National Implementation of Agenda 21
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Information Provided by the Government of Viet Nam to the
United Nations Department for Policy Coordination and
Sustainable Development
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This country profile has been provided by:
Name of Ministry/Office: Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment
Date: 7 April 1997
Submitted by: Nguyen Ngoc Sinh, Director of NEA
Mailing address: 39 Tran Hung Dao Street, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Telephone: 84-4 8242511
Telefax: 84-4 8251518
E-mail:
Note from the Secretariat: An effort has been made to present all country profiles within a common format, with an equal number of pages. However, where Governments have not provided information for the tables appended to Chapters 4 and 17, those tables have been omitted entirely in order to reduce the overall length of the profile and save paper. Consequently, there may be some minor inconsistencies among the formats of the different country profiles.
All statistics are rendered as provided by the respective Governments.
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APELL | Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level |
CFC | chlorofluorocarbon |
CGIAR | Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research |
CILSS | Permanent Inter-State Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel |
EEZ | exclusive economic zone |
ECA | Economic Commission for Africa |
ECE | Economic Commission for Europe |
ECLAC | Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean |
ELCI | Environmental Liaison Centre International |
EMINWA | environmentally sound management of inland water |
ESCAP | Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific |
ESCWA | Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia |
FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
GATT | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade |
GAW | Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO) |
GEF | Global Environment Facility |
GEMS | Global Environmental Monitoring System (UNEP) |
GEMS/WATER | Global Water Quality Monitoring Programme |
GESAMP | Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution |
GIPME | Global Investigation of Pollution in Marine Environment (UNESCO) |
GIS | Geographical Information System |
GLOBE | Global Legislators Organisation for a Balanced Environment |
GOS | Global Observing System (WMO/WWW) |
GRID | Global Resource Information Database |
GSP | generalized system of preferences |
HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
IAEA | International Atomic Energy Agency |
IAP-WASAD | International Action Programme on Water and Sustainable Agricultural Development |
IARC | International Agency for Research on Cancer |
IBSRAM | International Board of Soil Resources and Management |
ICCA | International Council of Chemical Associations |
ICES | International Council for the Exploration of the Sea |
ICPIC | International Cleaner Production Information Clearing House |
ICSC | International Civil Service Commission |
ICSU | International Council of Scientific Unions |
IEEA | Integrated environmental and economic accounting |
IFAD | International Fund for Agricultural Development |
IGADD | Intergovernmental Authority for Drought and Development |
IGBP | International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (ICSU) |
IGBP/START | International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme/Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training |
ILO | International Labour Organisation |
IMF | International Monetary Fund |
IMO | International Maritime Organization |
INFOTERRA | International Environment Information system (UNEP) |
IOC | Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission |
IPCC | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
IPCS | International Programme on Chemical Safety |
IPM | integrated pest management |
IRPTC | International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals |
ITC | International Tin Council |
ITTO | International Tropical Timber Organization |
IUCN | International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
MARPOL | International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships |
