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National Implementation of Agenda 21
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Information Provided by the Government of Greece to the
United Nations Department for Policy Coordination and
Sustainable Development
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This country profile has been provided by:
Name of Ministry/Office: Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works, Department of International Relations and EU Affairs
Date: 13 January 1997
Submitted by: M. Kritikou
Mailing address: 17, Amaliados str., 11523 Athens, Greece
Telephone: 301-6411717
Telefax: 301-6434470
E-mail:
Note from the Secretariat: An effort has been made to present all country profiles within a common format, with an equal number of pages. However, where Governments have not provided information for the tables appended to Chapters 4 and 17, those tables have been omitted entirely in order to reduce the overall length of the profile and save paper. Consequently, there may be some minor inconsistencies among the formats of the different country profiles.
All statistics are rendered as provided by the respective Governments.
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| APELL | Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level |
| CFC | chlorofluorocarbon |
| CGIAR | Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research |
| CILSS | Permanent Inter-State Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel |
| EEZ | exclusive economic zone |
| ECA | Economic Commission for Africa |
| ECE | Economic Commission for Europe |
| ECLAC | Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean |
| ELCI | Environmental Liaison Centre International |
| EMINWA | environmentally sound management of inland water |
| ESCAP | Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific |
| ESCWA | Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia |
| FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
| GATT | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade |
| GAW | Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO) |
| GEF | Global Environment Facility |
| GEMS | Global Environmental Monitoring System (UNEP) |
| GEMS/WATER | Global Water Quality Monitoring Programme |
| GESAMP | Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution |
| GIPME | Global Investigation of Pollution in Marine Environment (UNESCO) |
| GIS | Geographical Information System |
| GLOBE | Global Legislators Organisation for a Balanced Environment |
| GOS | Global Observing System (WMO/WWW) |
| GRID | Global Resource Information Database |
| GSP | generalized system of preferences |
| HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
| IAEA | International Atomic Energy Agency |
| IAP-WASAD | International Action Programme on Water and Sustainable Agricultural Development |
| IARC | International Agency for Research on Cancer |
| IBSRAM | International Board of Soil Resources and Management |
| ICCA | International Council of Chemical Associations |
| ICES | International Council for the Exploration of the Sea |
| ICPIC | International Cleaner Production Information Clearing House |
| ICSC | International Civil Service Commission |
| ICSU | International Council of Scientific Unions |
| IEEA | Integrated environmental and economic accounting |
| IFAD | International Fund for Agricultural Development |
| IGADD | Intergovernmental Authority for Drought and Development |
| IGBP | International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (ICSU) |
| IGBP/START | International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme/Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training |
| ILO | International Labour Organisation |
| IMF | International Monetary Fund |
| IMO | International Maritime Organization |
| INFOTERRA | International Environment Information system (UNEP) |
| IOC | Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission |
| IPCC | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
| IPCS | International Programme on Chemical Safety |
| IPM | integrated pest management |
| IRPTC | International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals |
| ITC | International Tin Council |
| ITTO | International Tropical Timber Organization |
| IUCN | International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
| MARPOL | International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships |
| OECD | Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development |
| PGRFA | plant genetic resources for agriculture |
| PIC | prior informed consent procedure |
| SADCC | South African Development Co-ordination Conference |
| SARD | sustainable agriculture and rural development |
| UNCTAD | United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |
| UNDP | United Nations Development Programme |
| UNDRO | Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator |
| UNEP | United Nations Environment Programme |
| UNESCO | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
| UNFPA | United Nations Population Fund |
| UNICEF | United Nations Children's Fund |
| UNIDO | United Nations Industrial Development Organization |
| UNU | United Nations University |
| WCP | World Climate Programme (WMO/UNEP/ICSU/UNESCO) |
| WFC | World Food Council |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| WMO | World Meteorological Organization |
| WWF | World Wide Fund for Nature (also called World Wildlife Fund) |
| WWW | World Weather Watch (WMO) |
Since the Rio Conference, Greece has started to adopt its strategic policy framework towards sustainable development. The environmental protection requirements are integrated into the implementation of the key development sectors. This is achieved either through the implementation of the EU policy (e.g. Fifth Environmental Action Programme) or through national measures.
In order to attain sustainable development Greece is focusing on the following targets:
Integration of Environment and Economy. Incorporation of the principles, values, sensitivities and priorities of ecology in sustainable development.
Balanced socio-economic development, reduction of differences between the so-called "developed" and "problematic" regions or between centre and periphery.
Decentralisation of activities and population.
Improvement and development of potentials of peripheral regions and survival of small towns and rural centres.
Mitigation and reversion of the trends of migration and urbanisation.
Preparation of the National Cadastre.
Reinforcement of the economic, social and cultural development of remote areas.
Reshapement of the local government's services and responsibilities.
Energy planning towards renewable energies.
Enhancement of the social cohesion and the environmental and cultural identity of urban centres and minor settlements.
Conservation of the balance, harmony and diversity of the Greek nature and ecosystems.
Rational and integrated management, control and protection of water resources.
Abatement of coastal and marine pollution.
Improvement of the urban environment and living conditions (reduction of atmospheric and noise pollution in large urban centres, integrated and rational waste management).
Mitigation of unemployment problems and improvement of working and safety conditions.
Education, training and awareness raising for sustainable living patterns.
Promotion of international cooperation and implementation of international conventions.
Enhancement of the participation of major groups.
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1. Name of Key National Sustainable Development Coordination Mechanism(s)/Council(s).
Contact point (Name, Title, Office): Elpida Politi, Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works
Telephone: 30 1 6435740
Fax: 30 1 6434470
e-mail:
Mailing address: Hellenic Republic, Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works, Department of International Relations and E.U. Affairs, 17, Amaliados str., 11523 Athens, Greece
2. Membership/Composition/Chairperson:
2a. List of ministries and agencies involved:
2b. Names of para-statal bodies and institutions involved, as well as participating of academic and private sector bodies:
2c. Names of non-governmental organizations involved:
3. Mandate role of above mechanism/council:
4. If available, attach a diagram (organization chart) showing national coordination structure and linkages between ministries:
Submitted by (Name): M. Kritikou
Title: Head of the Department
Date: 13 January 1997
Ministry/Office: Hellenic Republic, Ministry for the Environment Physical Planning and Public Works, Department of International Relations and E.U. Affairs
Telephone: 30 1 6411717
Fax: 30 1 6434470
e-mail:
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 2: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
TO ACCELERATE SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND RELATED DOMESTIC
POLICIES (with special emphasis on TRADE)
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: No information available.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information available.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
available.
3. Major Groups: No information available.
4. Finance: GRANTING AID FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
In granting aid, Greece has severe constrains, both because of
limited resources and for budgetary reasons. Today,
roughly 75% of Greek aid is channelled through multilateral
programmes of International Organisations and the European
Union. The remaining 25% concerns bilateral aid granted by
ministries and other state institutions as well as through
NGOs.
Due to the necessity of a drastic reduction of the deficit of the
governmental budget, funds are severely limited at the
moment. Greece does not have the necessary resources to finance
large scale programmes and has to be selective both for
the nature of the projects and for their geographic distribution.
Long term programmes have tended to be the exception in
the past though this is gradually changing. Short term projects are
very often the response to emergencies. Therefore
planning in this respect tends to be done in general terms, leaving
a lot of leeway for adjustments to current needs while
taking into account existing priorities.
This ad hoc way of responding to the needs of third countries is
particularly visible in the case of emergency humanitarian
aid. Greece responds to appeals by international organisations or
foreign governments in order to alleviate the suffering
caused by natural or man-made disasters. We also contribute to the
financing of humanitarian aid programmes initiated by
NGOs, when these are in agreement with our general priorities.
Scholarships are granted either in accordance with the relevant
provisions of bilateral cultural agreements or through our
own initiative.
Technical assistance is also granted in accordance with relevant
provisions of bilateral, technical and scientific
agreements, at the request of a foreign government, on our own
initiative or through the financing of an NGOs
programme of technical assistance. Other forms of aid are usually
given as a result of state initiative.
Increasing the stability of neighbouring countries and allaying the
economic problems of their population are our
priorities. Tackling the poverty of the population of developing
countries and supporting their development efforts is also
one of our priorities, while the environmental impact of our aid
programmes is not forgotten. Supporting regional peace
efforts is also a very important parameter in the planning of our
aid programmes.
Aid has been increasing in the last few years as a response to
existing challenges. It is planned to continue to increase aid
and all our projections show that the percentage of the gross
national product devoted to aid will greatly increase. In the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Department of Development
Cooperation is responsible for the coordination of all foreign
aid. (see also tables from chapter 3, Greek National Report 1996,
pages 10-18)
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
available.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 3: COMBATING POVERTY
Focus of national strategy
In Greece there is no official or commonly accepted definition of
an absolute poverty line. However, the country has
adopted the definition of relative poverty accepted by EU
countries.
Associated with matters related to poverty are problems of "social
exclusion". The latter is defined as alienation from one
or more of the following mechanisms: the labour market, social or
other informal support networks, state unemployment
benefits, retraining programmes, etc. Social exclusion is
considered a limited phenomenon in Greece, on the one hand
because the processes of economic restructuring and modernisation
are occurring at a slow pace and, on the other, because
the informal support networks, mainly family networks, are
functioning satisfactorily.
Highlight activities aimed at the poor and linkages to the
environment
The competent authorities (Ministry for the Environment, Physical
Planning and Public Works / Directorate of Shelter,
Policy and Housing, Ministry of Foreign Affairs/ National
Foundation of Emigrants, Ministry of Health and Welfare and
the Workers' Housing Organisation) have implemented the following
activities concerning the housing problem of
impoverished groups:
housing programmes for the homeless and poor, for gypsies,
minorities and emigrants;
remodelling of low quality habitation areas.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: Legislative degree 57/1973
addresses "Measures for the social protection of
economically needy people". Also, legislation on minimum pensions
and mixed social pensions has been issued.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
available.
