In this context, further reference should be made to the Danish National Report to HABITAT II.

In the EU context, a European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) is being elaborated. Together with EU-Commission DG XVI and the other EU-Member states, Denmark participates in the informal work of creating a spatial development "vision" for the European territory. The vision will describe three main themes : 1) Towns and Urban Networks; 2) Transeuropean Networks and; 3) Nature and Cultural Heritage. The first draft will be ready for debate at an informal meeting for ministers in June 1997 in the Netherlands.

Denmark participates in related work with the Council of Europe, OECD, and the Nordic Council of Ministers.

1. Decision-Making Structure: The ministries and departments primarily responsible for an integrated approach to the planning and management of land resources are the Spatial Planning Department as well as the National Forests and Nature Agency of the Ministry of the Environment and Energy, and the Ministry of Agriculture. Relevant national legislation consists of legislation on nature protection, physical planning, forest management, and agriculture. All legislation is revised periodically.

2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Sectoral research in undertaken at central and decentralized levels, as well as in universities, research institutions, and by local and regional authorities. The Danish Forest and Landscape Research Institute and the National Building Research Institute should be mentioned in particular.

3. Major Groups: In accordance with national legislation, the general public is involved in spatial planning.

4. Finance: No information.

5. Regional/International Cooperation: Denmark participates in work on spatial planning and sustainable development through the following fora: UN - ECE, UN - UNCHS/HABITAT, European Union, Council of Europe, and the OECD.

In 1994, the Danish Government decided to transfer the administration of privatley owned forests from the Ministry of Agriculture to the Ministry of Environment and Energy in order to secure consistency in the national forest policies and programmes in relation to all Danish forests. In 1997, a revised forest act will enter into force, with increased emphasis and support for multiple use forestry.

The project "Green Forest Management" is being implemented on State-owned areas by the Forest and Nature Agency to ensure nature conservation. Through the Ministry of Agriculture a scheme was launched in 1994 for the development of wood and wood-based products intended to make use of substantial unutilized potential in the forest sector. An important objective in Danish forest policy is to double the woodland within one tree generation (80-100 years). Very intensive efforts in these areas will be made within the next years. There is, however, a financing problem as falling world market prices for wood and cellulose make afforestation less attractive today. Other immediate measures to be taken in the forestry sector are:

- protection of all natural State-owned forests;

- protection of oak coppices, pastoral forest, coppice forest and virgin-like forests in all state forests.

Nearly 100 per cent of the deciduous forests have been protected for years. Approximately one quarter of natural forest will be especially protected, because it will either be left untouched or developed according to traditional environmentally adapted management systems, such as grazing or pollarding.

Soil acidification and damage from insects are problems that will be addressed through a wide range of measures. Danish forests have been subject to rather intensive management regimes, of which the following issues may raise some concern in terms of ecological consequences: intensive use of non-indigenous species; large homogeneous stands, harvested by clear-cutting and subsequently replanted in a single operation; application of pesticides, fertilizers and intensive ploughing; burning, removal and/or concentration of organic matter after logging; utilization of heavy machinery; and drainage of wetlands before planting.

New and additional funds have been allocated through the Danish DANCED for projects in designated countries related to the conservation and sustainable use of forests.

International Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Drought and/or Desertification

Particularly in Africa

Convention

signed

ratified 22 December 1995

The latest report to the Secretariat of the Convention was prepared in 19--.

Additional comments relevant to this chapter

Data on fertilizer indicate a decrease in the utilization of nutrients in livestock manure has improved. Environmental policy measures and instruments are reviewed and strengthened, as appropriate on a regular basis.

In recent years, Danish agricultural policy has been expressed in initiatives that, based on the expectation of continued market orientation and strict requirements, e.g. on the environment, nature and animal welfare, had the purpose of establishing the foundation for high quality industries.

Danish environmental policy gives consideration to a broad spectrum of matters relating to nature and the environment. At present, efforts in agricultural policy should give highest priority to finding a solution to the pollution problems of agriculture that are due to the leaching of nutrients and the loading due to pesticides. Such initiatives should also endeavor to exert a beneficial influence on nature, the countryside and outdoor leisure activities. The significance of these matters is expected to increase in the long term.

