I.  Theme:  Energy

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Energy Access  A21.9.12(a); JPOI 9, 20 (g), (o)

FINANCE AND BUSINESS MODELS

Inadequate private sector investment

	Barriers/Constraints	Case studies	Lessons learnt, best practices, results	Key implementation actors
	Inadequate private sector investment
		GVEP Capacity Development Support CSD Partnerships Database	Capacity Development aims to increase access to energy services by enhancing policy frameworks, entrepreneurial development, consumer organization, and credit systems, expanding the number and the capabilities of enterprises operating in rural markets.	International partnerships, government, entrepreneurs and local communities
		Nicaragua – Tecnosol www.tecnosol.us	Tecnosol promotes solar, wind and hydroelectric energy services for businesses and communities in rural unserved areas of northern and central Nicaragua. Lessons learned: Business development services, pre and post investment, are essential to the success of an enterprise. A clean energy enterprise requires access to financing.	E+Co, USAID , Biomass Users Network-Central America (BUN-CA)

Lack of incentives/resources for sevice providers to expand service

	Barriers/Constraints	Case studies	Lessons learnt, best practices, results	Key implementation actors
	Lack of incentives/resources for sevice providers to expand service	India, Ahmedabad - Slum Electrification	The municipality adopted an innovative approach to dealing with the lack of land tenure and issued “no objection” certificates, which provided sufficient security for the utility to build infrastructure in the slum area. The partnership between the utility, municipality, and NGOs was key to gaining community trust and facilitating project implementation.	Ahmedabad Electricity Company, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation; Self Employed Women's Association, USAID
		Creating a Link between Energy Services and Income Generation, using Innovative Financing as a Catalyst See also Case Studies for Sustainable Development Database	The project aims to promote innovations to increase access of energy services to rural poor by focussing on income generation, innovative financing mechanisms and service delivery mechanisms. Among the challenges faced by the project convincing traditional bankers of the benefits of energy services and the ability of entrepreneurs/employees to identify the right energy service for particular interventions. Lessons learned: A "One size fits all" approach does not work for rural energy service enterprises. Each energy service solution is customised and has to be delivered to the doorstep of the customer. Financing that is available locally and with lower transaction costs is important to increase the development of the market for household energy systems. It is important to link energy services to financing that is need-based and ensure that energy services are directed towards income generation.	SELCO Solar Light (P) Ltd., REEEP, local financial institutions, Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA)Bank

Inadequate governance structures for managing energy services

	Barriers/Constraints	Case studies	Lessons learnt, best practices, results	Key implementation actors
	Inadequate governance structures for managing energy services	Local Capacity Development for Better Energy Governance- the Caucasus Environmental NGO Network- See also Case Studies for Sustainable Development Database	Improving relations between energy companies and consumers can lead to improved energy efficiency, sector governance, service reliability and coverage.	Caucasus Environmental NGO Network, USAID, TELASI, GNERC, energy consumers
		Colombia: Electricity Market Reform Enercol 2005, Carlos Caballero Argaez, “A manera de memoria: Una reforma a mitad de camino”	A middle of the road approach or “controlled” privatization was implemented which resulted in a 50/50 mix of public and private sector entities in generation and distribution and brought the best of both sectors to the integrated system.	Government, electric utilities, electricity regulatory bodies, consumer groups, private power producers
		Electricity Governance Toolkit for the Electricity Sector	The Toolkit incorporates industry best practices in a decision support tool addressing policies, regulatory frameworks and environmental/social aspects.	World Resources Institute, National Institute for Public Finance and Policy, USAID