3. Major Groups: No information available.
4. Finance: No information available.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
available.
| 1995 | |||||
| Unemployment (%) | 7.8 | 7.0 | 8.7 | 10.0 | |
| Population living in absolute poverty | |||||
| Public spending on social sector % | |||||
| Other data
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 4: CHANGING CONSUMPTION
PATTERNS
National policy objectives/focus
In accordance with the European Union's 5th Environmental Action
Programme (Towards Sustainability), Greece aims to
adjust its policies in order to avoid abuse and exhaustion of
natural resources. Policies address issues of waste reduction,
the use of water, traffic and transportation issues and energy
consumption. A national and sectoral review on consumption
and production patterns was held to identify possibilities for
waste reduction. National awareness programmes have been
initiated on consumption and production issues.
The Hellenic Action Plan for the Abatement of CO2 and other
Greenhouse Gas Emissions is based on a drastic energy
conservation policy in all sectors of final consumption (industry,
transport, commercial and domestic sector), as well as on
the use of natural gas in the national energy system and the
promotion of renewable energy sources.
The Energy Programme (1994-1999) launched by the Ministry for
Development promotes energy efficiency, rational use
of energy, use of renewable energy sources and the use of natural
gas (total budget: 566,300 kECU).
The introduction of natural gas in the national energy system is a
major infrastructure project. According to the
programme of the Public Gas Corporation, the total absorption of
natural gas will reach 3.5 billion Nm3 by the year 2005
(1.5 billion Nm3 for electricity generation, 1.0 billion Nm3 for
industrial uses and 1.0 billion Nm3 for the needs of
domestic and other sectors).
The Energy Operational Programme of the Ministry for Development is
mainly orientated towards financing of energy
efficiency projects. Financing methods are now under legal
regulation, such as Technology Performance Financing or
Third Party Financing, and are expected to facilitate even more
energy production and energy efficiency as well as
transfer and introduction of environmentally-friendly
technologies.
The Public Power Corporation is applying specific policies for
environmental protection and improvement of energy
efficiency:
commission of natural gas generating units
development of the country's hydropotential
exploitation of renewable energy sources (wind, geothermal and
solar energy)
energy conservation and improvement of the efficiency of existing
installations
new combustion technologies are being examined
awareness raising programme for energy saving and rational use of
energy
The National Action Plan for Energy Conservation in the Built
Environment, named Energy 2001, carried out by the
Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works,
intends to change the existing production and
consumption patterns, through the promotion of building
construction techniques and services aiming at energy
conservation and the integration of renewable energy
technologies.
The Action Plan is to be applied through a specific legislation,
concerning an incentive policy for energy saving measures
in the existing buildings (heating, cooling, DHW and lighting) as
well as policies, policy instruments, measures and new
standards concerning new buildings.
The Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public
Works/ Directorate of Shelter Policy and Housing
promotes pilot programmes aiming at the rational use and management
of natural resources, energy conservation, and
sustainable development of human settlements by:
1. Construction of a model settlement for civil servants in
Santorini island, according to bioclimatic house construction
principles.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
2. Co-funding of the photovoltaic systems programme of solar energy transformation in electric energy at Donousa and Sifnos islands. 3. Funding of the First (model) Ecological-Bioclimatic Building.
Our country has harmonized with the European Community regulation 880/92 which introduced an Eco-Label Award Scheme, by the Joint Ministerial Resolution 86644/2482/1993. The Ministerial Resolution established a Supreme Board for Awarding Ecological Labels within the Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works. This Supreme Board, named ASAOS, provides information to the business community and consumers, organises international meetings and has undertaken the task to establish criteria, with the support of the Commission of the European Communities, for the following: 1. Greece is the lead-country for the establishment of criteria concerning the product group bed mattresses for the European Eco-Label, in cooperation with France. 2. Greece runs a pilot project concerning Touristic Services for the European Eco-Label with the cooperation of France. The project includes the definition of the product/service group and the setting of specific criteria. 3. Greece developed a Communication Strategy Programme to inform the industry, consumers, business and interested groups about the performance of the Eco-Label Scheme in Greece. ASAOS organised the third General Assembly of the Global Eco-Label Network which took place in the island of Skyros, Greece, on the 6th and 7th of July 1995.
National targets According to the Energy Programme (1994-1999), the expected annual energy saving at the end of the programme is 700 kTOE (energy efficiency, use of natural gas) and the expected substitution of primary energy at the end of the programme is 200kTOE (renewable energy sources).
1. Decision-Making Structure: Law 2244/94 enables independent aside from the self-sufficient producers to use renewables for the generation of electricity, improves the rate at which the KWH is purchased by the Public Power Corporation and ensures long term contracts for the independent and self-sufficient producers. Ministerial Decision YBET 8295/95 regulates the issue of the corresponding licenses. Law 2234/94 promotes operational industry projects, where energy efficiency is included in the target investments. According to Law 1512/85 which provides incentives for energy conservation, the Greek legislation is currently being harmonised with the European Directive SAVE (93/76/EC) for the stabilisation of CO2 emissions and energy efficiency of buildings. The Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works promotes: the new Building Regulation which is being harmonised with the Law for the Protection of the Environment and the Law for the Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources. The harmonisation of the Planning Law with the principles of sustainable development.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Training and information dissemination programmes are being carried out in the framework of the legislation for energy conservation in the Built Environment promoted by the Ministry for the Environment: Organisation of seminars, meetings etc. aiming at the information and training of specially interested groups (public, engineers, technicians etc.). Participation in environmental education programmes such as the programme "Ecological Schools". Provision of scientific support, printed material, implementation of pilot projects.
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Dissemination of the environmental policy principles aiming at
raising awareness and promoting participation of
interested groups and the public, e.g. voluntary employment of
young people in projects using traditional construction
materials and techniques in different regions of Greece.
3. Major Groups:
1. The National Action Plan for Energy Conservation was carried out
with the participation of recognised bodies,
representatives of Greek universities and research centres.
2. Several major groups, industry organizations, unions, NGOs and
consumer groups, participate in the Supreme Board
for Awarding Ecological Labels.
4. Finance: No information available.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Greece cooperates
with the other EU member states in the dissemination and
promotion of renewable energy sources as well as in energy
efficiency projects. The Ministry for Development tries to
incorporate and promote the EU programmes such as ALTENER, SAVE,
JOULE-THERMIE, SYNERGY, TACIS,
PHARE, Research and Development Programmes and new policies like
MEDA or the Energy Charter Treaty.
| STATISTICAL DATA/INDICATORS | |||||
| 1985 | 1990 | 1992 | 1995 | ||
| GDP per capita (current US$) | 3,366 | 6,568 | 7,537 | 8,762 | |
| Real GDP growth (%) | 3.1 | -0.1 | 0.9 | ||
| Annual energy consumption per capita (Kg. of oil equivalent per capita) | 2,209a | 2,160 | 2,269 | ||
| Motor vehicles in use per 1000 inhabitants | 189.5 | 249.7 | 272.4b | ||
| a 1989 b 1993
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Government policies affecting consumption and production.
1. Goals and Agents (Stakeholders)
Indicate with a (X) those agents which your Governments policies are meant most to influence.
| Agents Goals | |||||
| Material efficiency | |||||
| Energy efficiency: | |||||
| Transport | |||||
| Housing | |||||
| Other | |||||
| Waste: | |||||
| Reduce | |||||
| Reuse | |||||
| Recycle |
Comments:
2. Means & Measures and Agents (Stakeholders)
Indicate with an (R) those agents who assume primary responsibility for any of the policy measures indicated; indicate with an (I) the agents for which the impact is expected to be especially significant.
| Agents Means & Measures | |||||
| Improving understanding and analysis | |||||
| Information and education (e.g., radio/TV/press) | |||||
| Research | |||||
| Evaluating environmental claims | |||||
| Form partnerships | |||||
| Applying tools for modifying behaviour | |||||
| Community based strategies | |||||
| Social incentives/disincentives (e.g., ecolabelling) | |||||
| Regulatory instruments | |||||
| Economic incentives/disincentives | |||||
| Voluntary agreements of producer responsibility for
aspects of product life cycle | |||||
| Provision of enabling facilities and infrastructure (e.g., transportation alternatives, recycling) | |||||
| Procurement policy | |||||
| Monitoring, evaluating and reviewing performance | |||||
| Action campaign | |||||
| Other (specify) |
Comments:
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 5: DEMOGRAPHIC DYNAMICS AND
SUSTAINABILITY
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | ||||
| STATUS REPORT: Information was
provided to the Conference on Population and Development in Cairo.
A national
debate has been held on linkages between population and environment
at the national level. Women's organizations and
the media have been included.
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1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of National
Economy, especially the Department of Population and
Employment and the Department of Social Policy, is responsible for
demographic issues. The National Statistical Service
and the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Social Security are also
involved.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
available.
3. Major Groups: Steps have been taken to involve women in
decision-making. The "law for equality" promotes
women's participation.
4. Finance: No information available.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Greece has
participated in international conferences held by the European
Union, the European Council and OECD.
| STATISTICAL DATA/INDICATORS | ||||
| 1990 | 1993 | |||
| Population (Thousands) mid-year estimates | 10,161 | 10,379 | 10,454 | |
| Annual rate of increase (1990-1993) | 0.6 | 0.3 | ||
| Surface area (Km2) | 131,957 | |||
| Population density (people/Km2) | 78 | 79 | ||
| OTHER DATA | ||||||
| Sex distribution (%) Male Female |
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| Major age-groups 0-14 15-64 >64 |
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 6: PROTECTING AND PROMOTING
HUMAN HEALTH
A public awareness campaign was carried out concerning the
recommendations of the European Code against Cancer,
which aims at reducing deaths from cancer by 15 % by the year
2000.
