable development of
forests in Europe, supports the ITTA and takes active part in the
IRF.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: medium national priority
STATUS REPORT: A strategy plan for forestry was
established in 1986 and a development programme in 1989. Greece
favours the implementation of the forest principles adopted by
UNCED as well as the provisions of Agenda 21. A forest
inventory terminated in 1992 covers forest distribution and
characteristics, volume and quality of the growing stock and the
increment and natural mortality of the forest.
1980 | 1990 | 1992 | ||
Forest Area (Km2) | 65,130 | |||
Protected forest area (Km2) | 1,180 | |||
Roundwood production (solid volume of roundwood without bark in mill m3) | ||||
Deforestation/Afforestation rate (Km2/annum) | ||||
Reforestation rate (Km2/annum) | 47.3 | 46.6 | 46.5 | |
Number of people earning their living from forestry sector | 47,365 | 33,151 | ||
National income from forestry sector (US$eq.) | 56,252,798 | 35,352,973 | ||
Number of professionals involved in research | 44 | 84 | 118 | |
National income from forestry sector in % of GNP | 0.15% | 0.07% | ||
Income from export of forest products in US$ eq. (all from timber to processed) | 84,951,442 | 94,852,190 | 130,615,919 | |
Import of forest products in US$ eq. (all from timber to processed) | 388,710,649 | 819,420,654 | 745,519,986 | |
* Statistical information on forest matters is derived from the National Report of Greece to the CSD 1995. Due to different definitions, the national information in some cases does not correspond with international figures. The UN Statistical Yearbook (38th issue) gives a total forest area of 26,200 km2; the national report mentions a forest area of more than 65,000 km2. The national definition of "forest" includes an area of at least 0.5 ha or a strip of land 30 m wide with at least 10% tree coverage and maquis type vegetation. As Greece carried out a forest inventory in 1992, the national information is presented here. |
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 12: MANAGING FRAGILE
ECOSYSTEMS: COMBATING DESERTIFICATION AND
DROUGHT
The International Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries
Experiencing Drought and/or Desertification
Particularly in Africa was signed in 1994.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter
Areas in danger of desertification can be found in the
southern and central mainland, on the Aegean Islands and in Crete.
An area of about 15,000 km2 is affected. In 1990, about 810,000
people lived in these areas. The main source of income is
agriculture and tourism.
Natural causes and forest fires have the most serious impact
on desertification. The impact of grazing and improper
farming and land use is considered moderate. Fuel wood collection
has only a modest impact on desertification. The main
obstacles to combating desertification and drought are land
ownership, grazing rights on public land and land speculation.
Since UNCED the issues "early warning information to decision
makers" and "drought preparedness and relief schemes"
have been addressed in part.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Medium
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: The General Secretariat of
Forests and Natural Environment is in charge of desertification
issues. The following legislation is related to desertification and
drought:
- Law 998/79 "On the protection of forests",
- Law 1734/87 "Grazing lands...",
- Law 1845/89 "On the organization of the Agricultural
Research".
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Professional staff
of the General Secretariat of Forests and Natural Environment
increased from 484 members in 1980 to 770 members in 1990 and to
816 members in 1995. The central planning level is
properly staffed; at the district level, the staffing situation is
adequate; and at the field level it is rated poor. There is a lack
of
early-warning, trained extension and research staff. Lack of
management skills is also mentioned.
Meteorological and hydrological monitoring of areas in danger
of desertification is rated "poor". The assessment of soil
and land degradation is rated "adequate".
3. Major Groups: Major groups (NGOs, women groups and youth
organizations) are adhoc participants at all planning
levels.
4. Finance: The budget of the General Secretariat of
Forests and Natural Environment increased from US$ 106 million in
1980 to US$ 167 million in 1990 and to US$ 183 million in 1995.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
available.
Latest 199_ | ||||
Land affected by desertification (Km2) | 15,233 | |||
Other data
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 13: MANAGING FRAGILE
ECOSYSTEMS: SUSTAINABLE MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT
- the promotion and development of eco-tourism, especially of
mountain tourism and agro-tourism,
- the promotion of the use of local resources, e.g. mineral
resources.
Traditional local employment schemes are being strengthened
and rural production is being improved through the
development of the agricultural water supply network and the
promotion of ecological products (without chemicals and
pesticides). Eco-labels are provided for these products.
Attica's Mountain Region Protection and Management
The mountain regions of Attica constitute one of the area's most
important environmental resources. Their significance is owed
not only to their ecosystemic, aesthetic and recreational value but
most importantly to the indispensable role they play in the area's
climatic conditions, air pollution abatement, storm flooding
alleviation, etc. The Organisation for Planning and Environmental
Protection of Athens has undertaken the development of a
comprehensive programme which:
creates various-degree protection zones and delineates the
physical boundaries of each zone,
establishes land use allocations and building restrictions in
accordance to the desired degree of protection for each zone,
provides the framework for restoration and management of the
mountain region.
Each mountain region is examined separately in accordance to
its physical, historical and man-made characteristics and the
specific protection and management proposals are legislated by
means of Presidential Decrees. Legislation for the mountains of
Penteli and Hymettus has already been enacted while pending are
Presidential Decrees for the mountains of Aigaleo and
Lavreotiki. The mountain Parnitha and mountain regions in western
Attica are currently under study.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: high national priority
STATUS REPORT: The program for mountain
development focuses on improvements in the transport infrastructure
and on
the extension of water and electricity supply. In all mountain
areas, measures have been taken for the conservation,
regeneration and expansion of forests. Measures have also been
taken to induce the local population, especially the young, to
remain, by promoting alternative livelihood opportunities
through:
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of National
Economy has included in its policy the sustainable management of
mountain areas. Law 1892/90, which was amended by Law 2234/94, aims
to encourage the economy and development of
mountain areas. The law covers and supports the productive process.
The Ministry for the Environment and the Ministry of
Agriculture are also involved in the sustainable management of
mountain areas.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: International
conference on the protection of mountain areas of Greece entitled
"From Pindos to Olympus" carried out by the Ministry for the
Environment and "Mountain Wilderness" (Greek Branch).
3. Major Groups: No information available.
4. Finance: No information available.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
available.
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 14: PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable agriculture' principles are implemented through the
following actions:
a) "quantitative conservation": conservation and protection of
high productivity agricultural land
b) "quality conservation and protection": prevention of the
quality degradation of agricultural land (erosion, pollution
from
heavy metals etc.)
c) protection of the quality of surface and underground waters
through:
abatement of nitropollution, emanating from fertilizers and
cattle-breeding wastes
reduction of the use of nitrofertilizers
usage of biological means in fighting production's
diseases
setting and improvement of monitoring stations which measure
the quantity of surface and underground waters
d) assessment of the definition and implementation of
agro-environmental indicators (quantitative and qualitative impact
on
the
environment)
e) inventory and assessment of the agricultural sources of
greenhouse gases
f) assessment of the impact of atmospheric pollution and
greenhouse effect on cultivations, and research on pollution
resistant
cultivations
g) economic incentives to farmers for the conservation of
endangered species of flora and fauna
h) protection and conservation of ecologically sensitive areas
(NATURA 2000, RAMSAR)
i) environmental impact studies for all rural works
NATIONAL PRIORITY: high national priority
STATUS REPORT: Greek agricultural policy today
follows the spirit and the objectives of Agenda 21. In the
framework of
the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU and the policy for the
protection of the environment, Greece applies a series of
policies and regulations within the lines of Agenda 21 on
sustainable agriculture and rural development. Most activities
recommended under this chapter in Agenda 21 have been completed.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Agriculture
is responsible for sustainable agriculture. Law 402/1988 was on
the "Organization of the Ministry of Agriculture". Several
legislative regulations have been published on specific issues of
agriculture, cattle-raising, fishery and forestry. Legislation is
being amended and reviewed in accordance with EU
regulations.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Raising awareness
and training programmes for producers on environment
friendly farming methods.
3. Major Groups: No information available.
4. Finance: No information available.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: The agricultural
sector is being developed in the context of the framework given
by the European Union. The EU participated in reviewing national
strategies and provided additional post Rio funding.
STATISTICAL DATA/INDICATORS | ||||
1985 | 1990 | Latest 199_ | ||
Agricultural land (Km2) | 91,950 | 91,890 | ||
Agricultural land as % of total land area | 69.7 | 69.6 | ||
Agricultural land (m2 per capita) | 9,256 | 9,107 | ||
Agricultural populationa | 1,108,000b | 889,000 | ||
Agriculture sector output (% of GNP)a | 14.5b | 13.0 | ||
1989/90 | 1992/93 | Latest 199_ | ||
Consumption of fertilizers per (kg/Km2 of agricultural land as of 1990) | 7,483 | 5,556 | ||
a National Report of Greece to the CSD
1995 b 1980
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 15: CONSERVATION OF
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
The Convention on Biological Diversity was signed in 1992 and
ratified in 1994.
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora was ratified in 1992.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter
In Greece 5,500 species of flora and 900 species of fauna have
been recognised. Action programme 3.1 of the Operational
Environmental Programme aims at providing the knowledge and the
facilities for monitoring, protecting and managing the
flora and fauna species. The overall budget of action programme 3.1
is 3 MECU.
Specific actions:
Completion of national lists of flora and fauna species in
danger
Development of specific programmes for the protection of
endangered flora and fauna species
Definition of special management measures for selected fauna
species, including the definition of a hunting code
Inventory of fish stocks in ecologically sensitive areas
Management schemes for fish stocks
(also see ANNEX I)
108 areas are under protection for nature conservation. Among
these areas, 25 are given priority concerning management.
They comprise forests, wetlands, coasts and biotopes of sea
turtles, mediterranean monkseals and vulnerable birds. An
additional number of 167 sites have been proposed by the Ministry
for the Environment and are being examined for inclusion
in the "NATURA 2000" network of the European Union. It is estimated
that 80% of the country's habitat types and most of
the endemic species will be present within the boundaries of the
sites of the new protected areas network. The new sites are
raising the percentage of protected areas to 15% of the country's
surface, excluding the marine surface. Action programme
3.2 of the Operational Environmental Programme of Greece aims at
providing the facilities and technical means for the
protection, guarding and management of the most important biotopes
in Greece. The programme will build upon the existing
knowledge on these areas as acquired from the assessment of the
state of environment as well as from their mapping. The
overall budget for action programme 3.2 is 20 MECU.
National Greek inventories include: The Red Data Book of
Threatened Vertebrates of Greece (1992), Inventory of Greek
Wetlands as Natural Resources (1994), the Red Data Book of Rare and
Threatened Plants of Greece (1995) and the National
Preliminary Biodiversity Assessment (to be published in 1997).
The Greek Biotope Wetland Centre carried out the following
activities under the EU "LIFE" programme:
Inventory, evaluation and mapping of Greek biotopes and flora
and fauna species. Inventory of 296 sites for
inclusion in NATURA 2000 network,
Management plans for ten sites which are candidates for
inclusion in the "NATURA 2000" network,
Pilot programme for the monitoring of such sites,
Information campaigns in 4 sites.
Greece is represented in the "European Topic Centre on Nature
Conservation" by the Greek Biotope Wetland Centre,
which has been designated National Focal Point of Nature
Conservation for Greece and Southeast Mediterranean. The Greek
Biotope Wetland Centre carried out the following:
Compilation of the Greek legislation on the conservation of
natural environment
Preliminary evaluation of the Greek ecosystems
Pilot projects in the Mediterranean area (Southeast and
Greece)
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
Environmental Impact Assessment for many types of projects is
legally binding since 1990 whereas the National Strategy
and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation are under
preparation.
1. Decision-Making Structure: Implementation of EU
Directives (92/43/EC).
The Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public
Works, General Directorate for the Environment is the
coordination body. The Ministry of Agriculture and other ministries
are collaborating in the fields of their competence.