Lack of capacity/viable business models for off-grid services

	Barriers/Constraints	Case studies	Lessons learnt, best practices, results	Key implementation actors
	Lack of capacity/viable business models for off-grid services	South Africa - RE concessions in rural areas	To make solar home systems affordable to the rural poor, the Government provided per-household capital subsidy of R3500 for first five years, also a R40 per month subsidy for electricity use, lowering monthly service charge to R18. For the very poor, however, even that can be difficult to afford.	Government, private enterprises, local authorities
		Global Network for Energy for Sustainable Development	“Renewable Energy Technologies” theme includes a series of technical reports on local barriers to renewable energy	Global Network for Energy for Sustainable Development, research institutions, UNEP Risoe Centre
		Nepal-Microcredit for Biogas Plants See also Case Studies for Sustainable Development Database	Providing access to credit through rural micro-finance institutions is making purchase of biogas plants within the means of the rural poor and alleviating indoor air pollution and pressure on limited forest fuel wood resources.	Nepal Rastra Bank (Central Bank) Alternative Energy Promotion Center, microcredit lenders, USAID
		Indian Solar Loan Programme	An interest rate subsidy for solar home loans through traditional financial institutions can dramatically improve the market. The three-year programme has helped finance 17,300 systems through more than 2000 participating bank branches, giving 100,000 people access clean, renewable energy, and prompting 20 other Indian banks to develop similar credit offers.	UNEP, banks
		e-Commerce and Renewable Energy (eCARE)	Bringing modern communications to rural areas can have a dramatic positive impact on communities. eCARE works with small entrepreneurs to establish rural business centres powered by renewable energy to sell voice telephony, Internet, and clean energy products and services. Currently, 37 eCARE Centres are successfully bringing modern communications to 300,000 people with plans for 200 Centres by the end of 2008, offering telecom services to more than one million Ghanaians.	National telecommunications provider, local development organizations, UNEP, UNF
		Rural Energy Enterprise Development Programme (REED) Africa Brazil China	Nurturing new, clean energy enterprises in developing countries needs providing enterprise development services and early stage seed finance. REED has invested more than $US 2 million in 45 clean energy enterprises serving more than 200,000 people.	Local development organizations, E+CO, UNEP, UNF

REGULATORY AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS

Energy access not prioritized/integrated into development strategies

	Barriers/Constraints	Case studies	Lessons learnt, best practices, results	Key implementation actors
	Energy access not prioritized/integrated into development strategies	China – National township and village electrification programmes	China made provision of electricity to rural villages a national priority. In a first phase it installed 290MW of village power systems in about 1000 villages in 6 remote provinces through a strong public private partnership.	Governments, local authorities, renewable energy industry enterprises, local communities
		South Africa - Eskom Electrification Program See also Case Studies for Sustainable Development Database	Strategies and planning for energy access should include defined targets, a technology plan, a centralised approach, and customer knowledge. Tariffs and technologies should be matched to customer requirements.	National and local Governments, private sector (Shell International Renewables Ltd.), public utilities, local rural communities
		Nepal - Rural Energy Development Programme	Energy programmes work best when they are included in integrated approaches to community development involving both women and men, and establish central networks to address the problem of repetition and duplication of works prevalent in the energy sector.	National, district and local governments, community organizations, research institutes, women, private sector, World Bank, UNDP, IUCN
		ECOWAS and UEMOA - White Paper for a Regional Policy: Geared towards Increasing Access to Energy Services for Rural and Peri-Urban Populations in order to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals http://www.energie-omd.org See also Case Studies for Sustainable Development Database	ECOWAS Member States have decided to engage on an ambitious regional policy in order to increase access to modern energy services. In that process, their objective is to allow at least half of the population to have access to modern energy services by the year 2015. That is 36 million extra households and more than 49 000 extra localities with access to modern energy services.	Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), West African Economic & Monetary Union (UEMOA), UNDP, French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Major Groups (ENDA, KITE)