The Ministry of Health and Welfare implements a
dealuminisation programme, in order to reduce the exposure of
people to aluminium and reduce renal diseases.
In order to develop control of contagious diseases, the
following activities have been proposed:
- the promotion of hepatitis-B-vaccination,
- the implementation of an anti-malaria programme,
- a measles vaccination programme,
- a tuberculosis vaccination programme, and
- raising awareness on HIV/AIDS and increasing funds for the
rehabilitation of patients.
All types of primary health care are offered free of charge to
all citizens. Provision is made, inter alia, for social
care,
school health, dental health and family planning.
The Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public
Works has initiated controls on the use of building
materials, in order to mitigate the syndrome of "unhealthy
buildings". Levels of pollutant' emissions are being set and
environmentally friendly construction materials are being
promoted.
The Operational Environmental Programme of Greece (see chapter 8)
recognises the close link between health and
environment.
Action programme 2.4 aims at protecting the human,
anthropogenic and natural environment from industrial accidents.
Upon its completion, the requirements of the SEVESO Directive will
be fully met. It should be mentioned that the aim of the
programme is also to make the residents in the nearby areas aware
of the operational plans for the management of
environmental hazards once these occur. The overall budget for
action programme 2.4 is 5 MECU.
Specific actions:
Development of mobile stations for the monitoring of dangerous
substances
Public awareness campaigns
Programmes for the implementation of the SEVESO Directive
Action Plans in the event of an accident, technical
support to the local and regional authorities, etc.
Promotion of the "eco-audit" scheme
Land use planning in the vicinity of industrial areas
Specialised equipment for the Fire Services
Creation of a training unit for major industrial accidents
Action programme 2.6 of the Operational Environmental
Programme of Greece is two fold. It aims on the one hand to
improve the environmental conditions in major energy production
units in Greece, especially with respect to atmospheric
pollution. On the other hand the programme aims at promoting the
Charter "Health Cities" through pilot programmes and
technical interventions at the urban scale. The overall budget for
action programme 2.6 is 9 MECU.
A programme, aiming at reducing urban noise and related health
risks, is being implemented. The noise abatement
programme in major Greek cities attempts to reduce noise through
such actions as periodic inspections for motor
vehicles/motorcycles and major industrial installations with
respect to their noise levels, the construction of noise protective
barriers along major highways, the promotion of noise insulation
materials in buildings and the promotion of the so-called
"quiet products". Pilot projects have been implemented and research
projects on the psycho-social issues of noise are being
carried out.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: The Government of Greece targets
for fulfilling basic health care needs and for balancing regional
inequalities in social health services. Special emphasis is given
to the development of telemedicine, the development of
computer science in hospitals, cardiology, the operation of a
National Blood Donation Centre and the modernisation of the
blood donation services.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Health and
Welfare is responsible for the implementation of this
chapter. The Ministry for the Environment is also involved. Several
laws have been enacted to reduce health risks from
smoking.
Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: The programmes "Europe
against cancer" and "Greece against cancer" have
contributed to inform the public about cancer, to create awareness
and to improve health personnel training. Research on
cancer is being promoted and encouraged. Health training is
provided inter alia to young parents, and teachers and
students of all grades.
3. Major Groups: No information available.
4. Finance: No information available.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
available.
| STATISTICAL DATA/INDICATORS | ||||
| 1980 | 1990 | 1995 | ||
| Life expectancy at birth Male Female | 72.2 76.6 | 74.6 79.4 | 75.0 80.2 | |
| Infant mortality (per 1000 live births) | 18 | 10 | 8 | |
| Maternal mortality rate (per 100000 live births) | 18 | 1 | 0 | |
| Access to safe drinking water and sanitation (% of population)a | 87.2b | 96.4c | ||
| a National Report of Greece to the CSD 1995
b 1981 c 1991
All population in Greece has access to primary health care.
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 7: PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE HUMAN
SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT
a) Rational land use management in accordance with the
principles of sustainability.
Priority is given to peri-urban and coastal areas with a strong
cultural identity.
b) Upgrading the urban environment.
Regulation of development in peri-urban space and control of
unauthorised development through the regulatory framework
of the zones of controlled settlement. Traffic regulations in city
centres. Free space and space for public use for
recreation-related functions, in densely populated inner urban
zones. Participation in EU programmes for combating
poverty and social exclusion in particularly problematic urban
areas is encouraged. Strict control measures to combat air
pollution.
c) Balanced development of settlements in rural areas.
Administrative and functional grouping together of small rural
settlements, on the "open town" model, so that they may
constitute sustainable units, with population thresholds capable of
supporting the provision of basic social services.
d) Provision of technical urban infrastructure for healthy
living conditions.
Water quality controls, water sufficiency measures for islands,
works for securing sufficient water supply in large urban
areas. Strict controls regarding enforcement of sanitary
regulations for the disposal of urban and industrial wastes.
e) Provision of social infrastructure, basic services and
facilities.
Completion of infrastructure for social health, social welfare and
education services. Improvement of the welfare
conditions for groups with special needs and for women.
f) Development of Transport and Communication Systems.
Major communication works are in progress aiming at the expansion
of the closed national road network, by-pass of large
cities, and improvement and expansion of ports and airports. Local
traffic-management is being promoted. The Hellenic
Telecommunications Organisation plans to expand and upgrade the
services provided.
g) Prevention of disasters and preparedness to deal with the
effects of natural disasters.
Completion and implementation of an updated regulatory framework
for the protection of settlements from earthquakes,
floods and fires. Re-examination of the programme to relocate
landslide-prone settlements.
h) Rational use and conservation of energy.
Support of energy conservation programmes in urban subsystems and
bioclimatic planning in buildings and city-planning
works.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: The National Action Plan for
Cities and Housing (1996-2000) aims fundamentally at the
fullest
possible positive response of Greece to two main objectives: the
creation of cities which provide safe, healthy, equal and
sustainable living conditions and the guarantee of adequate housing
for all. The National Action Plan sets the following
sectors for action which refer to the above mentioned
objectives:
i) Preservation and revival of historical and cultural
heritage.
Protection, renewal and highlighting of traditional settlements,
historic city centres or quarters, monuments and other
spaces of a cultural nature.
j) Securing adequate supply of land and housing.
The three priority policies in the housing supply sector are: to
increase the credit system's supply potential, the
enlargement of the sector of modernisation and remodelling of older
stock and a rationally planned manner of supply of
properly equipped land for housing on urban fringes.
Adequate supply of land equipped with the appropriate urban
technical infrastructure for proper functioning of the land
market is being continued and promoted through the extension of
city plans and their implementation through the Town-Planning
Reorganisation Operation.
k) Strengthening financial sources for housing.
1. Increase of the role of loans for housing.
2. Endeavours to reduce the cost of construction and improvement
of the technical quality of housing by promoting
applied research on new building materials and technologies.
3. Modernisation of the General Building Regulations and other
regulations with reference to construction of new
buildings.
l) Support of social groups in acquiring shelter.
State welfare to support special population groups for acquiring
shelter is expressed through programmes to subsidise
interest rates on loans for acquisition of first houses, through
certain tax exemptions as well as through special
programmes of subsidies and/or direct public provision of shelter
wherever required.
Policies and measures are promoting:
the reorganisation of the system of housing subsidies
dealing with the problem of social and economic integration and
housing for refugees and economic immigrants
projects for community development and upgrading according to the
model introduced by the EU pilot programmes to
combat poverty
provision of housing for special disadvantaged categories of
people.
The Action programmes and the special programmes included in the
Operational Environmental Programme of Greece
(for details see ch.8) relevant to this chapter are the
following:
1. Action programme 4.2 aims at the definition of urban plans for
cities which lack relevant plans, as well as for the
improvement of existing urban plans in light of modifications in
the urban structure and the operations in the city.
Considerable emphasis is given to the development of urban plans
for estates located in ecologically sensitive
areas, coastal zones and islands. The overall budget for action
programme 4.2 is 24.5 MECU.
2. Action programme 4.3 aims at improving the urban conditions in
selected Greek cities, traditional settlements and
tourist sites, in order to improve the quality of life and living
and working conditions. The overall budget of
action programme 4.3 is 35 MECU; in addition this action programme
is part of a wider national programme for
the restoration of the urban environment in selected Greek cities
(see Special Programmes).
Specific actions
Restoration of traditional city centers
Restoration of the landscape in areas of large technical
works
Reduction of aestheric pollution, with emphasis given to
tourist sites
3. Special Programmes
a) ATTICA - SOS
The programme - which has as a theme "Athens, a sustainable city"
- aims at improving the environmental conditions in
the Attica region where Athens resides. The programme includes
interventions at the local and regional scales in the
thematic areas: air, water, waste, traffic, noise, land planning,
urban development, environmental awareness and
legislation. To this end, a major intervention recently implemented
(April 1996) was the full banning of traffic in the
commercial center of Athens.
The programme also includes the improvement of the State operated
public transportation system with such actions as the
renewal of buses and the expansion of the subway system. Finally a
substantial part of the programme is attributed to the
construction of peripheral ("ring") avenues which will allow the
avoidance of the central neighbourhoods of Athens.
The total cost of the programme ATTICA - SOS accounts for 3.5
billion ECUs (including the cost for the expansion of the
subway system).
b) THESSALONIKI - SOS
A relevant programme to that for the Attica region is also designed
and implemented for Thessaloniki, the second largest
city of Greece. The Programme aims at protecting the natural and
urban environment in Thessaloniki through
interventions at the local scale in such thematic areas as: air,
water, waste, traffic, noise, land planning, urban
development, environmental awareness and legislation.