Within the University of Athens, School of Biological Sciences, a
supporting unit has been created for the elaboration of a
draft national strategy for biodiversity.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Awareness raising
and information campaigns for local authorities and NGO's for
Environmental European Policy Promotion (Biotope Wetland Centre -
Ministry for the Environment). Dissemination of
information through media. Information campaigns and organisation
of environmental education meetings under the MedWet
programme (Lake Kerkini).
The National Environmental Information Network, now running its
pilot phase is based at the Ministry for the Environment
and will be connecting all the Environmental Services of the
country. Emphasis is given to the training of people for the
management of protected areas.
3. Major Groups: Pilot project for local authorities' and
NGOs' cooperation on the issue of sustainable management of
natural resources (Greek Biotope Wetland Centre - Ministry for the
Environment). Establishment of an information network.
National and Regional Administration, Scientific Community, NGOs,
Private Sector (Agriculture, Tourism, Energy).
4. Finance: Permanent funds mainly comprise more than 50%
(US$100,000,000) of the total annual budget of the Forestry
Service. However, there are financial provisions for the years
1995-1999 by the Ministry for the Environment at about
US$6,400,000 (European Community Support Framework) and
US$2,000,000 (Specific National Environment Fund).
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Participation in
meetings and working groups of the European Topic Centre on
Nature Conservation.
A high priority is given to issues of cooperation and capacity
building at a Mediterranean scale, through the Mediterranean
Action Plan. Moreover agreements on the use of shared rivers such
as Nestos River, between Greece and Bulgaria are
expected to have a positive impact on biodiversity conservation.
1996 Protected area as % of total land
area
0.6
appr. 2.0
1996 Number of threatened species
552
518
Other data
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 16: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Specific subjects such as placing on the market of plant protection
biotechnology products are also implemented via the
European Union Legislation. Regulations on novel foods involving
biotechnological products are in preparation.
Placing on the market of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is
exclusive responsibility of the E.C. Research and
development as well as the use of genetically modified
micro-organisms are regulated by EC Directives but their
implementation in Greece lies under the responsibility of the Greek
State.
Environmental impact assessment of such products is currently being
undertaken by the Ministry of Environment in
cooperation with the University of Crete and the University of
Thessaloniki. The Ministry of Development, General
Secretariat for Energy and Technology is providing funds to
relevant research institutions.
The Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public
Works, General Directorate for Environment is the
competent authority for the implementation of the EC Directives and
is also the coordinating body of a National Committee
working on the subject.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: In accordance with Community
legislation, national regulations exist concerning the placing on
the
market of genetically modified organisms, research and development
as well as the use of genetically modified
microorganisms.
1. Decision-Making Structure: Ministry for the Environment,
Physical Planning and Public Works, General Directorate for
Environment is the competent authority and the coordinating body
for the implementation of the relevant EC Directives. This
authority is supported by a group of experts and civil servants
representing other ministries which are members of a National
Committee.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Training of
concerned authorities on implementing the relevant regulation on
biotechnology is foreseen for 1997. An effort is also being made to
create a data base including all biotechnology
notifications.
3. Major Groups: National and Regional Administration,
Scientific Community, NGOs, Private Sector.
4. Finance: State annual allowances for biotechnology:
1993: 15,928,000 USD From General Secretariat
for Research to Agricultural Research Institute
1994: 17,044,000 USD for research purposes
1995: 19,076,000 USD
1997: 2,020,000 USD From General Directorate
for Environment for various activities
1998: 1,120,000 USD
1999: 1,120,000 USD
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Placing on the
market of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) is exclusive
responsibility of the European Union. Research and development as
well as the use of genetically modified micro-organisms
are regulated by EC Directives but their implementation in Greece
lies under the responsibility of the Greek State.
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 17: PROTECTION OF THE
OCEANS, ALL KINDS OF SEAS, INCLUDING ENCLOSED
AND SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS, AND COASTAL AREAS AND THE PROTECTION,
RATIONAL USE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR LIVING RESOURCES
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea was signed in 1982 and
ratified in 1995.
International Conventions ratified by Greece:
Convention MARPOL 73/78
Convention CLC 1969 "Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage"
and its Protocols of 1976 and 1992
Convention FUND 1971 and the Protocols of 1976 and 1992
Convention London 1971
Convention of Barcelona 1976 and Protocols of 1980 and 1982
Convention for "Oil Preparedness for response to and
cooperation", 1990
Greece has a coastline of more than 15,000 km and about 3,000
islands. The Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning
and Public Works is coordinating and financing two major programmes
for the monitoring of marine environmental quality
(MEDPOL, bathing water quality).
Action programme 2.2 of the Operational Environmental Programme of
Greece aims at developing the needed infrastructure
capacities for the treatment of oil spills in ports and marine
areas. The programme is considered essential for the protection
of the extended seas of Greece as well as of the 16,000 km of
coastal zones. The overall budget for action programme 2.2 is
10.1 MECU.
Specific actions
Infrastructure and equipment (aerial, land and marine) for the
control of marine pollution from oil spills
Development of installations for the reception of oil and
chemical residues from ships
(also see ANNEX I)
The programme Attica's Coastline Protection and Management
Programme currently under study by the Organisation for
Planning and Environmental Protection of Athens aims at the
preservation and intensification of the coastal ecosystem within
the framework of sustainability and the establishment of a
Coastline Management Organisation.
In the framework of ENVIREG (EU), waste water processing thresholds
are being established in a large number of coastal
towns. Environmental Impact Assessment studies apply to marine and
coastal activities. The Ministry of Merchant Marine
controls waste dumping in the ship from ships and aircrafts.
Inspection of ships is taking place and phenomena of sea-colour
change or incidents of fish deaths are examined.
Fishing activities is compatible with integrated environmental
management. The Ministry of Aegean prepared the Integrated
Operational Plan for the development of the Aegean aiming at the
sustainable development of the islands of the Aegean.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: High Priority
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: The framework of the overall
national legislation is Law 743/77 "protection of the marine
environment etc." modified with laws 1147/81 and 2252/94. The law
provides certain preventive and pollution combating
measures and describes the obligations for both ships and onshore
installations. According to its provisions, sanctions are
imposed to the violators of the Law (penal sanctions,
administrative fines, disciplinary penalties). The polluter pays
principle
is applied for the restoration of damages caused by pollution. The
Ministry for the Environment has primary responsibility for
integrated planning and management of coastal areas. Fishing
legislation is based on Law 420/70. EC Regulations
complement the national legal network.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: The Ministry of
Merchant Marine organises on a continuous basis educational
seminars for the Port Authorities personnel, universities, local
authorities, army authorities and the public.
International meeting of experts in Santorini island to design a
policy for sustainable development of coastal areas in the
Mediterranean (Ministry for the Environment, University of Aegean,
MAP/UNEP).
3. Major Groups: Universities and other institutions
undertake research projects. The National Centre of Marine
Research,
in cooperation with the Institute of Marine Biology of Crete are
participating in the Topic Centre of the European
Environment Agency for the marine and coastal environment.
4. Finance: see Annex I
5. Regional/International Cooperation: In the framework of
international instruments to which Greece is party i.e.
MARPOL 73/78, London Convention 1972, Basel Convention, Barcelona
Convention 1976, OPRC Convention, Paris
Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control (MOU).
International cooperative scientific programmes
UNEP/MAP, MEDPOL, POEM, MEDRAP, FAO, OECD, EIFAC, CINCS (EU),
METROMED (EU), PELAGOS (EU),
MARE (EU), ELNA (EU). Cooperation agreement between the Greek
Republic and the Italian Republic of 1979 "for the
protection of Ionian sea marine environment and its coastal
zones".
Catches of marine species (metric tons) | 89,484 | 130,549 | 139,000 | |
Population in coastal areas | ||||
Population served by waste water treatment (% of
country's total population) | ||||
Discharges of oil into coastal waters (metric tons) | ||||
Releases of phosphate into coastal waters (metric tons) | ||||
Releases of nitrate into coastal waters (metric tons) | ||||
Other data |
Chapter 17 (Oceans) Continued:
Check the boxes in the column below left: | Check the boxes in the column below right: |
For level of importance use: | For level of implementation use: |
*** = very important | *** = fully covered |
** = important | ** = well covered- gaps being addressed |
* = not important | * = poorly covered |
N = not relevant | O = not covered; N = not relevant |
TABLE I. THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED BY THE APPROPRIATE COORDINATING MECHANISM FOR INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL AND MARINE AREAS AND THEIR RESOURCES.
a. Preparation and implementation of land and water use and siting policies. | ||
b. Implementation of integrated coastal and marine management and sustainable development plans and programmes at appropriate levels. | ||
c. Preparation of coastal profiles identifying critical areas including eroded zones, physical processes, development patterns, user conflicts and specific priorities for management. | ||
d. Prior environmental impact assessment, systematic observation and follow-up of major projects, including systematic incorporation of results in decision-making. | ||
e. Contingency plans for human induced and natural disasters. | ||
f. Improvement of coastal human settlements, especially in housing, drinking water and treatment and disposal of sewage, solid wastes and industrial effluents. | ||
g. Periodic assessment of the impacts of external factors and phenomena to ensure that the objectives of integrated management and sustainable development of coastal areas and marine environment are met. | ||
h. Conservation and restoration of altered critical habitats. | ||
I. Integration of sectoral programmes on sustainable development for settlements, agriculture, tourism, fishing, ports and industries affecting the coastal areas. | ||
J. Infrastructure adaptation and alternative employment. | ||
K. Human resource development and training. | ||
L. Public education, awareness and information programmes. | ||
M. Promoting environmentally sound technology and sustainable practices. | ||
N. Development and simultaneous implementation of environmental quality criteria. |
TABLE II. TECHNOLOGY (MARINE ENVIRONMENT)
A. Apply preventive, precautionary and anticipatory approaches so as to avoid degradation of the marine environment, as well as to reduce the risk of long-term or irreversible adverse effects upon it. | ||
B. Ensure prior assessment of activities that may have significant adverse impacts upon the marine environment. | ||
C. Integrate protection of the marine environment into relevant general environmental, social and economic development policies. | ||
D. Develop economic incentives, where appropriate, to apply clean technologies and other means consistent with the internalization of environmental costs, such as the polluter pays principle, so as to avoid degradation of the marine environment. | ||
E. Improve the living standards of coastal populations, particularly in developing countries, so as to contribute to reducing the degradation of the coastal and marine environment. | ||
F. Effective monitoring and surveillance within the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of fish harvesting and transportation of toxic and other hazardous materials. |
TABLE III. SEWAGE RELATED ISSUES
A. Sewage related problems are considered when formulating or reviewing coastal development plans, including human development plans. | ||
B. Sewage treatment facilities are built in accordance with national policies. | ||
C. Coastal outfalls are located so as to maintain acceptable level of environmental quality and to avoid exposing shell fisheries, water intakes and bathing areas to pathogens. | ||
D. The Government promotes primary treatment of municipal sewage discharged to rivers, estuaries and the sea, or other solutions appropriate to specific sites. | ||
E. The Government supports the establishment and improvement of local, national, subregional and regional, as necessary, regulatory and monitoring programmes to control effluent discharge. Minimum sewage effluent guidelines and water quality criteria are in use. |
TABLE IV. OTHER SOURCES OF MARINE POLLUTION, THE GOVERNMENT HAS:
A. Established or improved upon, as necessary, regulatory and monitoring programmes to control emissions, including recycling technologies. | ||
B. Promoted risk and environmental impact assessments to help ensure an acceptable level of environmental quality. | ||
C. Promoted assessment and cooperation at the regional level, where appropriate, with respect to the input of point source pollutants from the marine environment. | ||
D. Taken steps to eliminate emissions or discharges of organohalogen compounds from the marine environment. | ||
E. Taken steps to eliminate/reduce emissions or discharges or other synthetic organic compounds from the marine environment. | ||
F. Promoted controls over anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen and phosphorous that enter coastal waters where such problems as eutrophication threaten the marine environment or its resources. | ||
G. Taken steps to develop and implement environmentally sound land-use techniques and practices to reduce run-off to water courses and estuaries which would cause pollution or degradation of the marine environment. | ||
H. Promoted the use of environmentally less harmful pesticides and fertilizers and alternative methods for pest control, and considered the prohibition of those found to be environmentally unsound. | ||
I. Adopted new initiatives at national, subregional and regional levels for controlling the input of non-point source pollutants which require broad changes in sewage and waste management, agricultural practices, mining, construction and transportation. | ||
J. Taken steps to control and prevent coastal erosion and siltation due to anthropogenic factors related to, inter alia, land-use and construction techniques and practices. |
TABLE V. ADDRESSING CRITICAL UNCERTAINTIES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE. IN ORDER TO IMPLEMENT THIS PROGRAMME AREA THE GOVERNMENT IS CARRYING OUT THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES:
A. Coordinating national and regional observation programmes for coastal and near-shore phenomena related to climate change and for research parameters essential for marine and coastal management in all regions. | ||
B. Providing improved forecasts of marine conditions for the safety of inhabitants of coastal areas and for the efficiency of marine operations. | ||
C. Adopting special measures to cope with and adapt to potential climate change and sea-level rise. | ||
D. Participating in coastal vulnerability assessment, modelling and response strategies particularly for priority areas, such as small islands and low-lying and critical coastal areas. | ||
E. Identifying ongoing and planned programmes of systematic observation of the marine environment, with a view to integrating activities and establishing priorities to address critical uncertainties for oceans and all seas. | ||
F. Research to determine the marine biological effects of increased levels of ultraviolet rays due to the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. | ||
G. Carrying out analysis, assessments and systematic observation of the role of oceans as a carbon sink. |
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 18: PROTECTION OF THE
QUALITY AND SUPPLY OF FRESHWATER RESOURCES:
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATED APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENT,
MANAGEMENT AND USE OF WATER RESOURCES
It has been necessary to carry out studies on the disposal of
liquid and solid waste from bird and cattle breeding and their
effects on soils and groundwater, and on the effects on fish
breeding on the water ecosystem.