Regulatory frameworks not suitable/customized for un-served areas

	Barriers/Constraints	Case studies	Lessons learnt, best practices, results	Key implementation actors
	Regulatory frameworks not suitable/customized for un-served areas	EU Energy Initiative for Poverty Eradication and Sustainable Development (EUEI)	The EUEI is a framework for policy dialogue with developing countries and the creation of specific financial instruments., including the: 220 million Euro ACP-EC Energy Facility that will co-finance energy service delivery in rural areas; the 4 million Euro Partnership Dialogue Facility that supports upstream policy dialogue; and the 17 million Euro COOPENER programme that supports capacity building in energy efficiency and renewable energy. Together these instruments now support activities in more than 50 developing countries. In addition the Africa-Europe Partnership for Infrastructure will help to improve access to energy by facilitating investments in cross-border and regional energy cooperation and trade.	The European Commission, EU Member States, Governments in developing countries, private sector, civil society and international organisations
		Amazonia Energy Initiative See also Case Studies for Sustainable Development Database	The Amazonia Energy Initiative is aiming to create an adequate framework for community-managed, independent power production using small-scale renewable energy systems. A local NGO (PRISMA) is operating power plant and selected productive uses to serve a typical remote Amazonian community. Nationally, a new regional market agent will be established to balance the relationship between the small independent power producers (PRISMAs) and the big players, as well as guarantee that technical assistance, commercial and financial instruments and tools are available for wide replication of the PRISMA Model.   Lessons learned: Institutional models and a facilitating policy environment is critical to solving energy access issues. Financing and access to finance is a key barrier to energy access.	Winrock is working in cooperation with local partners, supported by the Ministries of Mines and Energy (MME) and Science and Technology (MCT), REEEP and USAID

HOUSEHOLD ENERGY

Insufficient awareness and access to new technologies or fuel

	Barriers/Constraints	Case studies	Lessons learnt, best practices, results	Key implementation actors
	Insufficient awareness and access to new technologies or fuel	Australia – Bushlight	To improve the livelihood choices for remote indigenous communities in Australia through access to sustainable renewable energy services. A key element in the success of the Bushlight programme has been a focus on improving community capacity and confidence to choose and manage renewable energy services. Bushlight has developed a participative approach to energy planning and capacity building at the community level.	Government, indigenous communities

Inadequate electricity services

	Barriers/Constraints	Case studies	Lessons learnt, best practices, results	Key implementation actors
	Inadequate electricity services	Tanzania – Access to Electricity Program Eases Poverty See also Case Studies for Sustainable Development Database	A bottom-up approach focusing on affordability works best in providing access to electricity to low-income communities.	ABB Engineering, WWF, local governments, private sector, NGOs, aid agencies, civil society
		Philippines Off-Grid Renewable Energy See also Case Studies for Sustainable Development Database	With electrification, villagers now have increased opportunities for productive activities such as mat weaving, sewing, light for extended study time and household work.	U.S. Department of Energy, USAID, Government of Philippines, Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao and Mirant Philippines.
		Bolivia - Cooperative Development Case Study: Cooperativa Rural de Electrificación (CRE) http://www.nrecainternational.coop/ News/files/MASTERCaseStudy.pdf	Lessons learned: (1) the fundamental importance of leadership and community involvement; (2) need for investment discipline to expand electric service in areas of highest population density to those with lower population density, always focusing on recovery of cost of service; (3) need to secure favorable, long-term financing to expand electric service to more marginal areas; (4) need to establish robust technical design & construction standards, to systematize implementation of these standards, and to update them over time; and (5) the cooperative model with its focus on consumer ownership and participation in governance/management of the electric system can be immensely successful if the cooperative is able to maintain a focus on the principles of democratic control. On-going member outreach is essential to assure that board members represent the interests of cooperative members, effort as well as regular rotation of the cooperative leadership.	USAID, National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA), political & business leaders of Santa Cruz
		Bangladesh - Cooperative Development Case Study: Rural Electrification Board (REB) http://www.reb.gov.bd/ http://www.nrecainternational.coop/ Countries/Bangladesh.htm	Lessons learned:(1) Comprehensive standardization governed by a disciplined and autonomous implementing agency such as the REB can drive large-volume rural energy access; (2) a firm and abiding national policy commitment is an essential step for maintaining continuity and consistency especially in terms of financial sponsorship over rural electrification’s typically long economic gestation period (- but the benefits can be large and pervasive); (3) the adoption and implementation of low cost RE design and construction standards contributes to rural electric affordability; (4) a comprehensive training program in all aspects of utility operations and management is vital to ensure that local institutions can effectively and efficiently operate and administer a functioning and economically viable utility; (5) the cooperative’s democratic character based on member participation contributes to good local governance, local initiative, and commercial sustainability; and (6) local women’s participation in co-op development, acceptance and governance is important to program success.	SAID, National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA), REB, PBSs, as well as 17 funding partners.
		Uganda-Solar PV for Public Buildings and Health Clinics in Uganda See Case Studies for Sustainable Development Database http://webapps01.un.org/dsd/caseStudy/ public/displayDetailsAction.do?code=27	Solar electrification of the Kakuunto Hospital, where the AIDS epidemic was first identified, now allows refrigeration of vaccines and medicine, operation of medical equipment, and pumping of clean drinking water.	Solar Light for Africa, Kakuunto Hospital, Global Environment and Technology Foundation., USAID
		Australia – Rural Electrification http://www.greenhouse.gov.au	To provide rural communities in Australia access to reliable, renewable energy systems. The Australian government and industries undertook the following initiatives in order to facilitate the adoption of new renewable energy technologies by rural communities: Demonstration projects (including solar and wind power for telephone and electricity services); development of training and standards; introduction of innovative renewable technology to remote areas (including hybrid technologies); diesel replacement in remote areas; electricity market reform; and access to finance. Several lessons: First, adequate training for designers and installers of alternative rural electrification technologies is essential. Second, cross-subsidies should not disadvantage alternative technologies. Third, ensuring that these technologies are financed and maintained on a similar basis to conventional rural electricity options should go a long way to facilitating widespread adoption of alternative rural electrification technologies.	Government, private sector