The programme is complemented by the construction of a major sewage
treatment facility for Thessaloniki as well as a
subway system. The overall cost of the programme accounts for 1
billion ECUs for the period 1995-2000.
c) Urban restoration programme in Greek cities and
settlements (excluding Athens, Attica and Thessaloniki)
The programme complements specific action 4.3. It aims at
improving the urban conditions in selected Greek cities,
traditional settlements and tourist sites, by means of such
interventions as: restoration of traditional buildings, improvement
of
common and open spaces, development of green areas, development of
cultural centers and recreational facilities, and soft
interventions for the improvement of living conditions. The overall
budget of the programme accounts for 240 MECU, out of
which 138 MECU reflect national funding.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry for the
Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works is mainly
responsible for the implementation of this chapter. Urban planning
is mainly based on legislation from the early 1980s. The
Law on Urban Development (1983) introduced "urban controlled zones"
to direct urban development, safeguard sensitive
areas and stop unplanned construction. The Regional Plans of
Counties (1984) provide for land-use organisation,
infrastructure planning and environmental protection. Master Plans
were developed for metropolitan areas. Special Regional
Studies have been carried out in areas with environmental problems
to address gaps in the legislative framework. Provision is
made for relevant reform of town-planning legislation - according
to sustainable development principles - for the development
of newly built up areas and the improvement of the institutional
framework and procedures. Modernisation of the General
Building Regulation. The regulatory framework on energy-efficient
design of buildings is being updated. Bioclimatic-energy
design of buildings and settlements is being promoted, as well as
the use of renewable energy sources. Legislative instruments
encourage technology and methods for energy and water conservation.
Legislative and administrative measures have been
adopted for the protection of people living in disaster-prone
industrial areas.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: In cooperation with
the UN Committee of Human Settlements a Colloquium on
Urban Management was held in 1995. In the same year a seminar was
held on Sustainable Development of Human
Settlements.
Open dialogue between agencies and the public and information
dissemination through professional journals, the press and
informative leaflets for the preparation of the National Report
submitted to Habitat II. Nationwide competition "for models of
policy and programme implementation for improving the quality of
the local urban environment and housing through specific
projects" as a method of publicising the activity of the National
Committee and prepare the country's participation in the
Habitat II Conference.
Training of local government officials and mobilisation of the
interest of the local population in promoting the National Action
Plan.
3. Major Groups: Involvement of local groups and
organisations in supporting the sector of social and cultural
services and
welfare on the level of the local community. Encouragement of local
government's initiatives for the improvement of social
infrastructure and transport systems. Support for relevant local
initiatives by non-governmental bodies for the implementation
of the National Action Plan. Special programmes for loans to
employees of the State, local government and public
organisations. Special programmes of the Workers' Housing
Organisation for the provision of subsidised housing for low and
middle-income workers. Special housing programmes for housing of
immigrants of Greek origin from the former Soviet
Union. Special assistance will be given for housing of families
with more than three children.
4. Finance: The priorities for housing policy is to reform
the system of subsidies and to support innovative efforts to reduce
the cost of new housing. Reform of the system of financing (public
investment, subsidies, local taxes) for carrying out
infrastructure works and securing public spaces in newly built-up
areas. Financial incentives to promote new technologies and
systems of application of soft forms of energy.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Participation in structures and programmes of the EU, in OECD working groups and in committees and working groups of the UN, i.e. the Centre for Human Settlements and the Committee for Housing, Building and Planning of the Economic Commission for Europe. Participation in the Habitat II Conference (June 1996). Set up by the Ministry for the Environment, a Greek National Committee prepared the National Report submitted to the Conference. Participation in the European Ministerial Conference "Sustainable Building - Sustainable Cities" (Copenhagen) Participation in the European Architectural Competition Programme (EUROPAN) which has as a theme the current problems of urban areas and the promotion of sustainable solutions Participation in the proceedings of the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) and the two European Conferences for Sustainable Cities and Towns. Greece has signed the "Aalborg Charter" for the implementation of Local Agenda 21 The Organisation for Planning and Environmental Protection of Athens is an associate member of "Metropolis", the "World Association of the Major Metropolises". The same organisation is a member of the "European Metropolitan Regions Network -METREX's Interim Management Committee"
|
| STATISTICAL DATA/INDICATORS | |||
| 1981 | 1991 | ||
| Urban population in % of total population | 58.1 | 58.8 | |
| Annual rate of growth of urban population (%) | 1.019 | 1.006 | |
| Largest city population (in % of total population) | 31.2 | 30.0 | |
| Other data
| |||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 8: INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT IN DECISION-MAKING
Principles of Sustainable Development have been established by the
case law of the 5th Section of the Supreme Administrative
Court (Council of State), having jurisdiction on environmental
matters, among them the principles of sustainability, of
carrying capacity of man-made systems and ecosystems, of
sustainable land development, of management of fragile
ecosystems, biodiversity and others.
In 1986, Law 1650 for the Environment was passed, establishing a
framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of
the environment. In 1990, a joint ministerial resolution introduced
environmental impact assessments for certain production
facilities and activities.
Since 1994, the Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and
Public Works has elaborated an integrated National Action
Programme for Climate Change. The Action Programme is based on a
drastic energy conservation policy in all sectors of final
consumption (industry, transport, commercial and domestic sector),
the use of natural gas and the promotion of renewable energy
sources.
The Environmental Programme of Greece for the period 1994-2000 aims
at addressing the major environmental problems of
Greece as well as at creating the infrastructures for the efficient
management of the Greek environment in the 21st century. In
addition, the Programme reflects the commitment as well as the
efforts of the Greek Government to link development to
environment, in a manner which will support the uninterrupted
implementation of the development policy of Greece, while at the
same time safeguarding the environment and the physical
resources.
The Operational Environmental Programme of Greece (hereinafter
referred to as OEP) is supported by both national and
community funding. National funding stems from the country's budget
and is also complemented by a special levy which is applied
on gas. Income from the levy is invested in projects with potential
to rectify the environment, or to allow the study of
environmental problems for which no immediate answers can be
provided. Community funding comes from the Structural Funds
as well as from the Cohesion Funds.
The legal framework of the Operational Programme of Greece are the
National Law 1650/86 for the protection of the
environment, the EC environmental regulations and directives and
the obligations of Greece with respect to international
environmental agreements and conventions. The programme is based
upon the sustainability principle, the polluter pays principle
and the precautionary principle and the principle of joint
responsibility.
OEP consists of seven subprogrammes: six of the subprogrammes
reflect respective environmental action areas, while the
remaining programme aims at the provision of technical assistance
in selected thematic areas. Each subprogramme is further
divided in action programmes which aim at resolving specific
environmental problems as depicted from a thorough assessment
of the state of environment in Greece. Part of OEP aims at
developing the National Environmental Informatics Network,
the
Greek contribution to the EIONET of the European Environment Agency
(EEA).
The first six subprogrammes are:
Development of the infrastructure to respond to the needs of the
European Environment Agency, to monitor the environment
and to comply with environmental standards. Funding 47 MECU.
Management of anthropogenic environment and control of
atmospheric pollution in Athens. Funding 138.2 MECU
Management and protection of the natural environment. Funding 53
MECU
Urban planning. Funding 74 MECU
National Cadastral Programme. Funding 172 MECU
Integrated Environmental Actions. Funding 7.3 MECU
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Greece is in the process of
setting up a National Coordination Mechanism for Sustainable
Development.
To date, the Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and
Public Works is in charge of sustainable development
coordination.
The remaining programme includes:
The Environmental Programme of Greece includes specific -
thematically or geographically oriented - programmes, aiming
at resolving major environmental problems. These programmes are
funded by both community and national funding, the latter
stemming from the special environmental levy applied to gas. The
Special Programmes consist of:
a) ATTICA-SOS (see chapter 7)
b) THESSALONIKI-SOS (see chapter 7)
c) National Programme for Waste Management (excluding the
Attica region and Thessaloniki; see chapter 21)
d) Noise abatement programme in major Greek cities (see
chapter 6)
e) Urban restoration programme in Greek cities and settlements
(excluding Athens, Attica, Thessaloniki; see chapter 7)
f) HYDROSCOPE (see chapter 18)
The Operational Environmental Programme of Greece (Action programme
1.3) aims at promoting the implementation of the
environmental standards as these relate to the construction and
operation of private and public works. Taken that Greece lacks
a wide and comprehensive inspectorate system, the main aim of the
action programme is to firstly define the legal framework
and the technical terms of reference of such system and to
thereafter provide for the required infrastructure. It should be
mentioned that the inspectorate system is expected to operate under
the auspices of the Central Government. Finally the
overall budget for action programme 1.3 is 10 MECU.
Specific actions
Development of an Environmental Inspectorate System
Special Programme for the Implementation of the Community
Directive Integrated Pollution Prevention Control (IPPC)
Definition of the requirements for environmental impact
assessments for selected industrial fields
Programme for the promotion of EMAS (Environmental Management
System)
Development of a programme for the estimation of economic
impacts resulting from environmental degradation -
development of economic tools (not initiated)
Programme for environmental education and awareness (not
initiated)
(also see ANNEX I)
1. Decision-Making Structure (please also refer to the fact
sheet): The Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning
and Public Works is in the process of setting up a National
Coordination Mechanism for Sustainable Development.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
available.
3. Major Groups: Reforms in the local government and new
mechanisms for participation and social awareness in the
process of planning have played an important role in activating
major groups and the public.