The Operational Environmental Programme of Greece (Action
programme 1.1) aims to monitor the quality of inland
waters through the development of a national network for surface,
underground and coastal waters. The programme is
complemented by a special action for the monitoring of the
pollution loads to the water environment. The overall budget for
action programme 1.1 is 9 MECU.
Specific actions
Development of the National Monitoring Network for the quality
of waters consisting of monitoring networks
for surface waters
for underground waters
for waters in transboundary rivers
for drinking water
for bathing waters
as well as of a central laboratory for the calibration and
co-ordination of regional laboratories involved in the
monitoring networks.
National monitoring system for urban and industrial wastes
Assessment of sensitive regions with respect to the treatment
of liquid wastes
(see also ANNEX I)
Action programme 2.1 aims at developing the infrastructure for the
management of the quality - in connection to the quantity
- of waters at the national scale. The programme provides
considerable weight to the treatment of liquid wastes at the
national
scale with the construction of waste treatment facilities in
settlements larger than 15,000 inhabitants. The overall budget for
action programme 2.1 is 40.5 MECU.
Specific actions
Master Plan for the management of the quality and quantity of
inland waters
Programme for the management of water resources associated
with drinking facilities
Development of national management scheme for urban and
industrial liquid wastes
Development of Support Centers for the Operation of Waste
Treatment Facilities
Development of pilot studies for the reuse of treated
wastes
Construction of waste treatment facilities (3rd phase) in
sensitive regions
Implementation of innovative and adjusted technologies for the
treatment of urban liquid wastes in selected areas
Construction of facilities for the treatment of industrial
wastes
Programme for the integration of clean technologies in
industrial practices
Programme for the recycling of industrial waste
(see also ANNEX I)
Programme HYDROSCOPE
Programme HYDROSPOPE complements Action Programme 2.1. It aims at
providing the needed environmental information
for the development of the Master Plan for the inland waters in
Greece, as well as for the specific - region oriented -
management plans. The programme refers to a major environmental
network and data base consisting of hydrological and
meteorological information at the national scale. The overall
budget of the programme accounts for 5 MECU for 3 years.
The Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare carries out a
two-year monitoring programme for embottled water.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Environment,
the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Ministry of
Agriculture are primarily responsible for the management of water
resources. Local bodies are responsible for the water
supply of cities.
Law 1739/87 established the institutional framework for the
management of water resources. Several resolutions have
been enacted to supplement this law, in accordance with EU
directives.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Studies have been
carried out on the water management of the Louros-Arachthos
basin and the Hepirus and the lagoons of Kavala, Xanthi, Rodope,
Arta and Preveza.
A national network of regional laboratories has been organised
in order to get more reliable data on water quality. The
network also aims to improve monitoring of the quality of
transboundary rivers and other surface waters and of drinking
water. Control stations have been established at the entry
positions of transboundary rivers from other countries. An annual
report on the quality of surface waters intended for drinking is
being published and forwarded to the EU.
3. Major Groups: No information available.
4. Finance: see ANNEX I
5. Regional/International Cooperation: The national network
for the monitoring of water quality is supported by the EU.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: High Priority
STATUS REPORT: Projects that might influence the
quality of water are subject to environmental impact studies.
Maximum
levels for toxic substances have been defined to protect
groundwater from pollution, e.g. through PCB and heavy metals.
Standards are available for the disposal of industrial waste and
waste water. Near Athens, water protection zones have been
determined to protect the city's water supply. Water management
also includes monitoring of water quality, institutional and
organisational measures, cleaning measures and control of pollution
sources.
Latest 199- | ||||
Fresh water availability (total domestic/external in million m3) | ||||
Annual withdrawal of freshwater as % of available water | ||||
Other data
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 19: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF TOXIC CHEMICALS, INCLUDING
PREVENTION OF ILLEGAL INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN TOXIC AND DANGEROUS
PRODUCTS
- Directives 67/548 and 92/32 on classification, packaging and
labelling of new chemical substances,
- Directive 93/67 on the assessment of the hazards of new chemical
substances,
- Regulation 793/93 on the assessment of hazards of existing
chemical substances,
- Directive 88/379 on classification and labelling of
preparations,
- Directive 76/769 on restriction of the marketing and use of
certain hazardous substances and preparations,
- Regulation 2455/92 on exports and imports of certain hazardous
products, and
- Directives 87/18 and 88/320 on the application of Good Laboratory
Practice.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Greece has promoted the
application of all relevant EU legislation through a special
program of
collaboration with the EU. This included
1. Decision-Making Structure: Legislation has been
harmonised with EU legislation. Control is carried out in the
framework of national and EU programmes.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Seminars have been
held to inform administrative executives and representatives
from industry on the consequences of adjusting national legislation
to EU legislation. Training was provided on issues of
classification. A computerised National Register of Hazardous
Substances and Preparations has been established.
3. Major Groups: No information available.
4. Finance: The program to apply EU legislation at the
country level amounted up to 700,000 ECU.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: See under STATUS.
Also the National Chemical Laboratory of the State is the
focal point for the EU Committee on International Harmonisation of
Classification and Labelling of Chemicals.
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 20: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES, INCLUDING
PREVENTION OF ILLEGAL INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN HAZARDOUS WASTES
The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal was
signed in 1989 and ratified in 1994.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter
National legislation provides for planning of the management
of toxic and dangerous waste, procedures for the transport of
dangerous waste, special permits for the disposal and storage of
dangerous waste and measures for building facilities for toxic
residues at ports. The EU Eco-Label Award Scheme has been
implemented at the national level with a view to minimizing
certain waste products.
Activities producing dangerous waste and facilities for
disposal of dangerous waste require an environmental impact study
and special permit. Controls are in place. Planning on the
management of hospital waste has been completed. Regulations on
the collection and disposal of batteries and accumulators are being
established. Two facilities are under construction for the
controlled storage of solid toxic waste and mud.
EU legislation has been adopted concerning the supervision and
monitoring of transboundary movement of hazardous
waste.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: Joint Ministerial Resolution
72751/3054/85 on toxic and dangerous waste, issued in
compliance with EU Directive 78/319, provides measures for the
prevention of said waste, recycling and reuse. Further
directives in this area are being incorporated into national
legislation.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
available.
3. Major Groups: No information available.
4. Finance: No information available.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
available.
Latest 199- | ||||
Generation of hazardous waste (t) | ||||
Import of hazardous wastes (t) | ||||
Export of hazardous wastes (t) | ||||
Area of land contaminated by hazardous waste (km2) | ||||
Expenditure on hazardous waste treatment (US$) | ||||
Other data
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 21: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTES AND SEWAGE-RELATED ISSUES
Action programme 2.5 of the Operational Environmental Programme of
Greece aims at resolving one of the major
environmental problems of Greece, namely the management
(collection, treatment, disposal) of solid and toxic wastes. The
programme aims at promoting the needed actions for the
implementation of the new directive for landfills, and gives
considerable weight to the cleaning of coastal areas and swimming
sites. The overall budget for action programme 2.5 is 41
MECU.
Specific actions
Development of an integrated national programme for waste
management
Restoration of abandoned landfill sites
Construction of new landfills
Extended recycling programme
Construction of composting plant
Implementation of innovative techniques for the collection,
treatment and disposal of waste
Study for the implementation of packaging directive
Coastal zone cleaning, with emphasis to tourist sites
(also see ANNEX I)
The National Programme for Waste Management aims at improving the
existing waste management system at national scale.
The Programme is supported by both community (Structural Funds and
Cohesion Funds) and national funding, with an overall
budget of 115 MECU (see accompanying Table and Figure).
The Programme includes local and regional waste management
programmes, construction of new landfills, construction of
composting unit, construction of waste transfer stations,
restoration of old landfills, recycling programmes, equipment,
coastal
zone cleaning programmes, construction of sites for the
disposal/treatment of agricultural products, hazardous wastes and
hospital wastes.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Activities were initiated to
promote waste prevention and recycling. Recycling programs are
being
implemented for paper, glass and aluminium. Awareness campaigns are
being carried out. Responsibility for waste
management has been delegated to local authorities. At the national
level, technical specifications for the safe handling of
waste are being determined. A system of permits was introduced for
the collection and transport of solid waste. The EU eco-labelling
scheme was introduced at the national level. Legislation has been
issued aimed at reducing air pollution from waste
incineration plants. Threshold values have been established for
heavy metals in sewage sludge used in agriculture. Programs
are being introduced for the reduction of weight and volume of
packaging material. In accordance with EU Directive 91/156
the establishment of an integrated network of waste disposal is
being planned.
1. Decision-Making Structure: National legislation has been
harmonised through the last years with EU regulations on
waste management.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
available.
3. Major Groups: Schools are involved in recycling
programs. Encouragement is given to initiatives by local government
organisations to collaborate in collection, disposal and recycling
in specific autonomous geographic units (e.g. islands).
4. Finance: No information available.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: The EU supports
Greece's efforts in the area of waste management.
Latest 199- | ||||
Generation of industrial and municipal waste (t) | ||||
Waste disposed(Kg/capita) | ||||
Expenditure on waste collection and treatment (US$) | ||||
Waste recycling rates (%) | ||||
Municipal waste disposal (Kg/capita) | ||||
Waste reduction rates per unit of GDP (t/year) | ||||
Other data
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 22: SAFE AND
ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: No information available.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information available.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
available.
3. Major Groups: No information available.
4. Finance: No information available.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
available.
|
Ch. 24: GLOBAL ACTION FOR WOMEN TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND
EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women was signed on 2 March 1982 and ratified on 7 June 1983.
24.a Increasing the proportion of women decision makers.
No information available.
24.b assessing, reviewing, revising and implementing curricula and other educational material with a view to promoting dissemination of gender-relevant knowledge. Curricula and educational material
No information available.
24.c and 24.d formulating and implementing policies, guidelines, strategies and plans for achievement of equality in all aspects of society including issuing a strategy by year 2000 to eliminate obstacles to full participation of women in sustainable development. Policies/strategies etc.
No information available.