OECD | Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development |
PGRFA | plant genetic resources for agriculture |
PIC | prior informed consent procedure |
SADCC | South African Development Co-ordination Conference |
SARD | sustainable agriculture and rural development |
UNCTAD | United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |
UNDP | United Nations Development Programme |
UNDRO | Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator |
UNEP | United Nations Environment Programme |
UNESCO | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
UNFPA | United Nations Population Fund |
UNICEF | United Nations Children's Fund |
UNIDO | United Nations Industrial Development Organization |
UNU | United Nations University |
WCP | World Climate Programme (WMO/UNEP/ICSU/UNESCO) |
WFC | World Food Council |
WHO | World Health Organization |
WMO | World Meteorological Organization |
WWF | World Wide Fund for Nature (also called World Wildlife Fund) |
WWW | World Weather Watch (WMO) |
1. Name of Key National Sustainable Development Coordination Mechanism(s)/Council(s).
Contact point (Name, Title, Office):Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Sinh,
Director General, National Environment Agency of Ministry of
Science, Technology and Environment
2. Membership/Composition/Chairperson:
2a. List of ministries and agencies involved:
2b. Names of para-statal bodies and institutions involved, as well as participating of academic and private sector bodies:
2c. Names of non-governmental organizations involved:
3. Mandate role of above mechanism/council:
4. If available, attach a diagram (organization chart) showing national coordination structure and linkages between ministries:
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 2: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
TO ACCELERATE SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND RELATED DOMESTIC
POLICIES (with special emphasis on TRADE)
Vietnam has environmental and sustainable programmes with Canada,
Japan, Australia, the World Bank (Industrial
pollution prevention in Viet Nam), and UNEP.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Countries of ASEAN, Canada,
Australia, Japan, U.S.A
STATUS REPORT: Member of ASEAN, UNEP
ASOEW - Vietnam: Prof. Chu Tuan Nha, Chairman
- Decision-making: National Action Plan of Biodiversity
- Closing Natural Forest on the whole country
- Planning and Management of Land Resources
- Protection of the Quality and Supply of Fresh Water Resources
- Management of Toxic Chemicals, Hazardous Wastes, Solid Wastes and
Radioactive Wastes.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 3: COMBATING POVERTY
Focus of national strategy
Highlight activities aimed at the poor and linkages to the
environment
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Countries of ASEAN
STATUS REPORT:
- National Bank loans for poor people
- Promoting education, public awareness and training (for poor
people)
- Vietnam has a fresh water and rural sanitation programme. (Decree
200 Ttg of the Premier Minister);
- Public spending on social sector.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information NB: Developed countries, where domestic poverty alleviation is not a major concern may wish to briefly describe their position regarding global poverty alleviation.
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Latest 199_ | |||||
Unemployment (%) | |||||
Population living in absolute poverty | |||||
Public spending on social sector % | |||||
Other data
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 4: CHANGING CONSUMPTION
PATTERNS
National policy objectives/focus
National targets
No information
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
- Promoting Domestic Product Consumption Cleaning Vegetables;
- Freshwater and Sanitation;
- Using Gas and Electricity for Cooking (in urban areas);
- People try to stop smoking.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
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GDP per capita (current US$) | ||||||||
Real GDP growth (%) | ||||||||
Other data Economic Growth Rates (Per cent change): | ||||||||
GDR | ||||||||
Agriculture | ||||||||
Industry | ||||||||
Services | ||||||||
Sectir shares in Total GDP | ||||||||
GDP (per cent) | ||||||||
Agriculture (including forestry) | ||||||||
Industry and construction Services |
Government policies affecting consumption and production.
1. Goals and Agents (Stakeholders)
Indicate with a (X) those agents which your Governments policies are meant most to influence.
Agents Goals | |||||
Material efficiency | X | ||||
Energy efficiency: | |||||
Transport | X | X | X | ||
Housing | X | X | X | ||
Other | |||||
Waste: | |||||
Reduce | X | X | |||
Reuse | X | X | X | ||
Recycle | X | X |
Comments:
2. Means & Measures and Agents (Stakeholders)
Indicate with an (R) those agents who assume primary responsibility for any of the policy measures indicated; indicate with an (I) the agents for which the impact is expected to be especially significant.
Agents Means & Measures | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Improving understanding and analysis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Information and education (e.g., radio/TV/press) |
| R
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| Research
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| R
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| Evaluating environmental claims
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| Form partnerships
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| R
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| Applying tools for modifying behaviour
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| Community based strategies
| X
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| R
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| Social incentives/disincentives (e.g.,
ecolabelling)
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| R
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| Regulatory instruments
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| Economic incentives/disincentives
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| Voluntary agreements of producer responsibility
for | aspects of product life cycle
| I
| R
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| Provision of enabling facilities and
infrastructure | (e.g., transportation alternatives, recycling)
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| Procurement policy
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| I
| R
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| Monitoring, evaluating and reviewing performance
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| Action campaign
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| R
| R
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| Other (specify)
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Comments:
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 5: DEMOGRAPHIC DYNAMICS AND SUSTAINABILITY
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Countries of ASEAN | ||||
STATUS REPORT: The Vietnamese economy
remained strong through 1994 and 1995, and the macro-economic
growth rates have exceeded targets set for the last five year plan
from 1991-1995. During this period, the Vietnamese
economy has moved from recession to a position of relative
strength, providing the foundations for a new stage in
Vietnam's development process.