4. Finance: See STATUS REPORT.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Greek policy is
seeking to fully exploit the opportunities for cooperation created
by
the policies and instruments of the EU. Greece also tries to
promote collaboration and exchange of experiences among the
countries of the European South and examine the potential needs and
prospects of collaboration with the neighbouring
countries.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 9: PROTECTION OF THE
ATMOSPHERE
The Montreal Protocol was ratified in 1988, the London Amendment
in 1992 and the Copenhagen Amendment in
1994. The latest report to the Montreal Protocol Secretariat was
prepared in 1996.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was
ratified in 1994, the latest report to the UNFCCC
Secretariat was submitted in 1995.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter
Action programme 1.2 of the Operational Environmental Programme of
Greece (see also chapter 8) aims at the development
of the infrastructure for the continuous monitoring of the
atmospheric environment (including air emissions) of Greece, with
emphasis given to large urban centers and to areas with significant
energy production units. The overall budget for action
programme 1.2 is 19 MECU.
Specific actions
National monitoring network of the atmospheric environment
Inspectorate for air pollution
Operational Centre for the monitoring of atmospheric pollution
and the implementation of rectification measures in the
wider Athens area
Development of a station for monitoring of meteorological
parameters in the tropospheric region of Athens
Development of a mobile station for the teledetection of air
pollutants with the use of lidars
On-line connection of the Operational Center and the National
Network to the National Meteorological Center
Development of an inventory system for VOC and other
non-conventional pollutants in Athens
Development of a countrywide inventory for industrial
emissions
Assessment of the impact of greenhouse gases to the Greek
climatic conditions and development of a network for the
assessment of climatic variations
Installation of Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) stations and
stations for sea level monitoring
Programme for the compliance of Greece to the requirements of the
Montreal Protocol (and subsequent amendments)
Improvement of the calibration system of the automatic air
pollution instruments
System for the monitoring of air pollution in museums
Monitoring network for urban noise
Assessment and mapping of noise pollution from traffic
Definition of noise zones for the wider Athens and Thessaloniki
industrial areas
Action programme 2.3 of the Operational Environmental Programme of
Greece aims at improving the air quality in the urban
area of Athens. The programme consists of major interventions for
the reduction of emissions from motor vehicles, domestic
heating devices and industrial units. It is expected that with the
completion of the programme air quality will be improved
substantially, especially in the center of Athens. The overall
budget for action programme 2.3 is 32.6 MECU.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
Specific actions
Programme of interventions to improve traffic in urban centers
Development of a coordinated mass transit system
Measures for noise reduction in major roadways
Programme for the abatement of noise in tourist areas
Expansion of dedicated bus lanes in the urban center of Athens
Extended system for the inspection of emissions from motor
vehicles
"Park and Drive" Programme
(also see ANNEX I)
2. In the Energy sector the national energy programme comprises
four subprogrammes.
The Energy Saving Subprogramme is primarily oriented towards the
industrial and tertiary sectors. Investments for
co-generation and the use of the new-coming natural gas in the
industrial and tertiary sectors are considered to be of special
importance. Voluntary agreements, third party financing and
demonstration projects of new energy efficient technologies are
also under consideration.
The Public Power Corporation (PPC) is committed to pursue a variety
of measures to ensure that all implemented projects
meet environmentally acceptable standards. The PPC is applying
specific policies for the environmental protection that include
the following measures:
commission of natural gas generating units
development of the country's hydropotential
exploitation of renewable energy sources (wind, geothermal,
solar)
energy conservation and the improvement of the efficiency of
existing installations
new combustion technologies are examined during the design of new
projects, such as fluidised bed and Integrated
Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
The National Action Plan for Energy Conservation in the Built
Environment intends to restrict the use of conservative energy
systems and to increase energy efficiency.
3. The National Action Plan for the Abatement of CO2 and other
Greenhouse Gas Emissions was elaborated under the
responsibility and supervision of the Ministry for the Environment,
Physical Planning and Public Works. The Action Plan is
based on drastic energy conservation policy in all sectors of final
consumption (industry, transport, domestic/tertiary) aimed at
rationalizing energy consumption without affecting the population's
standard of living and a bold investment policy in order to
promote new energy generation means (natural gas, renewable energy
sources) in an aim to substitute conventional fuels. In
Greece, a "spontaneous" course of events (in the absence, in other
words, of abatement measures) would lead to an increase
in emissions in the order of 27% CO2 by the year 2000. As stated in
the National Action Plans, the Greek Government, after
taking into consideration both economic and social parameters,
accepted that a realistic objective for Greece is the restriction
of the overall increase of CO2 emissions to 153% during the
1990-2000 period.
4. All automobiles require, among others, a periodical gases check
at the already established regional Centres of Vehicles'
Technological Check (one in each Prefecture). Besides, Greece has
already harmonized EU directives concerning the upmost
permitted limits for CO and oxygen surplus emissions. In 11
prefectures of Greece, including the prefecture of Attika, there
has been established the Gases Check Card System; according to this
private use automobiles are obliged, once annually, to
be checked and to be supplied with the appropriate card.
Furthermore, mobile checking stations of the Ministry for the
Environment and the Ministry of Transportation perform random
emission checks on cars.
5. A research programme "Environmental Energy Map for the Housing
Sector" is being elaborated by the Ministry for the
Environment. Elaboration of a software model for an energy
conservation data bank and monitoring of energy conservation
measures.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry for the
Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works is the primarily
responsible authority. Law 2244/94 on autoproduction, co-generation
and creation of Public Power Corporation's affiliate
companies. For the implementation of the law: Ministerial Decision
YBET/8295/95 which regulates the issues of the
corresponding licences and Ministerial Decision 8907/96 (Ministry
of Development) which regulates the issues of
co-generation of electricity with heat or cooling.
Legislation on Environmental Impact Assessment study requirement in
all related sectors. Legislative and administrative
measures for response mechanisms for pollution resulting from
industrial accidents.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information
available.
3. Major Groups: The Scientific Community has undertaken
studies on health effects resulting from air pollution and
depletion of the ozone layer.
4. Finance: See ANNEX I.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: The Laboratory of
Atmospheric Physics at the Physics Department of Aristotle
University, Salonika, hosts the WMO World Ozone Mapping Centre (in
1995 it had 4 observation stations). Greece has
acceded to regional/ international conventions regarding
transboundary air pollution (EMEP, ECE Conventions).
STATISTICAL DATA/INDICATORS
1980
1990
CO2 emissions (eq. million tons)
82.78
86.17
SOx "
NOx "
0.359
0.361
CH4 "
0.35
0.36
Consumption of ozone depleting substances (Tons)
Expenditure on air pollution abatement in US$
equivalents (million)
Other data
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATED APPROACH TO
THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF LAND
RESOURCES
A substantial pillar of the Operational Environmental Programme of
Greece, Action programme 4.1 "Land Use Planning",
aims at supporting the sustainable development of Greece, defining
activities by site or region, and reducing pressures onto
the natural or human environment. The overall budget for action
programme 4.1 is 14.5 MECU.
Specific actions:
Promotion of special land use planning schemes for:
coastal areas
small islands
settlements and urban areas
Definition of areas for controlled exploitation of natural
resources
Development of an Observatory for Land Use Planning
(also see ANNEX I)
Action programme 3.3 of the Operational Environmental Programme of
Greece reflects a new spirit in the environmental
programme of Greece, as it is the first time that significant
amounts are being invested for the protection of natural sites. The
programme is expected to support protection measures for 100 (25%)
Greek biotopes which are included in the NATURA
2000 list. The overall budget for action programme 3.3 is 30
MECU.
Specific actions:
Programme for the protection and management of wetlands
Programme for the protection and management of forest
ecosystems
Programme for the protection of biotopes through the development
of ecotouristic activities
Anti-erosion measures at selected sites
A significant measure in sustainable land resources management is
the creation of the National Cadastre, a project which has
already begun.
Cadastre for ecologically sensitive areas
Action programme 5.1 of the Operational Environmental Programme of
Greece aims at developing a special cadastre for
ecologically sensitive areas which protect forest areas from
destruction, as well as from land use modifications which usually
take place at the expense of forests. The programme will also
support the agricultural policy of Greece, and the protection of
owners' rights for both public and private entities. The programme,
which will built on the existing CORINE programme and
will also include the cadastre for archaeological monuments and
sites, reflects 15,000 km2 of ecologically sensitive areas in
the vicinities of municipalities. The overall budget for action
programme 5.1 is 51 MECU.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Spatial planning is being
promoted for the protection of resources from exhaustion,
destruction and
pollution, along with their rational use, by expanding current
programmes for special planning studies and their
institutionalisation. The objective is to define the regulatory
framework for the protection of vital zones of park and forest
land, coastal areas, important agricultural land, water reserves,
etc., along with zones for development in environmentally
sensitive areas facing pressures from tourism, urban expansion and
second homes; priority is given to peri-urban and coastal
areas, islands and areas with a strong cultural identity.
Cadastre for urban areas Action programme 5.2 of the Operational Environmental Programme of Greece has a central role in the development policy of Greece. It is expected that the programme will support upon its completion the land use planning efforts of the Ministry of Environment for urban sites, with special emphasis given to the protection of open and green spaces in urban sites. The programme, which also includes the National System for Earth Information, that is a major data base with the geographic or property limits of landfills, refers to 200 municipalities with a total urban area of 5,000 km2. The overall budget for action programme 5.2 is 70 MECU.