24.e establishing mechanisms by 1995 to assess implementation and impact of development and environment policies and programmes on women
No information available.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): The Government has developed women agricultural and tourist or artisanal cooperatives in order to create employment alternatives for women in isolated areas. Aegean Women Cooperatives Women in boundary areas face particular employment difficulties and limited possibilities. Work potential on the small Aegean islands is limited and there are few employment perspectives. Most women are part-time employed in agriculture or for assistance or jobs where it is possible. This is the main reason why such efforts as creating and operating women agricultural and tourist or artisanal cooperatives are worth to be promoted. They can offer alternative solutions for women's employment in isolated regions and they help to increase women's income. For some years, several women agricultural tourist cooperatives have been operating at the Aegean islands. Their activities focus on providing comfortable housing in rented rooms or apartments, family restaurants, local traditional cuisine, organising cultural events, manufacturing local food products etc.
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Ch. 25: CHILDREN AND YOUTH IN SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT. 25.a establishing processes that promote dialogue between the youth and government at all levels and mechanisms that permit youth access to information and opportunity to present their views on implementing A21.
No information available.
Describe their role in the national process: 25.b reducing youth unemployment
No information available.
25.c ensuring that by year 2000 more than 50% of youth -- gender balanced -- have access to appropriate secondary education or vocational training.
No information available.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page):
No information available.
Ch. 26: RECOGNIZING AND STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND THEIR COMMUNITIES.
26.a establishing a process to empower indigenous people and their communities -- through policies and legal instruments:
No information available.
26.b strengthening arrangements for active participation in national policies
No information available.
26.c involving indigenous people in resource management strategies and programmes at the national and local level.
No information available.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page):
No information available.
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Ch. 27: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS: PARTNERS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. 27.a developing mechanisms that allow NGOs to play their partnership role responsibly and effectively. 27.b reviewing formal procedures and mechanisms to involve NGOs in decision making and implementation. 27.c promoting and allowing NGOs to participate in the conception, establishment and evaluation of official mechanisms to review Agenda 21 implementation.
No information available.
27.d establishing a mutually productive dialogue by 1995 at the national level between NGOs and governments.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): Support is provided by different ministries and different budget lines to various NGOs. The following data concerns assistance from the Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works, under its programme for the European Nature Conservation Year (1995).
Name and type of major group Total disbursement and type of disbursement
1. Greek non-governmental organisations US $ eq 187,500 2. Greek non-governmental organisations, youth, local authorities, scientific and technological communities US $ eq 646,000
|
Ch. 28: LOCAL AUTHORITIES' INITIATIVES IN SUPPORT OF
AGENDA 21.
28.a encouraging local authorities to implement and monitor programmes that aim to ensure participation of women and youth in local decision making.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page):
The European Union and the Ministry for the Environment are supporting local authorities in implementing projects promoting the aims of Local Agenda 21.
| |
Ch. 29: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF WORKERS AND
THEIR TRADE UNIONS. 29.a full participation of workers in implementation and evaluation of A21. 29.b (By year 2000, (a) promoting ratification of ILO conventions; (b) establishing bipartite and tripartite mechanism on safety, health and sustainable development; (c) increasing number of environmental collective agreements; (d) reducing occupational accidents and injuries; (e) increasing workers' education and training efforts.
No information available.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page):
No information available.
|
30: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF BUSINESS
AND INDUSTRY. | 30.a increasing the efficiency of resource use, including reuse, recycling, and reduction of waste per unit of economic output.
No information available.
30.b encouraging the concept of stewardship in management and use of natural resources by entrepreneurs.
No information available.
List any actions taken in this area:
No information available.
30.c increasing number of enterprises that subscribe to and implement sustainable development policies.
No information available.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page):
No information available.
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Ch. 31: SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL
COMMUNITY. 31.a improving exchange of knowledge and concerns between s&t community and the general public. Scientific community has already established ways in which to address the general public and deal with sustainable development.
No information available.
31.b developing, improving and promoting international acceptance of codes of practice and guidelines related to science and technology and its role in reconciling environment and development.
No information available.
Brief comments on this chapter not already described in chapter 35 (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page):
No information available.
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Ch. 32: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF
FARMERS. 32.a promoting and encouraging sustainable farming practices and technologies.
No information available.
32.b developing a policy framework that provides incentives and motivation among farmers for sustainable and efficient farming practices.
No information available.
32.c enhancing participation of organizations of farmers in design and implementation of sustainable development policies.
No information available.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page):
No information available.
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 33: FINANCIAL RESOURCES
AND MECHANISMS
Financial resources and mechanisms are also covered under each
sectoral chapter of Agenda 21 where
relevant. This summary highlights broader national financial
policies, domestic and external (including ODA)
CHANGES IN NATIONAL BUDGET TO ADDRESS SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT:
NEW ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS: From the revenue of the special
purchase tax on petrol and diesel (par. 1, art 18 of
Law 2052/1992), an amount of five drachmas per litre is given to
the Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and
Public Works. This tax was imposed on January 1st 1992. Part of the
revenue is used for projects and public works that
contribute to the reduction of smog as well as land purchases for
the aforementioned public works.
ELIMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY UNFRIENDLY SUBSIDIES:
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
ODA funding provided (Total US$million) | |||||
Bilateral ODA | 15.1 | 20.0 | 26.9 | 24.1 | |
Multilateral ODA | 75.4 | 102.0 | 125.4 | 144.2 | |
Total ODA | 90.5 | 122.0 | 152.3 | 168.3 | |
ODA as % of GNP | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.14 | |
Other Official Bilateral Flows | |||||
Loans | 15.1 | ||||
Official Export Credits | 2.0 | ||||
Total Official Bilateral Flows | 17.1 | ||||
Grand Total of Official Flows | 90.5 | 139.2 | 173.6 | 183.2 | |
Other data |
ODA policy issues
Greece is a donor country.
From 1992 to 1995, Greece provided aid to developing countries amounting to US$ 30 to 33 million annually, primarily for ad hoc assistance after disasters and in situations of war, starvation and pest (see attached tables). A small amount only refers to development projects. Greece also contributes annually to international organisations such as UNIDO, OECD, a.o.. Since 1994, Greece has been participating in the GEF. Today, Greece, with the level of economic development it has achieved and the economic policy that has been applied in recent years, has become an industrialized country. As a result of these greatly changed circumstances, Greece has stopped receiving development assistance many years ago. Since then, Greece has found itself in a position to be able to grant official development assistance with the view of deepening relations of friendship and trust with development countries. In 1996, Greece prepared a memorandum under the heading "The Aid Programme of Greece" which included: a) the Aid Programme of Greece (1993-1996) for multilateral and bilateral Official Development Assistance (ODA) b) the Medium Term Plan (1997-2001) of the Bilateral Development Cooperation. Greece submitted this memorandum in order to become a member of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the OECD. The current level of multilateral ODA granted by Greece amounts to 0.1% of GNP while that of bilateral ODA is 0.02% of GNP (see Table A). According to the Five Year Plan (1997-2001), bilateral ODA will amount to 0.1% of GNP at the end of the five years (i.e. total increase of 90,000,000 in five years for bilateral ODA). This increase was approved by Cabinet, by its decision No.265, August 29, 1996, which also provides for a specific line in the ordinary state budget for the necessary funds, with the aim that the total multilateral and bilateral assistance amount to at least 0.2% of GNP in the year 2001. Several International Fora are being attended by the Ministry of National Economy, including the Framework Convention on Climate Change and its related working groups as well as the Conferences of Globe on the subject of "Responding to climate change". The Directorate of Foreign Trade Policies is attending on matters related to "Trade and Environment" in the framework of the World Trade Organisation, while the Directorate of Social Policy is attending the Congress on Population.
For 1995 and 1996, Greece paid US$2,500,000 as the first two instalments to the GEF. The third instalment (US$1,250,000) has been approved.
|
KIND OF ASSISTANCE/AMOUNT IN DRH (1 IS $ = 238,670 DRH - fixing value of 6.2.95)
COUNTRIES | SCHOLARSHIP | TECHNOLOGICAL ASSISTANCE | RESEARCH PROGRAMMES | EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES | TOTAL |
Azerbaizan | 15.000.000 | 15.000.000 | |||
Egypt | 2.489.652 | 2.489.000 | |||
Ethiopia | 3.361.032 | 3.361.032 | |||
Cote d'Ivoire | 1.618.272 | 13.500.000 | 15.118.272 | ||
Albania | 809.136 | 40.000.000 | 3.800.000 | 15.000.000 | 59.609.136 |
Armenia | 606.852 | 606.852 | |||
Bulgaria | 97.500.000 | 97.500.000 | |||
Georgia | 25.000.000 | 25.000.000 | |||
Zaire | 5.793.624 | 5.793.624 | |||
Jordan | 9.019.803 | 9.019.803 | |||
Israel | 9.280.040 | 9.280.040 | |||
Cameroon | 2.427.408 | 2.427.408 | |||
Kenya | 1.618.272 | 1.618.272 | |||
China | 4.356.900 | 4.356.900 | |||
Congo | 6.535.332 | 6.535.332 | |||
Korea | |||||
Lebanon | |||||
Morocco | |||||
Moldavia | |||||
Nigeria | |||||
Hungary | |||||
Ukraine | |||||
Poland | |||||
Rwanda | |||||
Romania | |||||
Russia | |||||
Czech Republic | |||||
Slovac Republic | |||||
Sudan | |||||
Syrian Arab Rep. | |||||
Tunisia | |||||
Total |
TABLE BDESTINATION OF THE OFFICIAL BILATERAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE BY KIND AND GEOGRAPHICAL AREASA. ALLOCATED ASSISTANCE
GEOGRAPHIC AREA | KIND of AID | DISBURSEMENTS | COMMITMENTS |
1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 |
I | EUROPE | Financial Assist. | 1.4 | 26.4% | 0.1 | 2.3% | 0.9 | 11.5% | 7.2 | 52.2% |
Food Aid | 1.5 | 28.0% | 1.9 | 35.0% | 0.9 | 12.1% | 5.3 | 38.5% | ||
Technical co-op. | 1.8 | 32.7% | 1.8 | 34.3% | 1.9 | 25.9% | 0.4 | 3.2% | ||
Emergency ass. | 0.7 | 12.8% | 1.5 | 28.4% | 3.8 | 50.4% | 0.8 | 6.1% | ||
TOTAL | 5.5 | 100.0% | 5.3 | 100.0% | 7.5 | 100.0% | 13.8 | 100.0% | ||
II | AFRICA | Financial Assist. | 0.0% | 0.0 | 0.3% | 0.1 | 44.1% | |||
Food Aid | 1.0 | 42.9% | 3.4 | 83.9% | 3.7 | 78.4% | ||||
Technical co-op. | 0.4 | 17.8% | 0.3 | 7.6% | 0.3 | 6.9% | 0.1 | 55.9% | ||
Emergency ass. | 1.0 | 39.3% | 0.3 | 8.1% | 0.7 | 14.7% | ||||
TOTAL | 2.4 | 100.0% | 4.1 | 100.0% | 4.8 | 100.0% | 0.2 | 100.0% | ||
III | AMERICA | Technical coop. | 0.1 | 100.0% | 0.0 | 100.0% | 0.0 | 100.0% | 0.0 | 100.0% |
TOTAL | 0.1 | 100.0% | 0.0 | 100.0% | 0.0 | 100.0% | 0.0 | 100.0% | ||
IV | ASIA | Financial Assist. | 0.0 | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.4 | 6.8% | 3.1 | 92.8% | |
Food Aid | 0.0 | 0.2% | 1.3 | 38.8% | 4.2 | 65.6% | ||||
Technical co-op. | 0.4 | 31.1% | 0.4 | 11.8% | 0.5 | 7.8% | 0.2 | 5.2% | ||
Emergency ass. | 0.9 | 67.9% | 1.7 | 49.4% | 1.3 | 19.8% | 0.1 | 2.0% | ||
TOTAL | 1.3 | 100.0% | 3.4 | 100.0% | 6.4 | 100.0% | 3.3 | 100.0% |
B. NON ALLOCATED ASSISTANCE
KIND OF AID | YEAR | |||
1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | |
Scholarships | 5.4 | 5.8 | 6.8 | 5.8 |
Other (operational cost, flying means) | 0.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.9 |
GRAND TOTAL | 15.1 | 20.0 | 26.9 | 24.1 |
FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE :
Grants to the National Palestine Authority for: budgetarian purposes, development purposes, to combat Brucelloses disease
Grants to Bosnia for reconstruction after the civil war
Urban and civil construction works in several countries
Grants for the construction works of the Hospital in
Tirana - Albania (1995 and 1996) and in South Africa
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 34: TRANSFER OF
ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND TECHNOLOGY, COOPERATION AND
CAPACITY-BUILDING
Transfer of environmentally sound technology, cooperation and
capacity-building is also
covered under each sectoral chapter of Agenda 21 where relevant.