 

Difficult to change traditional cooking practices

	Barriers/Constraints	Case studies	Lessons learnt, best practices, results	Key implementation actors
	Difficult to change traditional cooking practices	Solar Cooker Dissemination in Kenya	Project impact: Fuelwood savings, improved health, economic opportunities for women, profits of $1.25 or more per sale of solar cooking kits, capacity building and community awareness of solar cookers as a complement to traditional and improved cook stoves and as a cost-effective water treatment method. Lessons learned: The awareness creation process was well executed though drawn out over too long a timeframe with indifference to the solar cooking message starting to set in. SCI should have consulted more widely with Kenyan-based social marketing experts in the initial stages. Solar cooker representatives must be selected rigorously with clear income generation expectations. A full market assessment is needed before establishing fixed sales points for solar cookers. Mobile sales are more promising. Expectations that solar cookers should be given away at no cost can be overcome by having local woman at the forefront of sales who establish trust.	Solar Cookers International (SCI)

REGIONAL ENERGY TRADE

Limited electricity interconnection between countries

	Barriers/Constraints	Case studies	Lessons learnt, best practices, results	Key implementation actors
	Limited electricity interconnection between countries	Southeast Europe Cooperation Initiative Transmission System Planning Project	A regional strategic approach resulted in new investments in electric interconnections, increased coordination among electricity dispatch centers and increased coordination with European institutions.	Governments, regional energy associations, electric transmission companies
		Ethiopia - Nile Basin initiative - Eastern Nile Power Trade Investment Program http://webapps01.un.org/dsd/partnerships/ public/partnerships/1013.html	In some of the Eastern Nile (EN) countries, lack of electricity is further exacerbated by shortages of imported fuel, wood/charcoal, and other forms of energy. One way to increase access to electricity is through power trade and the co-operative development of hydropower and transmission interconnection investment projects. There is substantial untapped hydropower potential in Ethiopia and Sudan. Egypt is developing thermal power generation and is interconnected to countries in the Mediterranean rim	Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan
		Egypt - Mediterranean Ring project	The goal of the ongoing Mediterranean Ring project is to provide interconnection of electric power transmission grids among the countries and regions that encircle the Mediterranean Sea. The concept involves linking electric power grids from Spain to Morocco through the remaining Maghreb (North African and Western Arab) countries, on to Egypt and the Mashreq, (Eastern Arab) countries, and from there up to Turkey. From Turkey the Ring would then link back into the European grid via Greece or through the newly interconnected Eastern European country grids.	Governments, electric transmission companies