Cadastre for agricultural areas Action programme 5.3 of the Operational Environmental Programme of Greece aims at supporting the agricultural policy of Greece as well as the protection of the environment from agricultural activities. It is expected that the Programme once completed will allow the Central Government to implement an integrated economic policy for agriculture. The total agricultural area to be registered is 15,000 km2 in the administrative limits of 300 municipalities. The overall budget for action programme 5.3 is 51.0 MECU. (See also Annex I)
1. Decision-Making Structure: Within the Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works, the Directorate of Regional Planning and the Directorate of Environmental Planning are responsible for the planning and management of land resources. The administrative machinery for controlling the spatial location of activities which produce pollution and disruption, is strengthened and expanded through environmental impact assessments. In addition, the regulatory framework regarding determination of the ability of the environment to withstand the burden of specific human activities is strengthened.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Data collection and the organization of information systems has been initiated. Education and training in the integrated approach and strengthening of institutions and technological capacity have been initiated. Pilot projects are planned. Under the EU ENVIREG program, study groups have been established and GIS-mapping was introduced. Under the EU LIFE-program, environmentally friendly technologies and materials are being introduced.
3. Major Groups: Reforms in the local government and new mechanisms for the participation and social awareness have activated major groups and the public.
4. Finance: See Annex I.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Cooperation is in progress with UN and EU bodies. Greece participates in the Mediterranean Blue Plan of UNEP and in the LIFE and ENVIREG programs of the EU. International cooperation could be improved through better coordination, better legislation, the promotion of information systems and public participation.
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 11: COMBATING
DEFORESTATION
Forest fires are the most serious cause of deforestation destroying
on average 300km2 of forest annually even though intensive
efforts managed to reduce substantially their effects. Encroaching
urbanisation is a rather moderate cause of deforestation
while the effects from logging and the need for fuel-wood have had
a light impact. Land ownership patterns, grazing rights on
public lands and land speculation are the main obstacles to
effective reforestation.
Various activities in the fields of seed technology, tree breeding,
torrent control, erosion restrain and desertification impel are
helping to fight against deforestation while others like national
part improvement, grazing population and eco-tourism are
demonstrating the social values of the forest.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The General Secretariat of
Forests and Natural Environment, an integral part of the Ministry
of Agriculture, is responsible for all forestry issues. Research in
the field is undertaken by the National Agricultural Research
Foundation through its two forestry related institutes in Athens
and Thessaloniki. A new law bill destined to update the
existing legislation was recently announced.
The Central Forest Service is responsible for planning,
coordination and assurance of appropriate financial resources. The
regional services are in charge for forest management, protection,
improvement, engineering works and production.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: The General
Secretariat of Forests and Natural Environment had 484 staff
members in 1980, 770 staff members in 1990 and 816 staff members in
1994. Professional staff of the Forest Research
Institute of Athens increased from 14 in 1980 to 21 in 1990 and 26
in 1994. Professional staff of the Forest Research Institute
of Thessaloniki increased from 13 in 1980 to 23 in 1990. Since 1990
the staff number has remained unchanged.
3. Major Groups: Major groups are ad hoc participants in
decision-making on forestry matters at all level. The concept of
sustainable forestry is well followed in forest management since
the beginning of scientific development of forestry.
4. Finance: Forest expenditures were 0.68% of the national
budget in 1988, 0.47% in 1990 and 0.34% in 1992. At the same
time, budgets of forest institutions increased during the last
years. The budget of the General Secretariat of Forests and
Natural Environment was US$ 166 million in 1990 and increased to
US$ 182 million in 1994. The budget of the Forest
Research Institutes of Athens increased from US$ 630,855 in 1990 to
US$ 1,733,333 in 1994. The budget of the Forest
Research Institutes of Thessaloniki decreased in the same period
from US$ 1,222,654 to US$ 986,612.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Greece participated
in the Ministerial Conferences of Strasbourg (1990) and
Helsinki (1993) on protection and sustainable development of
forests in Europe, supports the ITTA and takes active part in the
IRF.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: medium national priority
STATUS REPORT: A strategy plan for forestry was
established in 1986 and a development programme in 1989. Greece
favours the implementation of the forest principles adopted by
UNCED as well as the provisions of Agenda 21. A forest
inventory terminated in 1992 covers forest distribution and
characteristics, volume and quality of the growing stock and the
increment and natural mortality of the forest.
| 1980 | 1990 | 1992 | ||
| Forest Area (Km2) | 65,130 | |||
| Protected forest area (Km2) | 1,180 | |||
| Roundwood production (solid volume of roundwood without bark in mill m3) | ||||
| Deforestation/Afforestation rate (Km2/annum) | ||||
| Reforestation rate (Km2/annum) | 47.3 | 46.6 | 46.5 | |
| Number of people earning their living from forestry sector | 47,365 | 33,151 | ||
| National income from forestry sector (US$eq.) | 56,252,798 | 35,352,973 | ||
| Number of professionals involved in research | 44 | 84 | 118 | |
| National income from forestry sector in % of GNP | 0.15% | 0.07% | ||
| Income from export of forest products in US$ eq. (all from timber to processed) | 84,951,442 | 94,852,190 | 130,615,919 | |
| Import of forest products in US$ eq. (all from timber to processed) | 388,710,649 | 819,420,654 | 745,519,986 | |
| * Statistical information on forest matters is derived from the National Report of Greece to the CSD 1995. Due to different definitions, the national information in some cases does not correspond with international figures. The UN Statistical Yearbook (38th issue) gives a total forest area of 26,200 km2; the national report mentions a forest area of more than 65,000 km2. The national definition of "forest" includes an area of at least 0.5 ha or a strip of land 30 m wide with at least 10% tree coverage and maquis type vegetation. As Greece carried out a forest inventory in 1992, the national information is presented here. | ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 12: MANAGING FRAGILE
ECOSYSTEMS: COMBATING DESERTIFICATION AND
DROUGHT
The International Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries
Experiencing Drought and/or Desertification
Particularly in Africa was signed in 1994.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter
Areas in danger of desertification can be found in the
southern and central mainland, on the Aegean Islands and in Crete.
An area of about 15,000 km2 is affected. In 1990, about 810,000
people lived in these areas. The main source of income is
agriculture and tourism.
Natural causes and forest fires have the most serious impact
on desertification. The impact of grazing and improper
farming and land use is considered moderate. Fuel wood collection
has only a modest impact on desertification. The main
obstacles to combating desertification and drought are land
ownership, grazing rights on public land and land speculation.
Since UNCED the issues "early warning information to decision
makers" and "drought preparedness and relief schemes"
have been addressed in part.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Medium
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: The General Secretariat of
Forests and Natural Environment is in charge of desertification
issues. The following legislation is related to desertification and
drought:
- Law 998/79 "On the protection of forests",
- Law 1734/87 "Grazing lands...",
- Law 1845/89 "On the organization of the Agricultural
Research".
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Professional staff
of the General Secretariat of Forests and Natural Environment
increased from 484 members in 1980 to 770 members in 1990 and to
816 members in 1995. The central planning level is
properly staffed; at the district level, the staffing situation is
adequate; and at the field level it is rated poor. There is a lack
of
early-warning, trained extension and research staff. Lack of
management skills is also mentioned.
Meteorological and hydrological monitoring of areas in danger
of desertification is rated "poor". The assessment of soil
and land degradation is rated "adequate".
3. Major Groups: Major groups (NGOs, women groups and youth
organizations) are adhoc participants at all planning
levels.
4. Finance: The budget of the General Secretariat of
Forests and Natural Environment increased from US$ 106 million in
1980 to US$ 167 million in 1990 and to US$ 183 million in 1995.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
available.
| Latest 199_ | ||||
| Land affected by desertification (Km2) | 15,233 | |||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 13: MANAGING FRAGILE
ECOSYSTEMS: SUSTAINABLE MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT
- the promotion and development of eco-tourism, especially of
mountain tourism and agro-tourism,
- the promotion of the use of local resources, e.g. mineral
resources.
Traditional local employment schemes are being strengthened
and rural production is being improved through the
development of the agricultural water supply network and the
promotion of ecological products (without chemicals and
pesticides). Eco-labels are provided for these products.
Attica's Mountain Region Protection and Management
The mountain regions of Attica constitute one of the area's most
important environmental resources. Their significance is owed
not only to their ecosystemic, aesthetic and recreational value but
most importantly to the indispensable role they play in the area's
climatic conditions, air pollution abatement, storm flooding
alleviation, etc. The Organisation for Planning and Environmental
Protection of Athens has undertaken the development of a
comprehensive programme which:
creates various-degree protection zones and delineates the
physical boundaries of each zone,
establishes land use allocations and building restrictions in
accordance to the desired degree of protection for each zone,
provides the framework for restoration and management of the
mountain region.
Each mountain region is examined separately in accordance to
its physical, historical and man-made characteristics and the
specific protection and management proposals are legislated by
means of Presidential Decrees. Legislation for the mountains of
Penteli and Hymettus has already been enacted while pending are
Presidential Decrees for the mountains of Aigaleo and
Lavreotiki. The mountain Parnitha and mountain regions in western
Attica are currently under study.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: high national priority
STATUS REPORT: The program for mountain
development focuses on improvements in the transport infrastructure
and on
the extension of water and electricity supply. In all mountain
areas, measures have been taken for the conservation,
regeneration and expansion of forests. Measures have also been
taken to induce the local population, especially the young, to
remain, by promoting alternative livelihood opportunities
through:
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of National
Economy has included in its policy the sustainable management of
mountain areas. Law 1892/90, which was amended by Law 2234/94, aims
to encourage the economy and development of
mountain areas. The law covers and supports the productive process.
The Ministry for the Environment and the Ministry of
Agriculture are also involved in the sustainable management of
mountain areas.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: International
conference on the protection of mountain areas of Greece entitled
"From Pindos to Olympus" carried out by the Ministry for the
Environment and "Mountain Wilderness" (Greek Branch).