This summary highlights
broader national policies and actions relating to chapter 34.
MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION:The General Secretariat of Research
and Technology carried out a study on
"Environmentally sound technologies in Greece: Progress of research
and technology, economic and social impacts".
The Ministry of Industry, Energy and Technology plans to establish
a "Center for New Energy Technologies" to promote
innovative environmentally sound energy technologies, to support
transfer of technology, to improve the capacity for the
development and management of technologies and to develop networks
with other organizations at the national and
international levels. Lack of human capacity, information and
financial resources are considered the main obstacles towards
the transfer of environmentally sound technologies.
The Energy Programme of the European Community Support Framework
promotes the policy for the reinforcement of
renewable energy sources related investments. Law 2244/7.10.94,
which regulates the matters referring to production of
electric energy, promotes relatively large investments by offering
more incentives for "self-production" of energy by
renewable energy sources and by ensuring long-term contacts.
The Centre of Renewable Energy Sources is a member of the
Organisation for Promotion of Energy Technologies (OPET).
The contribution of the OPET network in promoting energy
technologies is quite significant. The OPET network was created
in the framework of the THERMIE programme of the Commission of the
European Communities (Directorate - General for
Energy, DGXVII). Its target is the promotion of innovative energy
efficient technologies for environmental protection. Its
fields of application are:
- Renewable Energy Sources
- Rational Use of Energy
- Solid Fuels
- Hydrocarbons
Specifically, the activities of the Division for Renewable Energy
Sources and Rational Use of Energy are:
- European Seminars
- Campaigns
- Market Studies
- Data bases with the addresses for dispatching information
material
- Collaboration with General Directorates I and XVI in the
programmes PHARE (technical support to the developing
countries) and regional development respectively for exchange of
experience and transfer of know-how
- Combination of local and sectoral characteristics and specific
measures for energy saving
The Public Power Corporation (PPC) is applying specific policies
for environmental protection and improvement of energy
efficiency, in particular in the development of the country's
hydropotential and exploitation of Renewable Energy Sources.
Hydropower contributed 3,764 GWh in 1995, an increase of 25% since
1994. According to Public Power Corporation's
expansion plan, 0.8 GW large-scale hydro capacity should be added
to the existing 2.5 GW hydro capacity by the year 2000.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT ON LINKS BETWEEN NATIONAL, REGIONAL
AND INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION
NETWORKS/SYSTEMS: The Centre for Renewable Energy Sources
(CRES), which is supervised by the Ministry of
Development, operates a data base with information on projects
carried out in Greece concerning organisations and scientists
active in the fields of renewable energy sources and rational use
of energy. It is connected with the Commission of the
European Communities' data bases SESAME and CORDIS via HELLASPAC
and ARIADNET.
As far as the exploitation of wind energy is concerned, the Public
Power Corporation was the only agency to plan important wind
farm installations. Due to the specific legal framework, until
recently in effect, the contribution of the private sector was
limited to
the installation of a limited number of wind generators in order to
meet specific private requirements. Wind energy is expected to
increase considerably, though still at a marginal level. This
increase will be quite substantial in the country's insular regions
where
power generation costs from conventional fuels are particularly
high.
As for geothermal energy, the exploitation of the substantially
high enthalpy potential has come to a halt following the serious
errors committed in the past in an experimental unit which
triggered a general feeling of apprehension amongst the population.
Since research in geothermal energy sources started in 1970 by the
Public Power Corporation with the aid of foreign experts, and
since it has been estimated that there is a high potential
especially in the islands, the Public Power Corporation plans to
exploit the
most important geothermal energy sources in the country.
Describe any work being undertaken at the national or local
levels regarding efforts to promote clean production
processes and/or the concepts of eco-efficiency. These processes
may include training, preferential financial arrangements,
information dissemination and changes in legal or regulatory
frameworks.
In 1994, the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Technology
launched three programs that contain, inter alia, measures
and
actions to promote the dissemination and development of clean
production technologies. These are five-year programs (1994-1999)
that provide primary policy goals in the areas of industry, energy,
research and technology. The Industry Program aims to create a
system for product quality through standardization and
certification and for the technological modernization of
enterprises. The
Energy Program promotes energy efficiency, the rational use of
energy and the use of renewable energy sources, and seeks to
integrate environmental issues into all energy policies. This
program also promotes the use of natural gas. The Research and
Technology Program provides measures to promote environmentally
friendly technologies and forms of energy, improved materials
and new production and manufacturing methods. The program also
promotes cooperation between research and production
institutes.
The composed Energy Investments Guide in the framework of the
Energy Operational Programme adopted by the European Union
extends to investments on biofuels, energetic plantations and
promotion of bioclimatic buildings financing as well as
applications of
environmentally sound technologies for the reduction of CO2 and NOx
emissions in industrial, professional and commercial
installations, under the guidelines of sustainable development.
At last, Greece participates actively in the efforts in the
European Union for the dissemination and promotion of renewable
energy
sources as well as in energy efficiency projects and the Ministry
of Development tries to incorporate and promote the
corresponding European Union Policies within the European Union or
abroad; ALTENER, SAVE, JOULE-THERMIE, TACIS,
PHARE, Research and Development Programmes, and new policies like
MEDA or the Energy Charter Treaties.
The national quantitative targets for RES in primary
energy/electricity up to year 2000 are as follows: hydro 733 ktos,
wind 68
ktos, solar 156 ktos, geothermal heat 20 ktos.
Provide information on the adoption of environmental management systems. National reaction to environmental management system standards such as the ISO 14000 Series and others. Please note efforts made at the national level to promote their adoption and the creation of certification infrastructure in order to facilitate access to these standards to local industry. Basic criteria and general guidelines that may be useful in assessing technology options are being developed in the 2nd Community Support Framework of the European Union, for the creation of the relative infrastructure in order to introduce the IPPC (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control) Directive to the Greek legislation (creation of a data bank for Clean Technologies and financing display works). There have been no other national environmental management systems before the introduction of EMAS (Eco-Management Audit Scheme) in Greece. However, Greece has shown a vivid interest from the beginning and has supported the promotion of EMAS at European Community level, and particularly the future implementation of the scheme in small and medium sized enterprises. The Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works is at the moment promoting the pilot implementation of EMAS in public enterprises in the industrial sector, but intends to expand the scheme to small and medium sized enterprises in the near future. There are also several related activities under way. For instance, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry has already published a guide for industries on the implementation of EMAS (the guide is also available as software). The Hellenic Organisation of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises is financing the implementation of pilot projects in small and medium sized enterprises and will soon publish a series of guideline books by industrial category. Under the Operational Environmental Programme of Greece a Communication Strategy aiming at public awareness raising for the promotion of EMAS is being developed. LIFE is also financing a communication strategy programme that includes a series of seminars and meetings for the concerned parties. The Hellenic Industrial Association, the Industrial Association of Northern Greece, as well as other sectoral associations and private bodies are also organising presentations of EMAS. The Hellenic Accreditation Council will operate within the Ministry of Development. It will be responsible for the Accreditation of Environmental Verifiers and will also organise seminars for their training. It is estimated that out of the approx. 200 enterprises currently applying ISO 9000, 100 will adopt ISO 14000. It is also quite possible that a lot of these enterprises will adopt EMAS through the ISO procedure. This leads Greece to view the EMAS and the ISO scheme as complementary and not competitive. Fiveteen companies have already shown interest in joining the system, and there has been considerable interest from several municipalities and hotels. Furthermore, several companies have already initiated their internal audits and intend to resort to verifiers accreditated in another EU member state to validate their environmental statement.
List and describe programs or work under way to facilitate the transfer of ESTs to small and medium sized enterprises. Please note efforts to facilitate access to financial resources and other transfer strategies.
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 35: SCIENCE FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The Ministry of Education is responsible for the Science Sector,
Framework Law 1566/85 provides legislation for this sector.
In the context of the International Geosphere-Biosphere
Programme a National Interdisciplinary Scientific Committee
has embarked upon research on problems of global change under the
authority of the National Academy of Science
of Greece.
STEPS TAKEN TO ENHANCE SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, IMPROVE LONG
TERM SCIENTIFIC
ASSESSMENT, BUILDING OF CAPACITY AND CAPABILITY:
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT ON NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE,
RESEARCH NEEDS AND PRIORITIES:
Year | |||
Number of scientists, engineers and technicians engaged in research and experimental development | # 1.022 | 1986 | |
Total expenditure for research and experimental development (US$eq.) | $ | 19-- | |
Other data
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 36: PROMOTING EDUCATION,
PUBLIC AWARENESS AND TRAINING
Furthermore environmental education operates in the framework of
Ministerial Decrees and circulars that are published by the
education directorates of the Ministry of Education, concern the
cooperation with other bodies, the coordination of the work
of those responsible for environmental education programmes and aim
at the promotion of environmental education.
a) Reorientation of education towards sustainable
development
Seven Environmental Education Centres have been established where
students participate in special environmental education
programmes (Ministerial Decree G2/3219). 1,400 projects on
environmental education have been implemented voluntarily in
schools of secondary education, and another 1,300 in those of
primary education.
b) Increasing public awareness
The Ministry of Education (Environmental Education Office)
supported schools:
a) to participate in "days of action" for the European Campaign for
the Nature Conservation Year
b) to demonstrate their project in national exhibitions (e.g.
Heleco 1995), in TV and radio programmes, and in local community
festivals. The Environmental Education Centers undertake short
campaigns on local environmental problems in cooperation with
local authorities.
Public Awareness is raised through:
a) environmental education programmes, presented at the end of each
school year to the public
b) establishment of Centers for Environmental Education, where
adult training programmes take place, and where the interested
parties get to participate and reach a common action plan, so that
local problems, concerning environment and sustainable
development, can be confronted efficiently through cooperation with
the local active population.
c) Promoting training
The Ministry of Education has a programme for environmental
training.
Environmental Education Centres organise special environmental
education training programmes for employees, community
organisation, teachers etc.
Environmental education is part of the basic education received
both at university and in the introductory and continuous education
seminars. Training of the kind lasts three months and takes place
in the Regional Educational Centers.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: The Ministry of Education is
responsible for this chapter, Framework Law 1566/85 provides
legislation
for this sector. Also, Laws 1892/90 & 1946/91 provide for
environmental education in schools of primary and secondary
education. The above mentioned laws furthermore establish the
control of those responsible for environmental education
programmes all over the country, aiming at the development of
environmental programmes and of a decentralised network of
local environmental education promotion units.
ROLE OF MAJOR GROUPS: Systematic cooperation has been established with major environmental groups such as WWF, Goulandri Museum of Natural History, the Hellenic Society for the Protection of Nature, Greenpeace, etc. through special pedagogical environmental education pilot projects. The Ministry of Education also cooperates with local authorities for both the elaboration of environmental education programmes and the operation of Environmental Education Centers. The Ministry of Education places great importance in its cooperation with environmental NGOs, who in turn contribute with the presentation of several projects to the public, production of related material etc. Finally, it cooperates with Greenpeace in the framework of the "Green Teams" programme, and with the Greek Society for the Protection of Nature on the "Ecological Schools" programme.