Since the adoption of Agenda 21, the priority has been to complete reviews and, as appropriate, establish policies and programmes with respect to the following: integration of environmental and sustainable development in policy analysis; to improve farm productivity; increase diversification while ensuring that risks to the ecosystem are minimized; to facilitate the transfer and adoption of environmentally sound technologies for integrated production and farming systems; to create farm and non-farm employment opportunities, particularly among those living in marginal areas; establish mechanisms to encourage efficient and environmentally sound use of resources; implement policies and programmes to conserve areas in risk of degradation; strengthen programmes for in-situ and ex-situ conservation and sustainable use of plan genetic resources; to strengthen programmes to identify breeds at risk and to take appropriate preservation measures including breeding programmes; to strengthen mechanisms to control and reduce the use of pesticides; to improve programmes of integrated pest management, to encourage the sustainable development of renewable energy sources and improved energy efficiency, and to undertake research on the effects of UV radiation on agriculture.

1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries is the body primarily responsible for the agricultural sector. The Ministry is part of the National Coordinating Mechanism for Sustainable Development. Relevant national legislation covering agriculture and rural development consists of the Act on Agricultural Holdings and the Act on Support for Structural Development in Agriculture and for Organic Farming, both from 1994. The Acts are revised as required and have met the requirements for sustainable development. These amendments fully address a coherent national policy framework for sustainable agriculture and rural development.

2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.

3. Major Groups: No information.

4. Finance: A sustainable agricultural sector must be able to survive without financial support. Within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the EU, efficient farms must provide working conditions and income earning possibilities comparable to other sectors, as well as the possibility of consolidating the productive capacity of farms. A long- term effect of the reform of the CAP in 1992 and the GATT agreement reached in 1993, will be the reduction in price and market support for agriculture.

5. Regional/International Cooperation: Denmark, in the EU and other international fora, actively promotes common regulations for application of environmentally and ethically responsible methods of agricultural production. Denmark also has extensive cooperation with the other Nordic countries in the agricultural sector, supports a number of agricultural and rural programmes in developing countries, including soil and water conservation projects, rural forestry projects, major restructuring projects in the dairy sector, women oriented agricultural extension, and training projects.

Convention on Biological Diversity

Convention

ratified in 1994

Latest report submitted in 19--.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

Convention signed in 1977.

Latest report submitted in 19--.

Additional comments relevant to this chapter

In compliance with Article 6 of the Convention, the Danish Ministry of Environment and Energy prepared a strategy entitled "Biological Diversity in Denmark - Status and Strategy"in 1995. The strategy was prepared in close cooperation with a wide range of authorities and NGO's, including ministries responsible for sectoral integration, e.g. the Ministry of Agriculture. The strategy is primarily based on existing strategies, legisltation and generally approved guidelines for environment and nature protection in Denmark. It covers biodiversity in general, describing the status and problems related to biodiversity, and indicates future target areas. The strategy has been made an integral part of the more comprehensive "strategic environmemtal planning process launched by the Danish Government in 1993.

Strategies for Sustainable Forestry, for Natural Forests and Other Forest Types of High Conservation Value and for the Conservation of Genetic Resources in Trees and Bushes (covering both in situ and ex situ conservation) were adopted in 1994, to protect ecosystems and for the conservation of biological and genetic resources. A national strategy for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity is under preparation. Several private companies are using advanced biotechnology techniques in their production, especially companies producing medical products as well as genetically modified crops. The loss of fauna results primarily from habitat destruction and, to a lesser extent, over-harvesting and pollution. Flora are also endangered by habitat destruction as well as by pollution.

1. Decision-Making Structure: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency is one of the bodies responsible in the area of biotechnology.

2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.

3. Major Groups: No information.

4. Finance: The private sector invests significant amounts in biotechnology. In 1991, the total amount spent on R&D in the private sector was US$91 million.

5. Regional/International Cooperation: Denmark participates in the work of the Nordic Council of Ministers in the field of biotechnology.

The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

Signed

See also the attached tables on the next pages.

The national policy on oceans is part of the National Sustainable Development Strategy. A programme for the integrated management and sustainable development of coastal and marine areas, including the EEZ exists. All activities under this programme area are rated "important" or "very important". Denmark also has access to a multitude of technologies that serve to identify the major types of pollution of the marine environment from land-based sources. All sewage-related issues are rated "very important" or "important". 94 per cent of sewage discharges are subject to secondary treatment and 67% to tertiary treatment. The Danish Government participates in systematic observation systems but not in a mussel watch programme. A database (PLAN-GIS DENMARK) is in place for integrated coastal management with the aim of monitoring the coastal regulations of the Planning Act of 1994. This database contains information on protected areas, habitats and uses of coastal zones. In Denmark, tourism is an important economic sector.