Development policies, together with the adjustment of the structure of agriculture and the rural economy, are providing the incentives for increased food production.
The Government considers the population growth too high. The Government considers the fertility level too low.
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1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
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Latest 1995_ | ||||
Population (Thousands) mid-year estimates | 77000 | |||
Annual rate of increase (1990-1993) | ||||
Surface area (Km2) | 33 mil. | |||
Population density (people/Km2) | 60 | |||
Other data
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 6: PROTECTING AND PROMOTING
HUMAN HEALTH
The following are the major concerns about environmental pollution
and degradation, and the problem of containing social
evils: Remarkable efforts and achievements have been achieved in
the health care system in terms of preventive health,
including the successful implementation of the child care and
protection programme, disease protection, increasing the
proportion of the population with access to clean water, improved
access to health services at communes and locals,
especially in rural and mountainous areas. Some national health
centres and leading provincial and municipal hospitals
have been upgraded and re-equipped. The health insurance system has
been expended, and partial cost recovery policies in
hospitals have contributed to improved financing of health centre
operations.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: The living standards of the
population, especially those in some rural and mountainous areas
are still
very low and are improving too slowly.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
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Latest 199_ | ||||
Life expectancy at birth Male Female | ||||
Infant mortality (per 1000 live births) | ||||
Maternal mortality rate (per 100000 live births) | ||||
Access to safe drinking water (% of population) | 20-30 | 30 | 50-60 | |
Access to sanitation services (% of population) | 10-20 | 10-20 | 40 | |
Other data
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 7: PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE HUMAN
SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Economic development and new
initiatives in solving social problems have contributed to
improvements in incomes and living standards across all population
strate in all regions, but the distribution of these
benefits has not been equal. In the whole country, about 80 per
cent of households now enjoy better living conditions than
in 1990. The number of poor households has been reduced. Periods of
hunger between harvests have been abolished in
many localities.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
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Urban population in % of total population | 20-30 | 40 | |
Annual rate of growth of urban population (%) | 5 | 10-20 | |
Largest city population (in % of total population) | 2 | 3 | |
Other data |
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 8: INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT IN DECISION-MAKING
There are major concerns about environmental pollution and
degradation, and the problem of containing social evils.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Protection of the environment and
ecology are being more actively implemented as a result of the
promulgation of the Law on Environmental Protection, and
regulations under the Law.
1. Decision-Making Structure (please also refer to the fact sheet): No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 9: PROTECTION OF THE
ATMOSPHERE
Viet Nam has ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter
Protection of the atmosphere is promoted by not using CFCs and by
monitoring and controlling air pollution.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Viet Nam has ratified the The
Montreal Protocol and its Amendments.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
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Latest 1995 | ||||
CO2 emissions (eq. million tons) | 560mg/m3 | |||
SOx " | 10mg/m3 | |||
NOx " | 6mg/m3 | |||
H2S " | 4,5mg/m3 | |||
NH3 | 0,03mg/m3 | |||
Consumption of ozone depleting substances (Tons) | ||||
Expenditure on air pollution abatement in US$ equivalents (million) | ||||
Other data
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATED APPROACH TO
THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF LAND
RESOURCES
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: The management of land resources
is provided by the Law on the Protection and Management of
Land Resources.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 11: COMBATING
DEFORESTATION
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: At the moment, Viet Nam has only
20% of natural forests (Closing natural forests in 1997).