FINANCING AND COST EVALUATION OF THE LABOUR ACTIVITIES: The programmes of environmental education carried out in primary education schools during the school year 1995-1996 were financed with 63,210,000 drachmas while those for secondary education were financed with 212,000,000 drachmas for the same year.
|
STATISTICAL DATA/INDICATORS | ||||
1980 | 1990 | Latest 199- | ||
Adult literacy rate (%) Male | 97.7a | |||
Adult literacy rate (%) Female | 93.0a | |||
% of primary school children reaching grade 5 (1986-93) | 99 | |||
Mean number of years of schooling | ||||
% of GNP spent on education | 2.2b | 3.1c | ||
Females per 100 males in secondary school | 85.2 | 92.3c | ||
Women per 100 men in the labour force | ||||
a 1991 b 1979 c 1989
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 37: NATIONAL MECHANISMS
AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR CAPACITY-BUILDING IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
National capacity building is also covered under sectoral
chapters.
Donors: You may wish to describe here how Agenda 21 has
influenced your ODA policies in this area.
Developing countries: You may wish to describe any new
national mechanisms for capacity building - and any changes in
technical cooperation.
The Five Year Plan (1997-2001) of Bilateral Development Cooperation
has the following main goals:
1. Economic well being: reduction of poverty
2. Social development: progress in education, gender equality,
basic health services
3. Environmental sustainability
4. Reinforcement of locally planned development strategies by
financing public expenditure through the budget of developing
countries and economies in transition.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT ON NATIONAL ENDOGENOUS CAPACITY
BUILDING:
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 38: INTERNATIONAL
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
Ch. 38: Brief summary of any particular UN System
response affecting this country/state:
No information available.
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 39: INTERNATIONAL LEGAL
INSTRUMENTS AND MECHANISMS
Ch. 39: International Legal Instruments are covered
under the relevant sectoral chapters. This is a listing of major
agreements/conventions (not already covered) entered into and
relevant to Agenda 21:
No information available.
|
2. | International cooperation and trade | |||||
3. | Combating poverty | |||||
4. | Changing consumption patterns | |||||
5. | Demographic dynamics and sustainability | |||||
6. | Human health | |||||
7. | Human settlements | |||||
8. | Integrating E & D in decision-making | |||||
9. | Protection of the atmosphere | |||||
10. | Integrated planning and management of land resources | |||||
11. | Combating deforestation | |||||
12. | Combating desertification and drought | |||||
13. | Sustainable mountain development | |||||
14. | Sustainable agriculture and rural development | |||||
15. | Conservation of biological diversity | |||||
16. | Biotechnology | |||||
17. | Oceans, seas, coastal areas and their living resources | |||||
18. | Freshwater resources | |||||
19. | Toxic chemicals | |||||
20. | Hazardous wastes | |||||
21. | Solid wastes | |||||
22. | Radioactive wastes | |||||
24. | Women in sustainable development | |||||
25. | Children and youth | |||||
26. | Indigenous people | |||||
27. | Non-governmental organizations | |||||
28. | Local authorities | |||||
29. | Workers and trade unions | |||||
30. | Business and industry | |||||
31. | Scientific and technological community | |||||
32. | Farmers | |||||
33. | Financial resources and mechanisms | |||||
34. | Technology, cooperation and capacity-building | |||||
35. | Science for sustainable development | |||||
36. | Education, public awareness and training | |||||
37. | International cooperation for capacity-building | |||||
38. | International institutional arrangements | |||||
39. | International legal instruments | |||||
40. | Information for decision-making |
The Ministry of National Economy and the National Statistical
Service are responsible for information on sustainable
development. Both the Ministry of Environment and the Aegean
University are collecting information on waste management
and on the expenses for environmental protection. Information on
sustainable development issues is needed at all levels and
from all kinds of user groups. Main sources of information are
universities and decision-makers at the national level.
Information is also received from EUROSTAT and OECD.
More information and indicators are especially needed in the
fields of climate change, ozone depletion, eutrophism, acid
rain, quality of the urban environment, land use and biodiversity,
waste, water, forests, soils and fishing. A computer
network is available with access to international data banks.
Problems have been found in the distribution of information and
in data security. There is also a lack of trained personnel in this
field.
The Ministry of Agriculture plans a review of agricultural
statistics. This would include the use of remote sensing data. To
date, there is no capacity for accessing remote sensing data.
Since 1993 Greece is a member of the European Environment Agency
which was launched by the EU in 1993, in order to
provide information at the European level to support policy makers
and to better inform the public about the environment.
The European Environment Information and Observation Network built
by the Agency consists of several thematic and
national layers. Among them are National Focal Points and national
reference centres to undertake technical coordination in
different countries and specialised topic centres.
The first seven topic centres cover island waters, marine and
coastal environment, air quality, nature conservation, land
cover, air emissions and a catalogue of data sources. Greece has
appointed the Ministry for the Environment, Physical
Planning and Public Works as National Focal Point and the National
Network of Environmental Information as main
instrument for the exchange of information.
Greece has the vice-chairmanship of the Scientific Committee of the
European Environment Agency. Our country contributes
to the work of the topic centres as follows:
The National Centre of Marine Research and the Institute of Marine
Biology of Crete are participating in the topic centre
for marine and coastal environment.
The Greek Biotope-Wetland Centre, in Salonica, has been appointed,
inter alia, responsible for the ecosystems of South-East
Europe, and is participating in the topic centre for nature
conservation.
The National Observatory of Athens is a member of the Steering
Committee which will conduct the work of the topic
centre for air quality.
The National Research Centre "Democritos" participates in the
topic centre for air emissions
The Aegean University participates in the nature conservation
issue through the Dutch European Centre for the
Conservation of Nature.
National Environmental Information Network
Action programme 1.4 of the Operational Environmental Programme
of Greece aims at developing the required infrastructure
for recording, categorisation, assimilation and assessment of
environmental information at the national scale. Such
information is expected to assist the development of environmental
policies at local, regional and national levels. The same
action programme will also cover the requirements of the European
Environment Agency with respect to the provision of
environmental information. The overall budget for action programme
1.4 is 9 MECU.
Specific actions
Completion of the National Environmental Information Network to
all prefectures and regions of Greece
Connection of the National Environmental Information Network with
the Greek Statistical Service, the European
Environment Agency, and the European Commission
Programme for the collection of collateral information, such as
regional or local activities, natural characteristics, wetlands,
etc.
(also see ANNEX I)
Recently (1995), a new bureau was established in the Division of
Environmental Planning, namely the "Bureau for National
Environmental Information Network and European Environmental
Agency" (hereinafter referred to the Bureau). The
Bureau
has two major aims:
to co-ordinate the National Environmental Network and its
connection with the European Network (EIONET);
to co-ordinate and operate the Greek National Focal Point (NFP)
of the European Environmental Agency (EEA).
The first aim is being supported by the National Environmental
Information Network (EDPP), to be completed in four years.
The pilot phase of EDPP has been completed, including five
prefectures and three districts. Presently, a feasibility study for
the expansion of EDPP at the national scale is being executed by
the University of Athens in co-operation with the
Bureau.
The second aim was initially accomplished through administrative
actions such as staffing and budget allocations. Recently the
Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works
initiated a co-operation with the University of Athens, in order
to be technically and scientifically supported in the activities of
the National Focal Point.
National Environmental Information System
The Operational Programme for the Environment includes
Subprogram 2 entitled "Development of the infrastructure to
respond to the needs of the EEA, to monitor the environment and to
comply with environmental standards". Subprogramme 2
includes the action programme for the development of the National
Environmental Information Network (EDPP), as well as,
at a second phase, the creation of a National Environmental Agency
which specifically aims at the co-ordination of the
National Network and the operation of the EDPP .
EDPP is currently under implementation, with part of it being
already operational; EDPP will be the basis of the national
network and will link to EIONET.
The goal of the National Environmental Information Network is to
improve the reliability of environmental information and
its dissemination in order to implement environmental policy
according to the national law and Community regulation and
directives.
EDPP once completed will improve the technological capacities of
Greece in the field of environmental monitoring and
assessment. EDPP will furthermore provide the means for continuous
communication between all connected sites in the
country to sites in the wider European Area.
The initial design of the network was performed in 1992 during the
pilot phase of the network which extended geographically
in the regions of Central Macedonia (Thessaloniki), Thessaly
(Larisa), Crete (Iraklion) and the Prefectures of Kilkis, Kavala,
Kozani, Lesvos and Magnisia.
According to current plans, the next phase aims at the improvement,
the extension and the completion of the full information
system. This phase will be directed towards:
the provision to the system with existing environmental
information, maps and cartographic background, etc.;
the improvement of the system using sound technology and
communication standards in line with European requirements;
the development of data processing routines for the evaluation,
illustration, communication and exchange of environmental
information;
the extension of the network over the entire country (regions and
probably prefectures);
the connection with the national environmental monitoring system
and the main environmental institutions;
the connection with the EIONET of the European Environment
Agency;
the dissemination of information and actions via INTERNET.
Environmental information in the network relate to air quality,
inland waters, nature, air emissions, energy sources and fuels,
noise, environmental legislation and all activities requiring
environmental impact assessments.
The design and the specifications of the system have been already
completed, whereas its realisation will be promoted in the
following months.