The Ministry of the Environment, the Ministry of Industry and the Ministry of Communication and Tourism are cooperating to strengthen the planning restrictions that regulate development in tourist areas. Considering the importance of tourism at the national level, vacation centres and hotels with floor space above 50,000 m2 are subject to mandatory EIAs; there is also the "green key", a certificate granted upon efficient use of resources to hotels, vacation centres and camping areas. Regarding the harmonization of standards for tourism nationally and regionally, small businesses are encouraged to create commercial and marketing networks at regional levels. To protect cultural integrity, a special planning department has initiated local demonstration projects on how to strengthen the relationship between local culture and tourism. Regarding construction planning in coastal regions, structures must not exceed 8.5m in the coastal zone of 3km. For structures taller than 8.5m, justification for visual effects is required.

In 1994, an Act on Coastal Planning was adopted. Under this Act, special planning and function justifications are required for permitting building projects in the coastal zone. If such justifications exist, the main rule is to locate behind already existing settlements. At the same time, legislation covering already built-up areas (urban zones) was eased, so that the main emphasis was placed on a quality based incorporation of new constructions in the city viewed in relation to the surrounding coastal landscape. The Act further stipulates that a coastal projection zone in cities be reduced and in some cases removed completely. In summer cottage areas, the protection zone is set at 100 metres, but may be reduced. The protection zone is increased to 300 metres in rural zones.

Through the Act on Coastal Planning, Danish coasts are preserved as an important landscape resource, while in the areas where the population is actually living, planning requirements are only imposed when absolutely necessary.

1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of the Environment is responsible for the integrated management and sustainable development of coastal and marine areas, including EEZ. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency of the Ministry of the Environment, together with the Ministry of Defence, are responsible for the combatting of oil and chemical pollution.

2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Regarding spatial planning of coastal areas, see chapters 7, 10 and 39. In 1994, Denmark adopted the Act on Coastal Planning.

3. Major Groups: In accordance with national legislation, the general public is involved in coastal planning.

4. Finance: Denmark invested US$4 billion, 2.4% of GNP in the tourism sector.

5. Regional/International Cooperation: The fourth conference of ministers reponsible for Spatial Planning and Development in the Baltic Sea Region was held on the 22 October 1996. The Ministers adopted common recommendations for spatial planning of the coastal zone in the Baltic Sea Regions. The Common recommendations are divided into 3 chapters : 1) objectives, 2) recommendations and 3) planning procedures. Furthermore, the Ministers recommend that the Committee for Spatial Development in the Baltic Sea Region monitors the implementation and the results of the recommendations through demonstration projects and reports to the next Ministerial Conference.

The Danish Government has taken several steps to protect and improve the quality of fresh water based on the principle that substances likely to pollute must not be discharged into watercourses, lakes or the sea, or stored in a manner which may lead to pollution of the water. In order to ensure stability in the supply of drinking water, information campaigns have been launched suggesting different ways in which the consumer can save or reuse water and in 1994, an environment tax on drinking water for household use was introduced in order to encourage conservation. The Watercourse Act of 1992, and the Nature Management Act of 1989 encourage actions to improve the condition of streams and lakes. An urgent problem concerning groundwater is toxic leaching from waste dumps and old industrial sites. The regional authorities are actively searching for the location of these sites before serious damage is done.

In 1996, the Danish Parliament adopted a tax on wastewater for discharges of nitrogen, phosphorous and organic substances. This tax will enter into force 1 January 1997.

A programme of action for improving wastewater treatment in the countryside has been prepared in order to improve the conditions of small streams and lakes. The programme stipulates that municipalities may offer improved treatment to settlements in the countryside through local wastewater treatment.

1. Decision-Making Structure: Water supply in Denmark is regulated through the Water Supply Act of 1978, and subsequent amendments thereto.

2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.

3. Major Groups: No information.

4. Finance: In accordance with the Action Plan, US$1.2 million have been invested for municipal treatment plants. Additional investments, not included in the Plan, are estimated to total US$48 million. In order to improve waste-water treatment to meet the requirements of the Action Plan, the 19 largest companies are expected to invest US$162 million. Denmark invested US$4 billion and 2.4% of GNP in the tourism sector.

5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.