 

Limited gas interconnections (pipelines) between countries

	Barriers/Constraints	Case studies	Lessons learnt, best practices, results	Key implementation actors
	Limited gas interconnections (pipelines) between countries	West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP)	In 1982, The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) proposed the development of a natural gas pipeline throughout West Africa s one of its key regional economic policies. A feasibility report, prepared for the World Bank in the early 1990's, deemed that a pipeline to transport Nigerian natural gas to Benin, Togo and Ghana was commercially viable. In 2003, the four nations signed an agreement on the implementation of the WAGP. The treaty, which is for a 20-year period, provides for a comprehensive legal, fiscal and regulatory framework, as well as a single authority for the implementation of the project. The World Bank estimates that Benin, Togo and Ghana can save nearly $500 million in energy costs over a 20-year period as WAGP-supplied gas is substituted for more expensive fuels in power generation. Construction started in 2005. It is set for completion later in 2007.	WAGP consortium (Chevron, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Shell, Ghana's Volta River Authority, Societé Beninoise de Gaz, Societé Togolaise de Gaz), ECOWAS Secretariat, USAID

 

Renewable Energy  A21.9.12 (d), (f), (g); JPOI 20 (c), (d), (e)

High relative capital cost of renewable energy

	Barriers/Constraints	Case studies	Lessons learnt, best practices, results	Key implementation actors
	High relative capital cost of renewable energy	Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA)	IREDA is a Public Limited Government Company established in 1987, under the administrative control of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) to promote, develop and extend financial assistance for renewable energy and energy efficiency/conservation projects.	Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources, Renewable Energy Industry Association, industry
		Argentina - Biofuel Law	The Argentine Senate approved a bill that will grant tax incentives to the producers of biofuels while guaranteeing them a share of the market for 15 years. The new legislation grants tax exemptions to farmers who use vegetable oil to produce biodiesel, sugar cane or corn to produce ethanol, or organic waste to produce biogas	Government
		Morocco - Electrifying Rural Households See also Case Studies for Sustainable Development Database	In regions containing disparate communities where grid extension is not economically feasible, electricity services can be provided through the creation of small, locally run companies that overcome the cost barrier of renewable energy by providing a range of basic services (electricity, water, gas and communications) for the required investment and this has proven popular with end-use	Governments, Electricité de France, Tenesol, Total, private sector, donors, IFIs, local communities