Latest 199- | ||||
Number of telephones in use per 100 inhabitants | 37.7 | 45.7 | 49.4 | |
Other data
|
APPROVED PROJECTS, 2ND COMMUNITY FRAMEWORK
Agenda 21 - Local Level
PROJECT | BUDGET in drachmas |
Waste Management | |
Construction of incineration unit for hospital waste at
A. Liosia landfill site | 2.000.000.000 |
Waste treatment plant of Sikionos (Kiato) | 220.000.000 |
Waste treatment plant of Argostoli | 715.000.000 |
Waste treatment plant of Thira | 215.000.000 |
Waste treatment plant of Maritson | 100.000.000 |
Waste treatment plant of Lindos | 415.000.000 |
Waste treatment plant of Serifos | 125.000.000 |
Waste treatment plant of Rethimnon | 925.000.000 |
Waste treatment plant of Lixouri | 105.000.000 |
Waste treatment plant of Evia (Aliveri) | 330.000.000 |
Waste treatment plant of Empona | 120.000.000 |
Waste treatment plant of Lefkimi | 800.000.000 |
Waste treatment plant of Oinofita Shimatariou | 510.000.000 |
Waste treatment plant of Polychrono | 530.000.000 |
Waste treatment plant of Markopoulo | 225.000.000 |
Waste treatment plant of Zakinthos | 330.000.000 |
Waste treatment plant of Lipsa | 90.000.000 |
Construction of new landfill site in Arta | 580.000.000 |
Construction of new landfill site in Sitia | 350.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of the old landfill site in Serres | 335.000.000 |
Extension of separation-at-source project in Salonica | 445.000.000 |
Recycling Centre in Patra | 415.000.000 |
Coastal Areas | |
Rehabilitation of Skopelos beach | 330.000.000 |
Physical & Urban Planning | |
Creation of environmental park and children
playground in Kleidos area in Omiroupolis, Hios | 155.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of coastal avenue and public areas of Itea | 100.000.000 |
Development of coastal zone of Balkos str, Theofanous str
and Court square in Preveza | 185.000.000 |
PROJECTS PROPOSED
as part of the implementation of Agenda 21
(sustainable development) in Greece
and awaiting final approval from European Community
Agenda 21 - National Level
PROJECT | BUDGET in drachmas |
Water Management | |
Creation of monitoring network for toxic substances in ground-level waters | 165.000.000 |
Completion of infrastructure building for national network on groundwater quality - data collection & assessment | 800.000.000 |
Monitoring programme for sea water quality | 485.000.000 |
Transboundary stations | 235.000.000 |
Systematical monitoring of the quality of bathing waters | 950.000.000 |
Creation of monitoring network for underground water | 140.000.000 |
Creation of monitoring network for drinking water quality | 250.000.000 |
Laboratory for calibration and monitoring of regional laboratories | 90.000.000 |
Establishment of GAW stations and monitoring stations for sea level rise measurements | 125.000.000 |
Master Plan of quality and quantity management of water resources | 320.000.000 |
Protection of Sea Environment | 850.000.000 |
Waste Management | |
Assessment of more or less sensitive areas as regards
the treatment of municipal waste | 100.000.000 |
Inventory of municipal and industrial liquid waste at national level | 320.000.000 |
Planning & implementation projects of waste management (studies, works, supplies) | 5.000.000.000 |
Study -Works for the rehabilitation of old landfills & disposal areas for municipal & industrial waste | 1.500.000.000 |
Site selection, environmental impact assessment for a Central Incineration Unit for hazardous hospital waste, construction of Unit | 40.000.000 |
Waste Recycling (equipment, supply, studies) | 2.000.000.000 |
study & construction of treatment & disposal Unit of hazardous waste at national level | 2.500.000.000 |
Construction of hospital waste incinerator | 2.000.000.000 |
Coastal Areas | |
Cleaning of touristic coastal areas (equipment, supply, study) | 3.000.000.000 |
National directive on coastal areas | 65.000.000 |
Habitat Protection | |
Determination of limits and protection measures for landscapes of particular beauty | 45.000.000 |
Protection of habitats (works, studies, supplies) | 200.000.000 |
Centre for the nursing & preservation of species | 225.000.000 |
Atmospheric Pollution | |
Acquisition of equipment, material & technical support for the control of atmospheric pollution | 135.000.000 |
Creation of mobile station for the telemonitoring of atmospheric pollutants with state of the art technology (LIDAR) | 425.000.000 |
Assessment of the effects of CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gas emissions in climate change | 165.000.000 |
Modernisation of calibration system of automatic measuring equipment for atmospheric pollution with teletransmittance | 250.000.000 |
National compliance with international obligations concerning ozone depleting substances | 100.000.000 |
Direct linkage of Centre of National Monitoring Network for the atmospheric environment with National Meteorological Service | 120.000.000 |
Monitoring system for VOC concentrations and other non conventional pollutants | 925.000.000 |
Special programme for the inventory of industrial sources of atmospheric pollution at national level and evaluation of emitted pollutant loads | 570.000.000 |
National monitoring network for atmospheric environment | 1.690.000.000 |
Operational Centre for the monitoring of atmospheric pollution and enforcement of emergency measures in the greater Athens region | 570.000.000 |
Atmospheric emissions from road transport, central heating and industry inventory system | 590.000.000 |
Creation of monitoring station of meteorological parameters of the troposphere in the centre of Athens and equipment supply of automatic monitoring stations of atmospheric pollution of the national network with measuring equipment of meteorological parameters | 265.000.000 |
Noise Pollution | |
Inventory and mapping of road transport noise pollution | 290.000.000 |
Noise areas (zones) for the control of industries, mapping of greater Athens and greater Salonica area | 100.000.000 |
Programme of noise abatement applications in tourist areas | 235.000.000 |
Monitoring of urban noise | 170.000.000 |
Centres of noise protection for highways and "free" avenues | 2.500.000.000 |
Works for the abatement of noise pollution from road and rail infrastructures Creation of a national centre for the verification of buildings' noise protection | 430.000.000 |
Environmental Management and Auditing Systems | |
Infrastructure building for the auditing/control of compliance with the environmental standards in national projects, activities (INSPECTORATE) | 1.500.000.000 |
Inventory of requirements and special planning for the implementation of the IPPC (Integrated Pollution Prevention & Control) Directive | 425.000.000 |
Drawing up specific standards and obligations for the Environmental Impact Assessments for each industrial activity category | 95.000.000 |
Programme for the promotion of EMAS (Environmental Managing and Auditing System) scheme | 95.000.000 |
Contingency plans for major industrial accidents and development of safe management of hazardous industrial sites | 635.000.000 |
Mechanical Equipment for responding to technological & industrial accidents | 710.000.000 |
Environmental Information | |
Development of national network for environmental information | 2.450.000.000 |
Renovation of traditional building of Villa Kazouli and surrounding area as National Environmental Network Centre | 730.000.000 |
Project on Information System Network | 80.000.000 |
Project on the exchange of digital data | 20.000.000 |
Transport | |
Operation of an integrated system for environmental management of transportation | 810.000.000 |
Special transport environmental impact assessment and relevant regulations | 100.000.000 |
Implementation of programmes on road vehicles in urban centres on the basis of "Attica - SOS" measures | 1.180.000.000 |
Fuels | |
Implementation of programmes on reducing fuels atmospheric emissions on the basis of "Attica - SOS" measures | 1.020.000.000 |
National Cadastre | |
General | |
Draft Law for the National Cadastre | 60.000.000 |
Monitoring & Control study for the quality of the cadastre | 60.000.000 |
Control of the geodesic reference network | 60.000.000 |
Environmentally Sensitive Areas | |
Feasibility study for the National Cadastre | 35.000.000 |
Organisational study for special cadastres | 40.000.000 |
Equipment for cadastre diagrams formation | 200.000.000 |
Urban Areas | |
Drawing up of Technical standards | 30.000.000 |
Air-photographing | 120.000.000 |
Agricultural Areas | |
Public awareness, film showing | 350.000.000 |
Public awareness, film showing to the local authorities | 55.000.000 |
Physical & Urban Planning | |
Special physical planning high priority studies | 95.000.000 |
Mechanism of continuous monitoring of physical planning | 170.000.000 |
Physical planning projects for regions | 425.000.000 |
Data base formation, informing all levels on existing & legally binding land uses, digital mapping of sub levels supply | 270.000.000 |
Physical planning impact assessment of the works funded by the Community Frameworks, other E.U. projects & policies & new technologies, international networks and other national level infrastructure works | 395.000.000 |
Design & creation of physical planning observatory | 90.000.000 |
Physical planning study of urban network | 45.000.000 |
Summer houses in Greece: ways of production, development capabilities | 55.000.000 |
Development & prospects of agricultural areas, physical planning effects of WTO community policies | 90.000.000 |
Land policy study for Greece | 90.000.000 |
Analysis of needs, planning, drawing up standards, mechanical & software equipment of informatics system for physical planning, supply of proper equipment (hardware, software) | 275.000.000 |
Physical planning at regional & local level | 795.000.000 |
New studies and studies for the modification of general urban plans | 200.000.000 |
Packaging | |
Study on the packaging in Greece | 40.000.000 |
Agenda 21 - Local Level
PROJECT | BUDGET |
Waste Management | |
Centres for the support of waste treatment plants | 200.000.000 |
Establishment of operation and maintenance centre for waste treatment plants of N. Halkidiki | 190.000.000 |
Recycling (reusing) treated waste of waste treatment centre of Halkida | 560.000.000 |
Waste treatment plant of Lefkes | 100.000.000 |
Construction of new landfill site in Rhodes | 900.000.000 |
Works & supplies in the new landfill site in Xanthi | 305.000.000 |
Construction of new landfill site & rehabilitation of the old one in the municipality of Komotini & the greater Rodopi area | 650.000.000 |
Construction of new landfill site & rehabilitation of the old one in Lamia | 700.000.000 |
Construction of new landfill site & rehabilitation of the old one in Pilio | 800.000.000 |
Construction of new landfill site & rehabilitation of the old one in Astipalaia | 50.000.000 |
Construction of new landfill site & rehabilitation of the old one in Nisiros | 50.000.000 |
Construction of new landfill site & rehabilitation of the old one in Agathonisi | 35.000.000 |
Construction of new landfill site & rehabilitation of the old one in Leipsi | 30.000.000 |
Construction of new landfill site & rehabilitation of the old one in Kasos | 60.000.000 |
Construction of new landfill site & rehabilitation of the old one in Megisti | 55.000.000 |
Construction of new landfill site & rehabilitation of the old one in Ag. Efstratios | 35.000.000 |
Construction of new landfill site & rehabilitation of the old one in Fournoi | 55.000.000 |
Construction of new landfill site & rehabilitation of the old one in Psara | 40.000.000 |
Construction of new landfill site & rehabilitation of the old one in Oinouses | 50.000.000 |
Construction of new landfill site & rehabilitation of the old one in Folegandros | 50.000.000 |
Construction of new landfill site & rehabilitation of the old one in Anafi | 40.000.000 |
Construction of new landfill site & rehabilitation of the old one in Kimolos | 25.000.000 |
Construction of new landfill site & rehabilitation of the old one in Tilos | 60.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of the old landfill site in Irakleion | 500.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of the old landfill site in Thermi, Salonica | 340.000.000 |
Completion of composting unit from waste in Kalamata | 1.100.000.000 |
Foundation of Recycling Centre in Zakinthos | 255.000.000 |
Water Management | |
Conservation of water resources by reducing the leakages of water supply networks of N. Kazantzakis municipality (N. Irakleion) | 250.000.000 |
Noise Pollution | |
Centres of protection against noise pollution from highways and "free avenues" of Haidari municipality | 140.000.000 |
Centres of protection against noise pollution from highways and "free avenues" of Ag. Ioannis Rentis | 85.000.000 |
Centres of protection against noise pollution from highways and "free avenues" of Ag. Anargiroi | 45.000.000 |
Centres of protection against noise pollution from highways and "free avenues" of N. Philadelphia | 45.000.000 |
Centres of protection against noise pollution from highways and "free avenues" of Perama municipality | 45.000.000 |
Centres of protection against noise pollution from highways and "free avenues" of N. Erithrea municipality | 45.000.000 |
Study & construction of noise barriers in the municipality of Evosmos, Salonica | 125.000.000 |
Study & construction of noise barrier in the municipality of Moshato, Attica | 45.000.000 |
Study & construction of noise barriers in the municipality of Rethimnon, Crete | 125.000.000 |
Study & construction of noise barrier in the municipality of Stavroupoli, Salonica | 95.000.000 |
Study & construction of noise barrier in the municipality of Menemeni, Salonica | 160.000.000 |
National Cadastre | |
Urban Areas | 21.140.000.000 |
Local Authority of Salonica | 595.000.000 |
Local Authority of Kozani | 250.000.000 |
Local Authority of Aitoloakarnania | 535.000.000 |
Local Authority of Viotia | 325.000.000 |
Local Authority of East Attica | 690.000.000 |
Local Authority of West Attica | 315.000.000 |
Local Authority of Athens | 560.000.000 |
Local Authority of Piraeus | 165.000.000 |
Local Authority of Argolida | 295.000.000 |
Local Authority of Hios | 195.000.000 |
Local Authority of Lasithi | 110.000.000 |
Local Authority of Magnesia | 170.000.000 |
Environmentally Sensitive Areas | 15.402.000.000 |
Local Authority of Drama | 335.000.000 |
Local Authority of Halkidiki | 440.000.000 |
Local Authority of Florina | 235.000.000 |
Local Authority of Magnesia | 300.000.000 |
Local Authority of Lefkada | 195.000.000 |
Local Authority of Zakinthos | 245.000.000 |
Local Authority of Ilia | 270.000.000 |
Local Authority of Cyclades | 595.000.000 |
Local Authority of Dodekanisa | 195.000.000 |
Local Authority of Evros | 100.000.000 |
Local Authority of Rodopi | 480.000.000 |
Local Authority of Pieria | 135.000.000 |
Local Authority of Drama | 190.000.000 |
Agricultural Areas | 15.402.000.000 |
Local Authority of Kavala | 690.000.000 |
Local Authority of Kilkis | 230.000.000 |
Local Authority of Preveza | 160.000.000 |
Local Authority of Arta | 105.000.000 |
Local Authority of Thesprotia | 210.000.000 |
Local Authority of Karditsa | 130.000.000 |
Local Authority of Trikala | 100.000.000 |
Local Authority of Fthiotida | 400.000.000 |
Local Authority of Arcadia | 390.000.000 |
Local Authority of Rethymnon | 195.000.000 |
Local Authority of Xanthi | 170.000.000 |
Local Authority of Lefkada | 170.000.000 |
Coastal Areas | |
Cleaning & restoration project for the coasts of the island of Kos | 180.000.000 |
Cleaning & restoration project for the coasts of the island of Kefalonia | 245.000.000 |