3. Major Groups: No information available.
4. Finance: No information available.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information
available.
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 14: PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable agriculture' principles are implemented through the
following actions:
a) "quantitative conservation": conservation and protection of
high productivity agricultural land
b) "quality conservation and protection": prevention of the
quality degradation of agricultural land (erosion, pollution
from
heavy metals etc.)
c) protection of the quality of surface and underground waters
through:
abatement of nitropollution, emanating from fertilizers and
cattle-breeding wastes
reduction of the use of nitrofertilizers
usage of biological means in fighting production's
diseases
setting and improvement of monitoring stations which measure
the quantity of surface and underground waters
d) assessment of the definition and implementation of
agro-environmental indicators (quantitative and qualitative impact
on
the
environment)
e) inventory and assessment of the agricultural sources of
greenhouse gases
f) assessment of the impact of atmospheric pollution and
greenhouse effect on cultivations, and research on pollution
resistant
cultivations
g) economic incentives to farmers for the conservation of
endangered species of flora and fauna
h) protection and conservation of ecologically sensitive areas
(NATURA 2000, RAMSAR)
i) environmental impact studies for all rural works
NATIONAL PRIORITY: high national priority
STATUS REPORT: Greek agricultural policy today
follows the spirit and the objectives of Agenda 21. In the
framework of
the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU and the policy for the
protection of the environment, Greece applies a series of
policies and regulations within the lines of Agenda 21 on
sustainable agriculture and rural development. Most activities
recommended under this chapter in Agenda 21 have been completed.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Agriculture
is responsible for sustainable agriculture. Law 402/1988 was on
the "Organization of the Ministry of Agriculture". Several
legislative regulations have been published on specific issues of
agriculture, cattle-raising, fishery and forestry. Legislation is
being amended and reviewed in accordance with EU
regulations.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Raising awareness
and training programmes for producers on environment
friendly farming methods.
3. Major Groups: No information available.
4. Finance: No information available.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: The agricultural
sector is being developed in the context of the framework given
by the European Union. The EU participated in reviewing national
strategies and provided additional post Rio funding.
| STATISTICAL DATA/INDICATORS | ||||
| 1985 | 1990 | Latest 199_ | ||
| Agricultural land (Km2) | 91,950 | 91,890 | ||
| Agricultural land as % of total land area | 69.7 | 69.6 | ||
| Agricultural land (m2 per capita) | 9,256 | 9,107 | ||
| Agricultural populationa | 1,108,000b | 889,000 | ||
| Agriculture sector output (% of GNP)a | 14.5b | 13.0 | ||
| 1989/90 | 1992/93 | Latest 199_ | ||
| Consumption of fertilizers per (kg/Km2 of agricultural land as of 1990) | 7,483 | 5,556 | ||
| a National Report of Greece to the CSD
1995 b 1980
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 15: CONSERVATION OF
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
The Convention on Biological Diversity was signed in 1992 and
ratified in 1994.
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora was ratified in 1992.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter
In Greece 5,500 species of flora and 900 species of fauna have
been recognised. Action programme 3.1 of the Operational
Environmental Programme aims at providing the knowledge and the
facilities for monitoring, protecting and managing the
flora and fauna species. The overall budget of action programme 3.1
is 3 MECU.
Specific actions:
Completion of national lists of flora and fauna species in
danger
Development of specific programmes for the protection of
endangered flora and fauna species
Definition of special management measures for selected fauna
species, including the definition of a hunting code
Inventory of fish stocks in ecologically sensitive areas
Management schemes for fish stocks
(also see ANNEX I)
108 areas are under protection for nature conservation. Among
these areas, 25 are given priority concerning management.
They comprise forests, wetlands, coasts and biotopes of sea
turtles, mediterranean monkseals and vulnerable birds. An
additional number of 167 sites have been proposed by the Ministry
for the Environment and are being examined for inclusion
in the "NATURA 2000" network of the European Union. It is estimated
that 80% of the country's habitat types and most of
the endemic species will be present within the boundaries of the
sites of the new protected areas network. The new sites are
raising the percentage of protected areas to 15% of the country's
surface, excluding the marine surface. Action programme
3.2 of the Operational Environmental Programme of Greece aims at
providing the facilities and technical means for the
protection, guarding and management of the most important biotopes
in Greece. The programme will build upon the existing
knowledge on these areas as acquired from the assessment of the
state of environment as well as from their mapping. The
overall budget for action programme 3.2 is 20 MECU.
National Greek inventories include: The Red Data Book of
Threatened Vertebrates of Greece (1992), Inventory of Greek
Wetlands as Natural Resources (1994), the Red Data Book of Rare and
Threatened Plants of Greece (1995) and the National
Preliminary Biodiversity Assessment (to be published in 1997).
The Greek Biotope Wetland Centre carried out the following
activities under the EU "LIFE" programme:
Inventory, evaluation and mapping of Greek biotopes and flora
and fauna species. Inventory of 296 sites for
inclusion in NATURA 2000 network,
Management plans for ten sites which are candidates for
inclusion in the "NATURA 2000" network,
Pilot programme for the monitoring of such sites,
Information campaigns in 4 sites.
Greece is represented in the "European Topic Centre on Nature
Conservation" by the Greek Biotope Wetland Centre,
which has been designated National Focal Point of Nature
Conservation for Greece and Southeast Mediterranean. The Greek
Biotope Wetland Centre carried out the following:
Compilation of the Greek legislation on the conservation of
natural environment
Preliminary evaluation of the Greek ecosystems
Pilot projects in the Mediterranean area (Southeast and
Greece)
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
Environmental Impact Assessment for many types of projects is
legally binding since 1990 whereas the National Strategy
and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation are under
preparation.
1. Decision-Making Structure: Implementation of EU
Directives (92/43/EC).
The Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public
Works, General Directorate for the Environment is the
coordination body. The Ministry of Agriculture and other ministries
are collaborating in the fields of their competence.
Within the University of Athens, School of Biological Sciences, a
supporting unit has been created for the elaboration of a
draft national strategy for biodiversity.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Awareness raising
and information campaigns for local authorities and NGO's for
Environmental European Policy Promotion (Biotope Wetland Centre -
Ministry for the Environment). Dissemination of
information through media. Information campaigns and organisation
of environmental education meetings under the MedWet
programme (Lake Kerkini).
The National Environmental Information Network, now running its
pilot phase is based at the Ministry for the Environment
and will be connecting all the Environmental Services of the
country. Emphasis is given to the training of people for the
management of protected areas.
3. Major Groups: Pilot project for local authorities' and
NGOs' cooperation on the issue of sustainable management of
natural resources (Greek Biotope Wetland Centre - Ministry for the
Environment). Establishment of an information network.
National and Regional Administration, Scientific Community, NGOs,
Private Sector (Agriculture, Tourism, Energy).
4. Finance: Permanent funds mainly comprise more than 50%
(US$100,000,000) of the total annual budget of the Forestry
Service. However, there are financial provisions for the years
1995-1999 by the Ministry for the Environment at about
US$6,400,000 (European Community Support Framework) and
US$2,000,000 (Specific National Environment Fund).
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Participation in
meetings and working groups of the European Topic Centre on
Nature Conservation.
A high priority is given to issues of cooperation and capacity
building at a Mediterranean scale, through the Mediterranean
Action Plan. Moreover agreements on the use of shared rivers such
as Nestos River, between Greece and Bulgaria are
expected to have a positive impact on biodiversity conservation.
1996 Protected area as % of total land
area
0.6
appr. 2.0
1996 Number of threatened species
552
518
Other data
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 16: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Specific subjects such as placing on the market of plant protection
biotechnology products are also implemented via the
European Union Legislation. Regulations on novel foods involving
biotechnological products are in preparation.
Placing on the market of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is
exclusive responsibility of the E.C. Research and
development as well as the use of genetically modified
micro-organisms are regulated by EC Directives but their
implementation in Greece lies under the responsibility of the Greek
State.
Environmental impact assessment of such products is currently being
undertaken by the Ministry of Environment in
cooperation with the University of Crete and the University of
Thessaloniki. The Ministry of Development, General
Secretariat for Energy and Technology is providing funds to
relevant research institutions.
The Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public
Works, General Directorate for Environment is the
competent authority for the implementation of the EC Directives and
is also the coordinating body of a National Committee
working on the subject.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: In accordance with Community
legislation, national regulations exist concerning the placing on
the
market of genetically modified organisms, research and development
as well as the use of genetically modified
microorganisms.
1. Decision-Making Structure: Ministry for the Environment,
Physical Planning and Public Works, General Directorate for
Environment is the competent authority and the coordinating body
for the implementation of the relevant EC Directives. This
authority is supported by a group of experts and civil servants
representing other ministries which are members of a National
Committee.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Training of
concerned authorities on implementing the relevant regulation on
biotechnology is foreseen for 1997. An effort is also being made to
create a data base including all biotechnology
notifications.
3. Major Groups: National and Regional Administration,
Scientific Community, NGOs, Private Sector.
4. Finance: State annual allowances for biotechnology:
1993: 15,928,000 USD From General Secretariat
for Research to Agricultural Research Institute
1994: 17,044,000 USD for research purposes
1995: 19,076,000 USD
1997: 2,020,000 USD From General Directorate
for Environment for various activities
1998: 1,120,000 USD
1999: 1,120,000 USD
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Placing on the
market of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) is exclusive
responsibility of the European Union. Research and development as
well as the use of genetically modified micro-organisms
are regulated by EC Directives but their implementation in Greece
lies under the responsibility of the Greek State.
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 17: PROTECTION OF THE
OCEANS, ALL KINDS OF SEAS, INCLUDING ENCLOSED
AND SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS, AND COASTAL AREAS AND THE PROTECTION,
RATIONAL USE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR LIVING RESOURCES
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea was signed in 1982 and
ratified in 1995.