Lack of policy support for increased RE application

	Barriers/Constraints	Case studies	Lessons learnt, best practices, results	Key implementation actors
	Lack of policy support for increased RE application	Germany – Renewable Energy Sources Act 2000	The Renewable Energy Sources Act is crucial for the expansion of renewable energies in the electricity sector. It is based on a feed-in regulation to grant plant operators fixed compensation normally over 20 years. The level of compensation depends on the energy source and the year in which the plant started operation, as it is reduced each year for new plants (degression).	Government, private sector
		Australia – Renewable Energy in National Parks: Queensland Parks & Wildlife Service	This program has demonstrated that there are significant ongoing savings to be gained from installing renewable energy systems in remote areas, despite high initial capital cost. Specialised training and expertise are required in the installation and servicing of these systems, with ongoing skills training for users important in enabling the acceptance and adoption of these new technologies. Solid policy implementation and structures, such as the Government subsidy scheme available for this project, are a major incentive in implementing remote renewable power systems.	Government
		China – National Renewable Law 2005	The law provides incentives to encourage the development of renewable technologies and provide market opportunities for renewable energy companies.	Government, research institutes, academia
		Barbados - Promotion of solar water heating systems	The promotion of solar water heating systems in Barbados resulted from concessions granted by the Ministry of Finance, which enabled manufacturers to import materials duty-free, and provide consumers with partial or full tax deductions for the cost of the heaters. The solar water heating industry saves Barbados about $US 6.5 million per year in imported fuel.	Government, private sector
		Compiling RES Legislation for Kazakhstan http://www.undp.kz/projects/start.html? search_url=1&simple=Energy+% 26+Environment+- +General&n0_filter=1&n0_filtervalue[]=4 See also Case Studies for Sustainable Development Database	Objective: To generate support for renewable energy for inclusion in the legislation of Kazakhstan. Challenge: Influence of the government climate policy on the renewable energy legal framework. Lessons learned: It is important to engage the industry and investors while developing the renewable energy legislation to guarantee succesful implementation. Legislative frameworks should be followed by plans for implementation to ensure the targeted level of renewable energy market development.	UNDP-Kazakhstan, REEEP
		Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Policy and Action Plan of Liberia See also Case Studies for Sustainable Development Database	Objective: To increase national awareness on RE & EE and remove barriers to investment and market development through a national policy instrument. Challenges: Government commitment and support to the project and the associated administrative delays. Achieving broad-based stakeholder participation, especially of those from rural Liberia. Lessons learned: Post-conflict situations sometime provide good opportunities for development of a sustianable energy framework. National Policy development initiatives led by NGOs face more difficulties in gaining acceptance by the Government.	Center for Sustainable Energy Technology, REEEP, Government of Liberia
		Barriers to Diffusion of Solar Thermal Technologies	This case study notes that despite technical maturity, solar thermal technology receives insufficient attention from the public and policy-makers. Solar thermal technologies a currently provide a greater contribution to global energy demand than solar electricity – photovoltaic (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP). Lessons learned emphasize the need to pursue a policy that simultaneously addresses issues such as educating the public, providing incentives, developing certification, and training installers.	IEA/OECD

Limited investment and financial support

	Barriers/Constraints	Case studies	Lessons learnt, best practices, results	Key implementation actors
	Limited investment and financial support	South Africa- Solar Water Heating for Municipal Infrastructure Delivery in South Africa See also Case Studies for Sustainable Development Database	Subsidized SWH systems were provided through a pilot project to demonstrate demand for this application. Now local financial institutions are providing soft credit terms that are affordable to the poor.	Winrock International, municipal housing authorities, engineering companies, financial institutions, USAID
		Germany – Market Incentive Programme http://www.bafa.de/1/de/aufgaben/energie/ erneuerbare_energien.php (German) http://www.iea.org/textbase/pamsdb/ detail.aspx?mode=gr&id=83	Under this scheme, individuals and small and medium-sized businesses may apply for grants and soft loans for solar collectors, biomass boilers, biogas plants and geothermal heating systems. In addition, schools may apply for grants to install photovoltaic plants.	Government, private sector
		JREC Patient Capital Initiative	The Patient Capital Initiative analyzed the nature of the risk capital funding gap. A feasibility study was conducted to assess the options of creating an innovative public-private financing mechanism that could blend public and private funding and deliver ‘patient risk capital’ to business development in developing countries and economies in transition at affordable terms. Work is ongoing to implement a Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund that will leverage public funds with a factor 10.	European Commission, Triodos Fund Management, E+Co, JREC
		Wind Energy and Rural Development: Innovative Farmer-Ownership Models	This financing model features a wind turbine owned by a group of individuals who have purchased shares, thus insulating investors from liability. This model also maximizes the applicants' ability to use tax credits and other incentives while maintaining local benefits and generating new income for farmers. The 7 turbines each produce a nameplate average of 5.75 MW of renewable energy per year.	Farmers, local community bank, USDA Rural Development
		Seed Capital Access Facility (SCAF)	Helps early stage sustainable energy enterprises access start-up seed capital from mainstream energy investors. Through SCAF, the finance community will be able to play a more direct role to accelerate growth in the renewable energy sector. SCAF will be operational by early 2007 and jointly implemented through.	Asian Development Bank, African Development Bank, UNEP
		Support for Establishing a Renewable Energy/Energy Efficiency Finance Facility in Brazil See also Case Studies for Sustainable Development Database	Objective: To establish a dedicated private equity investment fund for renewable energy and energy efficiency. Challenge: A requirement for the investment fund to limit its activities to a certain geographical area within Brazil, corresponding to the concession area of the distribution utility. Lessons learned: The local electricity utilities should have an interest and stake in the power project to ensure its success. While the fund is set out to make investments in biomass, energy efficiency and hydro power, it has since focused on hydro power to take advantage of the current opportunities in Brazil.	LaGuardia Foundation, REEEP, Blue Moon Fund
		Development of a Sustainable Energy Policy Framework for Guatemala See also Case Studies for Sustainable Development Database	Objective: Preparation of a proposal to the Government of Guatemala for a long-term national energy policy, with emphasis on renewable energy, energy efficiency and environment. Challenges: Lack of general energy consumption knowledge in country, which leads to preparation of a basic energy document. Preparation of energy sector information in simple terms for overall comprehension. Lessons learned: Policy development initiatives lead by NGOs find it difficult to gain acceptance from the Governments. Lobbying prospective candidates during a general election could be an interesting option to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency legislation.	Fundacion Solar, REEEP, GVEP-GAP, UNDP-GEF
		Manure-Digester-Fueled Generators: Dairyland Power Cooperative	Dairyland Power Cooperative supplies wholesale electricity to locally owned cooperatives and municipal utilities in Wisconsin , Iowa , Minnesota , and Illinois . At each of its five facilities, cow manure undergoes a process called anaerobic digestion that produces methane gas that, in turn, powers a 775 kW generator. Water pollution and clean air issues associated with manure disposal are significantly reduced; the heated, de-watered byproduct of the digestion process can be used as natural bedding; and the liquid can be used as a fertilizer by farmers, thus reducing the dependence on chemical fertilizers.	Electric cooperative, USDA rural Development, Department of Energy, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and local energy cooperatives, and farmers