Cleaning & restoration project for the coasts of Pieria | 190.000.000 |
Cleaning & restoration project for the coasts of Evia | 250.000.000 |
Cleaning & restoration project for the coasts of the island of Corfu | 125.000.000 |
Cleaning & restoration project for the coasts of the islands of N. Sporades | 120.000.000 |
Cleaning & restoration project for the coasts of the island of Samos | 120.000.000 |
Cleaning & restoration project for the coasts of Ahaia | 170.000.000 |
Cleaning & restoration project for the coasts of Ilia | 85.000.000 |
Cleaning & restoration project for the coasts of the Cyclades islands | 290.000.000 |
Cleaning & restoration project for the coasts of the island of Hios | 85.000.000 |
Cleaning & restoration project for the coasts of Aitoloakarnania | 125.000.000 |
Cleaning & restoration project for the coasts of the island of Lesvos | 200.000.000 |
Cleaning & restoration project for the coasts of Rethymnon | 140.000.000 |
Cleaning & restoration project for the coasts of Preveza | 120.000.000 |
Cleaning & restoration project for the coasts of Hania | 150.000.000 |
Habitat Protection | |
Project for the protection of the adder habitat in Milos | 80.000.000 |
Management of the habitats of lakes Volvi & Lagada (studies, works, supplies, implementation of management measures) | 465.000.000 |
Management of the habitat of Amvrakikos (studies, works, supplies, implementation of management measures) | 390.000.000 |
Management of the habitat of Mesologi, Aitolikos (studies, works, supplies, implementation of management measures) | 455.000.000 |
Management of the sea park of Laganas, Zakinthos (studies, works, supplies, implementation of management measures) | 490.000.000 |
Management of the sea park in Northern Sporades (studies, works, supplies, implementation of management measures) | 855.000.000 |
Management of the National Forest in Prespes (studies, works, supplies, implementation of management measures) | 290.000.000 |
Management of the habitat of lake Mitrikou (studies, works, supplies, implementation of management measures) | 150.000.000 |
Management of the habitat of Dadia forest (studies, works, supplies, implementation of management measures) | 170.000.000 |
Management of the habitats of lake Vistonida & Porto Lagos (studies, works, supplies, implementation of management measures) | 245.000.000 |
Management of the habitats of the Delta of Aliakmonas, Loudias, Axios (studies, works, supplies, implementation of management measures) | 505.000.000 |
Management of the habitat of lake Kerkini (studies, works, supplies, implementation of management measures) | 220.000.000 |
Management of the habitat of the Delta of Nestos river (studies, works, supplies, implementation of management measures) | 220.000.000 |
Management of the habitat of Kotihi-Strofilia (studies, works, supplies, implementation of management measures) | 285.000.000 |
Management of the habitat of the Delta of Evros river (studies, works, supplies, implementation of management measures) | 285.000.000 |
Management of the habitat of the National forest in Pindos (studies, works, supplies, implementation of management measures) | 500.000.000 |
Restoration and utilisation of the Koutavos lagoon in Kefalonia | 355.000.000 |
Environmental & archaeological park of Yuhta in Irakleion | 420.000.000 |
Environmental park of Parnonas in Arcadia, management study and infrastructure works for the protection & development of the mountain | 570.000.000 |
Protection & management of the lake Plastiras area in Karditsa | 255.000.000 |
Protection & management of Aherontas | 300.000.000 |
Preservation & development of wetlands of Stena & Delta of Kalamas & lake Kalodiki | 315.000.000 |
Restoration of Mavrouda lake | 215.000.000 |
Protection & management of the mountains of Rodopi | 275.000.000 |
Protection & management of Vravronas - Schoinias | 260.000.000 |
Protection & management of Hortarolimni - Aliki lake wetlands in Limnos | 145.000.000 |
Protection & management of Aliki lagoon wetland in Naxos | 85.000.000 |
Protection & management of Kalloni bay wetland in Lesvos | 160.000.000 |
Protection & management of Vourinos mountain | 155.000.000 |
Integrated programme for the protection and management of the coastal zone of Kiparissia | 300.000.000 |
Protection & management of Dimosari ravine and wider area | 550.000.000 |
Protection & management of Psalidi coast & wetland in Kos | 255.000.000 |
Protection & management of Aspropotamos-koziaka mountain ecosystem | 205.000.000 |
Protection & management & mild tourist development of Taigetos | 215.000.000 |
Protection & management of Psifta Troizina wetland and wider area | 240.000.000 |
Soil protection from corrosion in three island areas (Leros, Arhangelos & Profilia) | 255.000.000 |
Protection & management of Enipea ravine in Olimpos | 375.000.000 |
Physical & Urban Planning | |
Environmental Impact assessment from extractive industry activities in central & northern Evia, study & construction of restoration works for old extraction sites | 255.000.000 |
Restoration of public market in Karditsa | 475.000.000 |
Development of public space in front of the second constitutional assembly site in Astros, Arcadia | 50.000.000 |
Development of special outdoors area of historical preserved buildings of Kapodistria's army quarters in Argos | 205.000.000 |
Development of central square in urban area of N. Artaki, Evia | 40.000.000 |
Restoration and development of historical centre in Corfu | 330.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of historical centre in Amaliada, Ilia | 115.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of historical urban area of Varousi and development of Lithaios river in Trikala | 250.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of urban centre in Ag. Nikolas, Lasithi | 215.000.000 |
Development of surrounding area of the monastery of Ag. Ioannis Prodromos in Analipsi, Trichonida | 20.000.000 |
Rehabilitation/ development of urban centre of Sofades, Karditsa | 105.000.000 |
Development of urban/port area in Paroikia, Paros & Naxos | 140.000.000 |
Development of open theatre in windmills site & rehabilitation of mills area in Ios | 115.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of connecting section of historical centre in Leipsoi | 75.000.000 |
Planning & implementation of strategic interventions for dealing with the effects on the walls of the medieval city of Rhodes from underground network construction | 110.000.000 |
Development/ rehabilitation of Liberty square in Irakleion | 330.000.000 |
Rehabilitation/ development of open areas in Delphoi, Fokida | 85.000.000 |
Rehabilitation ofcoastal square in Ithaki | 95.000.000 |
Physical planning organisation, rehabilitation, development of the historical centre of Vergina | 175.000.000 |
Rehabilitation works in the municipalitiy of Ag. Barbara | 80.000.000 |
Rehabilitation works in the municipality of Petroupoli | 60.000.000 |
Rehabilitation works in the municipality of Perama | 400.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of Lixouri beach in Kefalonia | 190.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of beach and urban web in Mastichochori, Antimacheia, Kos | 350.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of Baroutadiko area in Aigaleo | 95.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of Makronisos concentration camp | 175.000.000 |
Development/ rehabilitation of Irini park in Kamateros | 250.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of natural environment in Penteli ravine in Halandri | 445.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of Andrianos hill area aquaduct & Yampourla ravine, N. Ionia | 215.000.000 |
Protection & development of natural and monastery environment of Evangelismos monastery in Ormylia, Halkidiki | 180.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of historical location of Kaisariani shooting area | 235.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of Kastro area in Lamia | 95.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of Attica park in Athens | 905.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of Marathonas beach | 65.000.000 |
Development of historical starting point of the Marathon, in Marathonas | 305.000.000 |
Restoration of preserved building of baths in Kalithea | 395.000.000 |
Rehabilitation/ development of urban area centre in Naoussa | 255.000.000 |
Rehabilitation, restoration of municipal preserved building in Edessa | 305.000.000 |
Protection & development of preserved areas of Barbouta-Kiriotissa in Veroia | 315.000.000 |
Rehabilitation, restoration of historical centre of Thassos | 525.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of fountain area in Ag. Barbara, Drama | 500.000.000 |
Development, rehabilitation of palm tree forest in Lavrion | 140.000.000 |
Rehabilitation, interventions in the historical centre of Kozani | 190.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of Salamina's coasts | 105.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of urban area of Thiva, Voiotia | 115.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of the historical centre of Kavala | 270.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of the historical centre of Florina | 120.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of Aitolikos island | 200.000.000 |
Rehabilitation of the historical centre in Vonitsa | 150.000.000 |
Protection and development of the historical centre of Halkida | 80.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Dilesi, Viotia | 320.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Panagioude, Lesvos | 45.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of N. Artaki, Evia | 240.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Marathos area, Magnesia | 35.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Vergas beach, Messinia | 115.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Mikri Mantineia, Messinia | 95.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Sigri area in Lesvos | 25.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Skala Kalonis in Lesvos | 20.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Velika - Sotiritsa in Larisa | 70.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Ag. Georgios in Magnesia | 45.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Ag. Kampos - Sotiritsa in Larisa | 110.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Lassis area in Argostoli, Kefallonia | 65.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Nopigia coastal settlement in Hania | 20.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Limia, Limnos | 45.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Mesoggi coastal settlement in Corfu | 25.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Karros coastal settlement in Hania | 40.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Perigiali coastal settlement in Lefkada | 40.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Ipsos coastal settlement in Corfu | 135.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Aktaio coastal settlement in Ahaia | 114.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Krioneri coastal settlement in Aitoloakarnania | 20.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Ag. Vassilios coastal settlement in Ahaia | 117.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Krithana area, N. Aghialos in Magnesia | 40.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Antikiros in Viotia | 25.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Paliampela, Salamina in Attica | 10.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Sarantapotamos in Elefsina, Attica | 65.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Troparia in Kalivia, Attica | 75.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Andravida in Ilia | 105.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Traganos in Ilia | 95.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Kokkino Limanaki in Rafina, Attica | 45.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Kalamos in Attica | 80.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Agrileza, Skala Oropou in attica | 30.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Kolonelos, Sitia in Lasithi | 20.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Ag. Kirikos in Samos | 150.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Fanari-Therma in ag. Kirikos, Samos | 55.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Ag. Efstratios in Lesvos | 35.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Faros in Evia | 85.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Vassilikos in Evia | 80.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of N. Stira in Evia | 105.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Megali Sipiada - Hronia in Evia | 85.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Ag. Vassileiou in Viotia | 25.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Paralia Politikon in Evia | 135.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Vathi in Evia | 115.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Avlida beach in Evia | 285.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Plaka, dilesi in Viotia | 350.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Galaxidi in Fokida | 50.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Vathi in Ithaki | 75.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Agiasos in Lesvos | 25.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Polihnitos in Lesvos | 40.000.000 |
Study for the cadastral inventory of Karpenisi area in Evritania | 45.000.000 |
Study for the cadastral inventory of Ermoupoli in Cyclades | 75.000.000 |
Study for the cadastral inventory of Simi in Dodekanisa | 65.000.000 |
Study for the cadastral inventory of Nafpaktos in Aitoloakarnania | 45.000.000 |
Study for the cadastral inventory of old city of Hania area | 30.000.000 |
Study for the cadastral inventory of the historical centre of Athens | 25.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of N. Iraklia in Ag. Pavlos, Halkidiki | 305.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of N. Sozopoli, N.Silata, Halkidiki | 255.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of N. Zihni in Serres | 105.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of N. Kallikrateia in Halkidiki | 1.615.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Ag. Athanasios in Drama | 65.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Makrohori in Imathia | 120.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Toroni in Halkidiki | 65.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Porto Koufo in Halkidiki | 35.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Ammouliani in Halkidiki | 35.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of N. Panteleimon in Pieria | 80.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Skotina in Pieria | 100.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Platamonas in Pieria | 205.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Lakka area in Anavissos, Attica | 50.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Markopoulo in Attica | 175.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Marathonas in Attica | 195.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Koinira in Theologo, Kavala | 95.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Poto-Pefkario in Thassos | 115.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Davlia area in Viotia | 5.000.000 |
Study for the urban planning of Anavatos coastal settlement in Omiroupolis, Hios | 1.000.000 |
Copyright © United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Comments and suggestions: esa@un.org
Last updated 1 November 1997