International Conventions ratified by Greece:
Convention MARPOL 73/78
Convention CLC 1969 "Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage"
and its Protocols of 1976 and 1992
Convention FUND 1971 and the Protocols of 1976 and 1992
Convention London 1971
Convention of Barcelona 1976 and Protocols of 1980 and 1982
Convention for "Oil Preparedness for response to and
cooperation", 1990
Greece has a coastline of more than 15,000 km and about 3,000
islands. The Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning
and Public Works is coordinating and financing two major programmes
for the monitoring of marine environmental quality
(MEDPOL, bathing water quality).
Action programme 2.2 of the Operational Environmental Programme of
Greece aims at developing the needed infrastructure
capacities for the treatment of oil spills in ports and marine
areas. The programme is considered essential for the protection
of the extended seas of Greece as well as of the 16,000 km of
coastal zones. The overall budget for action programme 2.2 is
10.1 MECU.
Specific actions
Infrastructure and equipment (aerial, land and marine) for the
control of marine pollution from oil spills
Development of installations for the reception of oil and
chemical residues from ships
(also see ANNEX I)
The programme Attica's Coastline Protection and Management
Programme currently under study by the Organisation for
Planning and Environmental Protection of Athens aims at the
preservation and intensification of the coastal ecosystem within
the framework of sustainability and the establishment of a
Coastline Management Organisation.
In the framework of ENVIREG (EU), waste water processing thresholds
are being established in a large number of coastal
towns. Environmental Impact Assessment studies apply to marine and
coastal activities. The Ministry of Merchant Marine
controls waste dumping in the ship from ships and aircrafts.
Inspection of ships is taking place and phenomena of sea-colour
change or incidents of fish deaths are examined.
Fishing activities is compatible with integrated environmental
management. The Ministry of Aegean prepared the Integrated
Operational Plan for the development of the Aegean aiming at the
sustainable development of the islands of the Aegean.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: High Priority
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: The framework of the overall
national legislation is Law 743/77 "protection of the marine
environment etc." modified with laws 1147/81 and 2252/94. The law
provides certain preventive and pollution combating
measures and describes the obligations for both ships and onshore
installations. According to its provisions, sanctions are
imposed to the violators of the Law (penal sanctions,
administrative fines, disciplinary penalties). The polluter pays
principle
is applied for the restoration of damages caused by pollution. The
Ministry for the Environment has primary responsibility for
integrated planning and management of coastal areas. Fishing
legislation is based on Law 420/70. EC Regulations
complement the national legal network.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: The Ministry of
Merchant Marine organises on a continuous basis educational
seminars for the Port Authorities personnel, universities, local
authorities, army authorities and the public.
International meeting of experts in Santorini island to design a
policy for sustainable development of coastal areas in the
Mediterranean (Ministry for the Environment, University of Aegean,
MAP/UNEP).
3. Major Groups: Universities and other institutions
undertake research projects. The National Centre of Marine
Research,
in cooperation with the Institute of Marine Biology of Crete are
participating in the Topic Centre of the European
Environment Agency for the marine and coastal environment.
4. Finance: see Annex I
5. Regional/International Cooperation: In the framework of
international instruments to which Greece is party i.e.
MARPOL 73/78, London Convention 1972, Basel Convention, Barcelona
Convention 1976, OPRC Convention, Paris
Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control (MOU).
International cooperative scientific programmes
UNEP/MAP, MEDPOL, POEM, MEDRAP, FAO, OECD, EIFAC, CINCS (EU),
METROMED (EU), PELAGOS (EU),
MARE (EU), ELNA (EU). Cooperation agreement between the Greek
Republic and the Italian Republic of 1979 "for the
protection of Ionian sea marine environment and its coastal
zones".
| Catches of marine species (metric tons) | 89,484 | 130,549 | 139,000 | |
| Population in coastal areas | ||||
| Population served by waste water treatment (% of
country's total population) | ||||
| Discharges of oil into coastal waters (metric tons) | ||||
| Releases of phosphate into coastal waters (metric tons) | ||||
| Releases of nitrate into coastal waters (metric tons) | ||||
| Other data | ||||
Chapter 17 (Oceans) Continued:
| Check the boxes in the column below left: | Check the boxes in the column below right: |
| For level of importance use: | For level of implementation use: |
| *** = very important | *** = fully covered |
| ** = important | ** = well covered- gaps being addressed |
| * = not important | * = poorly covered |
| N = not relevant | O = not covered; N = not relevant |
TABLE I. THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED BY THE APPROPRIATE COORDINATING MECHANISM FOR INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL AND MARINE AREAS AND THEIR RESOURCES.
| a. Preparation and implementation of land and water use and siting policies. | ||
| b. Implementation of integrated coastal and marine management and sustainable development plans and programmes at appropriate levels. | ||
| c. Preparation of coastal profiles identifying critical areas including eroded zones, physical processes, development patterns, user conflicts and specific priorities for management. | ||
| d. Prior environmental impact assessment, systematic observation and follow-up of major projects, including systematic incorporation of results in decision-making. | ||
| e. Contingency plans for human induced and natural disasters. | ||
| f. Improvement of coastal human settlements, especially in housing, drinking water and treatment and disposal of sewage, solid wastes and industrial effluents. | ||
| g. Periodic assessment of the impacts of external factors and phenomena to ensure that the objectives of integrated management and sustainable development of coastal areas and marine environment are met. | ||
| h. Conservation and restoration of altered critical habitats. | ||
| I. Integration of sectoral programmes on sustainable development for settlements, agriculture, tourism, fishing, ports and industries affecting the coastal areas. | ||
| J. Infrastructure adaptation and alternative employment. | ||
| K. Human resource development and training. | ||
| L. Public education, awareness and information programmes. | ||
| M. Promoting environmentally sound technology and sustainable practices. | ||
| N. Development and simultaneous implementation of environmental quality criteria. |
TABLE II. TECHNOLOGY (MARINE ENVIRONMENT)
| A. Apply preventive, precautionary and anticipatory approaches so as to avoid degradation of the marine environment, as well as to reduce the risk of long-term or irreversible adverse effects upon it. | ||
| B. Ensure prior assessment of activities that may have significant adverse impacts upon the marine environment. | ||
| C. Integrate protection of the marine environment into relevant general environmental, social and economic development policies. | ||
| D. Develop economic incentives, where appropriate, to apply clean technologies and other means consistent with the internalization of environmental costs, such as the polluter pays principle, so as to avoid degradation of the marine environment. | ||
| E. Improve the living standards of coastal populations, particularly in developing countries, so as to contribute to reducing the degradation of the coastal and marine environment. | ||
| F. Effective monitoring and surveillance within the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of fish harvesting and transportation of toxic and other hazardous materials. |
TABLE III. SEWAGE RELATED ISSUES
| A. Sewage related problems are considered when formulating or reviewing coastal development plans, including human development plans. | ||
| B. Sewage treatment facilities are built in accordance with national policies. | ||
| C. Coastal outfalls are located so as to maintain acceptable level of environmental quality and to avoid exposing shell fisheries, water intakes and bathing areas to pathogens. | ||
| D. The Government promotes primary treatment of municipal sewage discharged to rivers, estuaries and the sea, or other solutions appropriate to specific sites. | ||
| E. The Government supports the establishment and improvement of local, national, subregional and regional, as necessary, regulatory and monitoring programmes to control effluent discharge. Minimum sewage effluent guidelines and water quality criteria are in use. |
TABLE IV. OTHER SOURCES OF MARINE POLLUTION, THE GOVERNMENT HAS:
| A. Established or improved upon, as necessary, regulatory and monitoring programmes to control emissions, including recycling technologies. | ||
| B. Promoted risk and environmental impact assessments to help ensure an acceptable level of environmental quality. | ||
| C. Promoted assessment and cooperation at the regional level, where appropriate, with respect to the input of point source pollutants from the marine environment. | ||
| D. Taken steps to eliminate emissions or discharges of organohalogen compounds from the marine environment. | ||
| E. Taken steps to eliminate/reduce emissions or discharges or other synthetic organic compounds from the marine environment. | ||
| F. Promoted controls over anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen and phosphorous that enter coastal waters where such problems as eutrophication threaten the marine environment or its resources. | ||
| G. Taken steps to develop and implement environmentally sound land-use techniques and practices to reduce run-off to water courses and estuaries which would cause pollution or degradation of the marine environment. | ||
| H. Promoted the use of environmentally less harmful pesticides and fertilizers and alternative methods for pest control, and considered the prohibition of those found to be environmentally unsound. | ||
| I. Adopted new initiatives at national, subregional and regional levels for controlling the input of non-point source pollutants which require broad changes in sewage and waste management, agricultural practices, mining, construction and transportation. | ||
| J. Taken steps to control and prevent coastal erosion and siltation due to anthropogenic factors related to, inter alia, land-use and construction techniques and practices. |
TABLE V. ADDRESSING CRITICAL UNCERTAINTIES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE. IN ORDER TO IMPLEMENT THIS PROGRAMME AREA THE GOVERNMENT IS CARRYING OUT THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES:
| A. Coordinating national and regional observation programmes for coastal and near-shore phenomena related to climate change and for research parameters essential for marine and coastal management in all regions. | ||
| B. Providing improved forecasts of marine conditions for the safety of inhabitants of coastal areas and for the efficiency of marine operations. | ||
| C. Adopting special measures to cope with and adapt to potential climate change and sea-level rise. | ||
| D. Participating in coastal vulnerability assessment, modelling and response strategies particularly for priority areas, such as small islands and low-lying and critical coas |