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
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Latest 199- | ||||
Forest Area (Km2) | 14325000 ha | 8631000 ha | ||
Protected forest area | ||||
Roundwood production (solid volume of roundwood without bark in mill m3) | ||||
Deforestation rate (Km2/annum) | ||||
Reforestation rate (Km2/annum) | ||||
Other data
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 12: MANAGING FRAGILE
ECOSYSTEMS: COMBATING DESERTIFICATION AND
DROUGHT
International Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries
Experiencing Drought and/or Desertification
Particularly in Africa
No information
Additional comments relevant to this chapter
No information
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
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Latest 199_ | ||||
Land affected by desertification (Km2) | ||||
Other data
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 13: MANAGING FRAGILE
ECOSYSTEMS: SUSTAINABLE MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT
- Closing natural forests;
- The Mining Law (1996); and by
- Preparing a National Action Plan on the protection of
biodiversity.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Sustainable mountain development
in Viet Nam is provided by:
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 14: PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
- Having freshwater and rural sanitation;
- Having clean vegetables;
- Agriculture pollution prevention; and by
- Development policies, which together with the adjustment of the
structure of agriculture and the rural economy, are
providing the incentives for increased food production.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Viet Nam promotes sustainable
agriculture and rural development by:
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
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Latest 199_ | ||||
Agricultural land (Km2) | ||||
Agricultural land as % of total land area | ||||
Agricultural land per capita | ||||
Latest 199_ | ||||
Consumption of fertilizers per Km2 of agricultural land as of 1990 | ||||
Other data
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 15: CONSERVATION OF
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
Additional comments relevant to this chapter
Conservation of biological diversity is provided by the national
action plan on the protection biodiversity.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Viet Nam has ratified the
Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Convention on
International
Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
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Latest 199_ | |||
Protected area as % of total land area | |||
Latest 199_ | |||
Number of threatened species | |||
Other data
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 16: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Closing natural forests (from
1996); preparing a national action plan on the protection
biodiversity;
and the protection of Animals in the Red-book.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 17: PROTECTION OF THE
OCEANS, ALL KINDS OF SEAS, INCLUDING ENCLOSED
AND SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS, AND COASTAL AREAS AND THE PROTECTION,
RATIONAL USE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR LIVING RESOURCES
See also the attached tables on the next pages.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Viet Nam has ratified The UN
Convention on the Law of the Sea.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
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Latest 199- | ||||
Catches of marine species (metric tons) | ||||
Population in coastal areas | ||||
Population served by waste water treatment (% of
country's total population) | ||||
Discharges of oil into coastal waters (metric tons) | ||||
Releases of phosphate into coastal waters (metric tons) | ||||
Releases of nitrate into coastal waters (metric tons) | ||||
Other data
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Chapter 17 (Oceans) Continued:
Check the boxes in the column below left: | Check the boxes in the column below right: |
For level of importance use: | For level of implementation use: |
*** = very important | *** = fully covered |
** = important | ** = well covered- gaps being addressed |
* = not important | * = poorly covered |
N = not relevant | O = not covered; N = not relevant |
TABLE I. THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED BY THE APPROPRIATE COORDINATING MECHANISM FOR INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL AND MARINE AREAS AND THEIR RESOURCES.
a. Preparation and implementation of land and water use and siting policies. | ||
b. Implementation of integrated coastal and marine management and sustainable development plans and programmes at appropriate levels. | ||
c. Preparation of coastal profiles identifying critical areas including eroded zones, physical processes, development patterns, user conflicts and specific priorities for management. | ||
d. Prior environmental impact assessment, systematic observation and follow-up of major projects, including systematic incorporation of results in decision-making. | ||
e. Contingency plans for human induced and natural disasters. | ||
f. Improvement of coastal human settlements, especially in housing, drinking water and treatment and disposal of sewage, solid wastes and industrial effluents. | ||
g. Periodic assessment of the impacts of external factors and phenomena to ensure that the objectives of integrated management and sustainable development of coastal areas and marine environment are met. | ||
h. Conservation and restoration of altered critical habitats. | ||