Lack of investment by government and private sector in RE R&D

	Barriers/Constraints	Case studies	Lessons learnt, best practices, results	Key implementation actors
	Lack of investment by government and private sector in RE R&D	Denmark’s wind energy hub	This industrial success story stems from an unrivalled cluster of knowledge where manufacturers, suppliers, research and educational institutions combine expertise, innovation and advanced technology into a strong industry.	Governments, private sector, public-private partnerships
		International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy (IPHE)	The International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy was established in 2003 as an international institution to accelerate the transition to a hydrogen economy. By creating the IPHE, the Partners have committed to accelerate the development of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies to improve their energy security, environmental security and economic security.	(members of Partnership) Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, European Commission, France, Germany, Iceland, India, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Russian Federation, United Kingdom, United States

Inability of the rural and urban poor to pay high upfront costs

	Barriers/Constraints	Case studies	Lessons learnt, best practices, results	Key implementation actors
	Inability of the rural and urban poor to pay high upfront costs	Bangladesh – Grameen Shakti solar home systems	Grameen Bank has provided innovative microfinancing for solar home systems that now makes such systems affordable to the poor. Children's education has improved due to better quality of light. Men and women reported increase in income due to extended working hours after dusk. Living standard of users has also improved.	NGOs, micro-credit institutions, community based organizations, renewable energy service providers