1. Decision-Making Structure: Principles for assessment of chemical risk and the setting of limit values in/on drinking water, groundwater, air and polluted soil, have been laid down in national guidelines based on the Act on Environmental Protection. The municipalities are responsible for collecting hazardous waste originating from industries and households. In order to ensure environmentally sound handling of hazardous waste and its safe delivery at a destruction facility, each firm that generates hazardous waste must report to the municipality which is obliged to collect the waste at site. Each municipality is expected to establish its own collection scheme. The Danish Environmental Protection Act enforces substitution of harmful substances with less harmful substances, the principle of best available technology and the use of cleaner technologies and porducts based on life-cycle analysis. The Chemical Act regulates notification, classification and labelling of substances and preparations according to EU directives. The Act also regulates safe handling, producer and manufacturer responsibility and includes restrictions on certain dangerous substances and products.

2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: In the near future, training will begin for operators in waste treatment plants and for persons handling hazardous waste. By combining environmental, health and safety aspects, operators will be trained to optimize environmental interests in connection with plant operation, while at the same time, taking health and safety aspects into account.

3. Major Groups: No information.

4. Finance: No information.

5. Regional/International Cooperation: As a member of the European Union (EU), Denmark uses the harmonized systems of classification and labelling of chemicals established within the European Community (EC). Denmark has implemented the EC Directive on the control of major accident hazards involving dangerous substances. Denmark aso participates actively in international cooperation within the United Nations system, OECD, the Nordic Council, et. al. Denmark has approved the London Guidelines for the exchange of information on chemicals in international trade including the PIC procedures. Danish legislation on export of chemicals follows the guidelines for implementing the PIC procedure. The Danish principles of chemical risk assessment and regulation as described in the Environmental Protection Act and the Chemicals Act, as well as in a number of guidelines, have been successfully used in connection with export of environmental know-how and technology to countries in Eastern Europe and to developing countries. Denmark has ratified the Basel Convention on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal and seeks actively to have the provisions of the Convention tightened.

The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal

Basel Convention

ratified on 6 February 1993

The latest information was provided to the Basel Convention Secretariat in 1996, October.

Additional comments relevant to this chapter

The collection of problem waste from households and companies is well organized. There is at least one collection point in every municipality in the country. Private citizens can also deliver oil and chemical waste. Pharmaceutical waste is delivered to dispensing chemists. From these collection points, the waste is sent to one of the municipally-owned receiver stations, where a final sorting is made before shipment to Kommunekemi, which is under the common ownership of the municipalities, to be destroyed by incineration, neutralization or depositing. Denmark shares its knowledge of the collection and treatment of hazardous waste through consultancy activity with a number of industrial companies, as well as private and public organizations nationally and abroad.

1. Decision-Making Structure: The responsibilities of the municipalities are: to provide disposal facilities for household waste. Consumers covered by such arrangements are obliged to use them exclusively to:

- collect newspapers, magazines and glass from private households in areas with more than 2,000 households;

- collect paper and cardboard from trading companies;

- collect food waste from large-scale kitchen catering for use as animal feed;

- collect paper from all public institutions.

Danish legislation concerning waste and recycling consists of highly detailed laws.

2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.

3. Major Groups: No information.

4. Finance: Apart from such traditional control measures as legislation and regulations, since 1994, Denmark has made use of a number of economic instruments within the field of waste prevention, including a general waste tax of US$26 per ton of waste for incineration and US$32 per ton of waste for disposal on landfills. In addition, there is a levy on certain forms of packaging. All waste removal is fully paid for by the consumer. Total annual expenses for operation and investments in the waste collection sector amount to US$323-646 million, one third of which is paid by the local authorities. In connection with the implementation of the Action Plan, the need for investments by both local authorities and private companies will increase. Costs of operation will not be affected to any significant extent, because changed systems of collection of both household and industrial waste may open up possibilities for rationalization.

5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.

1. Decision-Making Structure: No information

2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information

3. Major Groups: No information

4. Finance: No information

5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information

Supplementary to the above-mentioned programmes, the Environment and Disaster Relief Facility was established as a response to UNCED. The Facility is gradually due to reach its target of 0.5% of GNP by the year 2002. Half of its funds are allocated to environmental projects in certain developing countries and countries in economic transition.

The administration of the facility is shared by the Ministry of Environment and Energy (DANCED) and by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DANIDA). The latter is wholly responsible for the administration of the 1% of GNP going to ODA.

CHANGES IN NATIONAL BUDGET TO ADDRESS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:

In accordance with the Danish legislation on international development cooperation, the Danish Investment Guarantee Scheme was introduced in 1996; presently the Minister for Development Assistance may, within a limit of US$414 million, guarantee Danish companies against losses incurred in connection with direct investment in developing countries. The estimated total revenue from taxes, levies and charges, will be US$9 billion in 1996.