I. Integration of sectoral programmes on sustainable development for settlements, agriculture, tourism, fishing, ports and industries affecting the coastal areas. | ||
J. Infrastructure adaptation and alternative employment. | ||
K. Human resource development and training. | ||
L. Public education, awareness and information programmes. | ||
M. Promoting environmentally sound technology and sustainable practices. | ||
N. Development and simultaneous implementation of environmental quality criteria. |
TABLE II. TECHNOLOGY (MARINE ENVIRONMENT)
A. Apply preventive, precautionary and anticipatory approaches so as to avoid degradation of the marine environment, as well as to reduce the risk of long-term or irreversible adverse effects upon it. | ||
B. Ensure prior assessment of activities that may have significant adverse impacts upon the marine environment. | ||
C. Integrate protection of the marine environment into relevant general environmental, social and economic development policies. | ||
D. Develop economic incentives, where appropriate, to apply clean technologies and other means consistent with the internalization of environmental costs, such as the polluter pays principle, so as to avoid degradation of the marine environment. | ||
E. Improve the living standards of coastal populations, particularly in developing countries, so as to contribute to reducing the degradation of the coastal and marine environment. | ||
F. Effective monitoring and surveillance within the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of fish harvesting and transportation of toxic and other hazardous materials. |
TABLE III. SEWAGE RELATED ISSUES
A. Sewage related problems are considered when formulating or reviewing coastal development plans, including human development plans. | ||
B. Sewage treatment facilities are built in accordance with national policies. | ||
C. Coastal outfalls are located so as to maintain acceptable level of environmental quality and to avoid exposing shell fisheries, water intakes and bathing areas to pathogens. | ||
D. The Government promotes primary treatment of municipal sewage discharged to rivers, estuaries and the sea, or other solutions appropriate to specific sites. | ||
E. The Government supports the establishment and improvement of local, national, subregional and regional, as necessary, regulatory and monitoring programmes to control effluent discharge. Minimum sewage effluent guidelines and water quality criteria are in use. |
TABLE IV. OTHER SOURCES OF MARINE POLLUTION, THE GOVERNMENT HAS:
A. Established or improved upon, as necessary, regulatory and monitoring programmes to control emissions, including recycling technologies. | ||
B. Promoted risk and environmental impact assessments to help ensure an acceptable level of environmental quality. | ||
C. Promoted assessment and cooperation at the regional level, where appropriate, with respect to the input of point source pollutants from the marine environment. | ||
D. Taken steps to eliminate emissions or discharges of organohalogen compounds from the marine environment. | ||
E. Taken steps to eliminate/reduce emissions or discharges or other synthetic organic compounds from the marine environment. | ||
F. Promoted controls over anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen and phosphorous that enter coastal waters where such problems as eutrophication threaten the marine environment or its resources. | ||
G. Taken steps to develop and implement environmentally sound land-use techniques and practices to reduce run-off to water courses and estuaries which would cause pollution or degradation of the marine environment. | ||
H. Promoted the use of environmentally less harmful pesticides and fertilizers and alternative methods for pest control, and considered the prohibition of those found to be environmentally unsound. | ||
I. Adopted new initiatives at national, subregional and regional levels for controlling the input of non-point source pollutants which require broad changes in sewage and waste management, agricultural practices, mining, construction and transportation. | ||
J. Taken steps to control and prevent coastal erosion and siltation due to anthropogenic factors related to, inter alia, land-use and construction techniques and practices. |
TABLE V. ADDRESSING CRITICAL UNCERTAINTIES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE. IN ORDER TO IMPLEMENT THIS PROGRAMME AREA THE GOVERNMENT IS CARRYING OUT THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES:
XX | A. Coordinating national and regional observation programmes for coastal and near-shore phenomena related to climate change and for research parameters essential for marine and coastal management in all regions. | |
XX | B. Providing improved forecasts of marine conditions for the safety of inhabitants of coastal areas and for the efficiency of marine operations. | |
XX | C. Adopting special measures to cope with and adapt to potential climate change and sea-level rise. | |
XX | D. Participating in coastal vulnerability assessment, modelling and response strategies particularly for priority areas, such as small islands and low-lying and critical coastal areas. | |
XX | E. Identifying ongoing and planned programmes of systematic observation of the marine environment, with a view to integrating activities and establishing priorities to address critical uncertainties for oceans and all seas. | |
XX | F. Research to determine the marine biological effects of increased levels of ultraviolet rays due to the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. | |
XX | G. Carrying out analysis, assessments and systematic observation of the role of oceans as a carbon sink. |
TABLE VI. RATING OF ACTIVITIES IN THE AIR AND MARITIME TRANSPORT SECTORS IN THE SMALL ISLANDS DEVELOPING STATES (SIDS)
1. Frequency (external flights) | XX | 1. Frequency (external shipping) | XX |