Lack of information about RE resources and applications at all levels

	Barriers/Constraints	Case studies	Lessons learnt, best practices, results	Key implementation actors
	Lack of information about RE resources and applications at all levels	REN21 – Global status of information on RE resources, policies and tools CSD Partnerships Database	A source for global information on renewable energy technologies, markets, investment and policies.	Governments, international institutions and organisations, partnerships, policy makers
		REEEP – Actors’ Catalogue CSD Partnerships Database	This information gateway provides the catalogue of over 600 institutions and companies active in renewable energy development	International partnerships and governments
		IEA – Global Renewable Energy Policies and Measures Database	Provides unbiased information and analysis on energy policies and measures for use by decision-makers, policy experts, researchers and industry, as well the broader public.	Governments, international organisations
		Sri Lanka and Maldives-Renewable Resources Assessment for Stimulating Investment See also Case Studies for Sustainable Development Database	Making critical information on renewable energy resources available to government planners and investors at an early stage will greatly enhance and accelerate investments in renewable energy technologies.	U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, governments
		Solar and Wind Resource Assessment	High quality information on solar and wind energy resources can help renewable energy become part of the national energy development plan. Reliable site-specific information is also essential for analyzing the merits of individual projects.	UNEP, research institutes, governments
		Germany - Technical Expertise for Renewable Energy Application (TERNA)	Closing the knowledge gap in developing countries, the wind energy programme TERNA supports partner countries in the assessment and utilisation of their wind energy potential for generating grid-connected electricity. Where the assessment is positive, this leads to the initiation of wind energy projects that are ready for investment to begin. As an parallel measure, the German development cooperation advises partner countries on the establishment and improvement of energy policy frameworks.	Governments, utilities, private sector
		International Action Programme (IAP) for Renewable Energies	The IAP includes almost 200 initiatives from all the regions of the world, it covers: expansion targets, favourable political framework conditions, private and public financing, developing capacities in training, research and development. It is estimated that implementation of the IAP will in 2015 reduce the worldwide emission of CO2 1.2 billion tons/year (around 5% of global CO2-emissions), provide access to energy for an additional 300 million people, provide 163 GW additional installed electrical capacity from renewable energies and create investments at the level of USD 326 billion.	Governments, international organisations, IFIs, private sector, NGOs
		Uganda- The Uganda Photovoltaic Pilot Project for Rural Electrification	The project aimed at popularizing the use of photovoltaics in the rural areas where the hydropower grid has not reached. The following are some of the capacity building achievements: (i) Awareness was increased in rural areas among decision makers on environmental issues of energy use and the important role of the PV systems. (ii) Adequate capacity was built in the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development to promote, monitor and evaluate PV projects and review policies which promote the solar industry.	Government
		UNEP/Daimler Chrysler Biofuel Initiative	Initiative promotes the use of biofuels, establish standards for 10 percent biofuel blends for biodiesel and bioethanol, and develop criteria for the sustainable cultivation of biomass for biofuels.	UNEP, Daimler Chrysler
		International Database of Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Law	Objective: The International Sustainable Energy Assessment will identify and analyse the impact of international energy agreements on energy efficiency, energy conservation, and renewable energy technologies; the project will also increase international understanding of optimal ways to configure and utilise international energy agreements to achieve the goal of a sustainable global energy future. Challenges: Difficulties in obtaining data on various international energy agreements. Lessons learned: A collection of on-line searcheable database of international energy agreements will help governments to consider the work in the past while planning future initiatives.	University of Colorado, REEEP
		Johannesburg Renewable Energy Coalition (JREC) renewable energy policies and measures database	Enhanced reporting and awareness of existing renewable energy policies and measures is conducive to the development of local, national, regional and global renewable energy markets. Better information also helps in attracting local and international funding. The global renewable energies database is available online and covers already over 600 policies and measures enacted by some 50 countries. The database will ultimately achieve	International Energy Agency, European Commission, JREC members

Advanced and Cleaner Technologies   A21.9.12 (c), (f), (k); JPOI 20 (d), (e), (i), (j), (k)

Inadequate R&D

	Barriers/Constraints	Case studies	Lessons learnt, best practices, results	Key implementation actors
	Inadequate R&D	Combined Heat & Power Partnership http://www.epa.gov/chp/pdf/ Ethanol_Factsheet_Final%20Draft%20Jan05.pdf http://www.epa.gov/chp/pdf/ catalog_entire.pdf	A number of Governments are supporting R&D and deployment of. cogeneration that can double efficiency for power generation and district heating,, thereby reducing the amount of fuel burned, and pollution created, per unit of energy.	US EPA, US DOE, US Combined Heat & Power Association, various industries and state governments.
		Australia – Coal21	Objectives: Crea