NEW ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS: No information

ELIMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY UNFRIENDLY SUBSIDIES: No specific information available.

MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION: An important part of the Danish effort to assist in the establishment of collaborative networks of research centers has been the financing of four specialized Danish institutions dealing with issues of concern to developing countries. The Danish Fellowship Programme sponsors supplementary training of personnel from recipient countries either in Denmark or regionally. ENRECA, a programme for enhancing research capacity in developing countries has been launched by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Recently Danida has become a donor of the Economy and Environment Programme for South East Asia (EEPSEA), which will support research and training programmes in this field by the region's researchers.

Since 1987, the Danish Ministry of the Environment and Energy has given high priority to the development and dissemination of clean technologies. From 1987 to today, the Ministry supported clean technology projects, at an expense of approximately $US90 million. The current action plan for clean technology (1993-1997) aims to integrate the consumption of natural resources and direct pollution from the manufacture, and the disposal of products with waste management schemes, in general.

Provide information on the adoption of environmental management systems. National reaction to environmental management system standards such as the ISO 14000 Series and others. Please note efforts made at the national level to promote their adoption and the creation of certification infrastructure in order to facilitate access to these standards to local industry.

In addition to the action plan for cleaner technology, the Ministry has actively supported the dissemination of environmental management systems, such as the future ISO 14000, through a new dissemination programme.

List and describe programs or work under way to facilitate the transfer of ESTs to small and medium sized enterprises. Please note efforts to facilitate access to financial resources and other transfer strategies.

The Ministries responsible for natural and social sciences, legislation and policies related to this chapter are the Ministry of Research, Ministry of Education (as well as universities), Ministry of Environment and Energy, and the Ministry of Agriculture. There is no single legislative act covering natural and social sciences. Increasing research and teaching at the university level by women is part of a government policy to enhance the role of women. Funding for education amounted to 8% of GNP. As part of the Danish Environmental Research Programme, DANIDA is financing a sub-programme concerning "Sustainable Use of Natural Resources in Developing Countries". A total amount of US$8.3 million during the years 1994-1998 has been allocated for three cross-disciplinary research projects under this sub-programme. In addition, Denmark has contributed US$7 million to CGIAR programmes addressing science for sustainable development.

STEPS TAKEN TO ENHANCE SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, IMPROVE LONG TERM SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT, BUILDING OF CAPACITY AND CAPABILITY:

The launching of the Strategic Environment Research Programme and the National Strategy for Polar Research have been the most important post-Rio activities in the natural, social and engineering sciences. In 1991, the total number of steady teaching staff (who do research 40% of the time) dealing with environment and development at universities, was 251 men and 27 women. The total number of externally financed full time researchers/scientists/engineers in the natural and social sciences dealing with environment and development was 195. These figures include independent research institutions. The total number of full time researchers in environment and development in the public sector is 818. There is no target set to increase these numbers.

The Ministries responsible for natural and social sciences and legislation and policies related thereto are the Ministry of Research, Ministry of Education (as well as universities), Ministry of Environment and Energy and the Ministry of Agriculture. There is no single legislative act covering natural and social sciences.

a) Reorientation of education towards sustainable development

The Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Environment and Energy are primarily responsible for activities falling under Chapter 36 of Agenda 21. As environmental education is integrated in overall educational programmes, the above-mentioned Ministries have no consultative body on environmental education. School curricula have been reviewed and revised to address environment and development as a cross cutting issue at all school levels, in vocational schools and at university level. Denmark has no single national curriculum; curricula are determined at local levels. To address environmental education, printed material is often used at all school levels, in vocational schools and at university level; audio visual tools and special classes, workshops and seminars are occasionally used at university, in vocational schools and at all school levels.

b) Increasing public awareness

No specific information available.

c) Promoting training

In-service training programmes are available for teachers, concerning the nature and methods of environment and development education. Environment and development concerns are part of teacher educational programmes.

ROLE OF MAJOR GROUPS: No information

FINANCING AND COST EVALUATION OF THE LABOUR ACTIVITIES:

No specific information available.

Enrolment of Students:

First or Primary Secondary school Vocational College

school level level schools University level

Male Female Male female Male Female Male Female

1980 (%) 48 47 11 15 23 15 9 6

1990 (%) 48 47 14 19 24 18 9 7

1993 (%) 48 47 16 21 24 19 10 8

* all statistical information from Denmark's National Report to the CSD 1996