2. Frequency (in-country flights) | XX | 2. Frequency (in-country shipping) | XX |
3. Cooperation at regional level in air transport and civil aviation | XX | 3. Cooperation at regional level in shipping | XX |
4. Cooperation at international level | XXX | 4. Cooperation at international level | XX |
5. Economic viability of national air line | XX | 5. Economic viability of national shipping line(s) | XX |
6. Economic viability of regional air line | XX | 6. Economic viability of regional shipping line (s) | XX |
7. national level training in skills for air transport sector | XXX | 7. National level training in skills for maritime transport sector | XXX |
8. Access to training in skills for air transport sector within the region | XX | 8. Regional level training in skills for maritime transport sector | XX |
9. Access to international training for air transport sector | XX | 9. Access to international training for maritime transport sector | XX |
10. Supportive of ICAO | XX |
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 18: PROTECTION OF THE
QUALITY AND SUPPLY OF FRESHWATER RESOURCES:
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATED APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENT,
MANAGEMENT AND USE OF WATER RESOURCES
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: The objectives of chapter 18 are
promoted by disease protection, increasing the proportion of the
population with access to clean water, improved access to health
services at communes and locals, especially in rural and
mountainous areas and by preparing a Law on the Protection of
Underground Water.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
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Latest 199- | ||||
Fresh water availability (total domestic/external in million m3) | ||||
Annual withdrawal of freshwater as % of available water | ||||
Other data
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 19: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF TOXIC CHEMICALS,
INCLUDING PREVENTION OF ILLEGAL INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN TOXIC
AND DANGEROUS PRODUCTS
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Objectives of chapter 19 are
promoted by having a decree of the Premier Minister about
environmental management of toxic and dangerous products.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 20: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES,
INCLUDING PREVENTION OF ILLEGAL INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN
HAZARDOUS WASTES
Additional comments relevant to this chapter
Implementation by the Decree of the Premier Minister on the
Management of Hazardous Wastes
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Viet Nam has ratified the The
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
|
Latest 199- | ||||
Generation of hazardous waste (t) | ||||
Import of hazardous wastes (t) | ||||
Export of hazardous wastes (t) | ||||
Area of land contaminated by hazardous waste (km2) | ||||
Expenditure on hazardous waste treatment (US$) | ||||
Other data Hazadours waste from hospital | 1,5 mil. ton | |||
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 21: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTES AND SEWAGE-RELATED ISSUES
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Having management of solid
wastes.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
|
Latest 199- | ||||
Generation of industrial and municipal waste (t) | 60 mil. | |||
Waste disposed(Kg/capita) | ||||
Expenditure on waste collection and treatment (US$) | ||||
Waste recycling rates (%) | ||||
Municipal waste disposal (Kg/capita) | ||||
Waste reduction rates per unit of GDP (t/year) | ||||
Other data
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 22: SAFE AND
ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE
WASTES
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Viet Nam is preparing a draft
about the management of radioactive waste.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
3. Major Groups: No information
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
|
| |
Ch. 24: GLOBAL ACTION FOR WOMEN TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND
EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women was
24.b Increasing the proportion of women decision makers. Percentage of women:
24.2.e assessing, reviewing, revising and implementing curricula and other educational material with a view to promoting dissemination of gender-relevant knowledge.
24.2.f and 24.2.c formulating and implementing policies, guidelines, strategies and plans for achievement of equality in all aspects of society including issuing a strategy by year 2000 to eliminate obstacles to full participation of women in sustainable development.
24.2.d establishing mechanisms by 1995 to assess implementation and impact of development and environment policies and programmes on women
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information
|
| |
Ch. 25: CHILDREN AND YOUTH IN SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT. 25.4 establishing processes that promote dialogue between the youth and government at all levels and mechanisms that permit youth access to information and opportunity to present their views on implementing A21. Name relevant youth fora (3-4 most important): 1. 2. 3. 4.
Describe their role in the national process: 25.6 reducing youth unemployment Youth unemployment 1992:______________ 1996:________ 25.5 ensuring that by year 2000 more than 50% of youth -- gender balanced -- have access to appropriate secondary education or vocational training. The goal set in Agenda 21:
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information
|
| |
Ch. 26: RECOGNIZING AND STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND THEIR
COMMUNITIES.
26.3.a establishing a process to empower indigenous people and their communities -- through policies and legal instruments:
26.3.b strengthening arrangements for active participation in national policies
26.3.c involving indigenous people in resource management strategies and programmes at the national and local level.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information
| |
Ch. 27: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS: PARTNERS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. 27.5 developing mechanisms that allow NGOs to play their partnership role responsibly and effectively. 27.6 reviewing formal procedures and mechanisms to involve NGOs in decision making and implementation. 27.8 promoting and allowing NGOs to participate in the conception, establishment and evaluation of official mechanisms to review Agenda 21 implementation.
27.7 establishing a mutually productive dialogue by 1995 at the national level between NGOs and governments.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information
|
| |
Ch. 28: LOCAL AUTHORITIES' INITIATIVES IN SUPPORT OF
AGENDA 21.
28.2.d encouraging local authorities to implement and monitor programmes that aim to ensure participation of women and youth in local decision making. There are at least ------ local agenda 21s. -----% involve representation of women and/or youth They involve ----% of population Government support of local agenda 21 initiatives:
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information
| |
Ch. 29: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF WORKERS AND
THEIR TRADE UNIONS. 29.2 full participation of workers in implementation and evaluation of A21. 29.3 a to e (By year 2000, (a) promoting ratification of ILO conventions; (b) establishing bipartite and tripartite mechanism on safety, health and sustainable development; (c) increasing number of environmental collective agreements; (d) reducing occupational accidents and injuries; (e) increasing workers' education and training efforts.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information
|
| |
30: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY. 30.6 increasing the efficiency of resource use, including reuse, recycling, and reduction of waste per unit of economic output.
30.18.a encouraging the concept of stewardship in management and use of natural resources by entrepreneurs.
List any actions taken in this area:
30.18.b increasing number of enterprises that subscribe to and implement sustainable development policies.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information
|
| |
Ch. 31: SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL
COMMUNITY. 31.3.b improving exchange of knowledge and concerns between s&t community and the general public.
31.9 developing, improving and promoting international acceptance of codes of practice and guidelines related to science and technology and its role in reconciling environment and development.
Brief comments on this chapter not already described in chapter 35 (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information
| |
Ch. 32: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF
FARMERS. 32.5.c promoting and encouraging sustainable farming practices and technologies.
32.5.e developing a policy framework that provides incentives and motivation among farmers for sustainable and efficient farming practices.
32.5.f enhancing participation of organizations of farmers in design and implementation of sustainable development policies.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 33: FINANCIAL RESOURCES
AND MECHANISMS
Financial resources and mechanisms are also covered
under each sectoral chapter of Agenda 21 where
relevant. This summary highlights broader national financial
policies, domestic and external
(including ODA)
CHANGES IN NATIONAL BUDGET TO ADDRESS SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT: No information
NEW ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS: No information
ELIMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY UNFRIENDLY SUBSIDIES: No
information
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Inflows of Official Development
Assistance (ODA) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) resources
continued to increase during 1994 and 1995 with many projects now
being operational and operating efficiently. During
the first 3 years of the 1991-1995 five-year plan, Vietnam received
very modest levels of ODA resources. Inflows of
ODA were limited to a few bilateral donors, UN organizations and
NGOs providing mainly technical and humanitarian
assistance.
ODA policy issues No information
|
ODA funding provided or received (Total US$million) | ||||||
Net flow of external capital from all sources as % of GDP | ||||||
Other data
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 34: TRANSFER OF
ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND TECHNOLOGY, COOPERATION
AND CAPACITY-BUILDING
Transfer of environmentally sound technology,
cooperation and capacity-building is also covered under each
sectoral
chapter of Agenda 21 where relevant. This summary highlights
broader national policies and actions relating to
chapter 34.
MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION: No information
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT ON LINKS BETWEEN NATIONAL, REGIONAL
AND INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION
NETWORKS/SYSTEMS: No information
Describe any work being undertaken at the national or
local level regarding efforts to promote clean production
processes and/or the concepts of eco-efficiency. These processes
may include training, preferential financial
arrangements, information dissemination and changes in legal or
regulatory frameworks.
No information
Provide information on the adoption of environmental management systems. National reaction to environmental management system standards such as the ISO 14000 Series and others. Please note efforts made at the national level to promote their adoption and the creation of certification infrastructure in order to facilitate access to these standards to local industry.
No information
List and describe programs or work under way to facilitate the transfer of ESTs to small and medium sized enterprises. Please note efforts to facilitate access to financial resources and other transfer strategies.
No information
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 35: SCIENCE FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
STEPS TAKEN TO ENHANCE SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, IMPROVE LONG
TERM SCIENTIFIC
ASSESSMENT, BUILDING OF CAPACITY AND CAPABILITY: No
information
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT ON NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE,
RESEARCH NEEDS AND PRIORITIES: No
information
Year | |||
Number of scientists, engineers and technicians engaged in research and experimental development | # | 19-- | |
Total expenditure for research and experimental development (US$eq.) | $ | 19-- | |
Other data
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 36: PROMOTING EDUCATION,
PUBLIC AWARENESS AND TRAINING
a) Reorientation of education towards sustainable
development: No information
b) Increasing public awareness: No information
c) Promoting training: No information
ROLE OF MAJOR GROUPS: No information
FINANCING AND COST EVALUATION OF THE LABOUR ACTIVITIES: No
information
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Education and training have
improved but they still do not meet the national development
requirements, especially in terms of quality.
Latest 199- | ||||
Adult literacy rate (%) Male | ||||
Adult literacy rate (%) Female | ||||
% of primary school children reaching grade 5 (1986-97) | ||||
Mean number of years of schooling | ||||
% of GNP spent on education | ||||
Females per 100 males in secondary school | ||||
Women per 100 men in the labour force | ||||
Other data
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 37: NATIONAL MECHANISMS
AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR
CAPACITY-BUILDING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
National capacity building is also covered under
sectoral chapters.
Donors: You may wish to describe here how Agenda 21
has influenced your ODA policies in this area.
Developing countries: You may wish to describe any
new national mechanisms for capacity building - and any
changes in technical cooperation.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT ON NATIONAL ENDOGENOUS CAPACITY
BUILDING: No information
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 38: INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
Ch. 38: Brief summary of any particular UN System
response affecting this country/state: No information
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 39: INTERNATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND MECHANISMS
Ch. 39: International Legal Instruments are covered
under the relevant sectoral chapters. This is a listing of major
agreements/conventions (not already covered) entered into and
relevant to Agenda 21: No information
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 40: INFORMATION FOR
DECISION-MAKING
This chapter is also covered under sectoral and
other chapters of this profile. The matrix below gives an overview
of how national authorities rate the available information for
decision making.
2.
International cooperation and trade
3.
Combating poverty
4.
Changing consumption patterns
5.
Demographic dynamics and sustainability
6.
Human health
7.
Human settlements
8.
Integrating E & D in decision-making
9.
Protection of the atmosphere
10.
Integrated planning and management of land resources
11.
Combating deforestation
12.
Combating desertification and drought
13.
Sustainable mountain development
14.
Sustainable agriculture and rural development
15.
Conservation of biological diversity
16.
Biotechnology
17.
Oceans, seas, coastal areas and their living resources
18.
Freshwater resources
19.
Toxic chemicals
20.
Hazardous wastes
21.
Solid wastes
22.
Radioactive wastes
24.
Women in sustainable development
25.
Children and youth
26.
Indigenous people
27.
Non-governmental organizations
28.
Local authorities
29.
Workers and trade unions
30.
Business and industry
31.
Scientific and technological community
32.
Farmers
33.
Financial resources and mechanisms
34.
Technology, cooperation and capacity-building
35.
Science for sustainable development
36.
Education, public awareness and training
37.
International cooperation for capacity-building
38.
International institutional arrangements
39.
International legal instruments
40.
Information for decision-making
No information
|
Latest 199- | ||||
Number of telephones in use per 100 inhabitants | ||||
Other data
|
Copyright © United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Comments and suggestions: esa@un.org
1 November 1997