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National Implementation of Agenda 21
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Information Provided by the Government of the Republic of
Croatia
United Nations Department for Policy Coordination and
Sustainable Development
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This country profile has been provided by:
Name of Ministry/Office: The State Directorate for Environment
Date:
Submitted by:
Mailing address:
Telephone: +385 1 6118 388, 6111 992
Telefax: +385 1 537 203, 6118 388
E-mail: name.surname@duzo.tel.hr
Note from the Secretariat: An effort has been made to present all country profiles within a common format, with an equal number of pages. However, where Governments have not provided information for the tables appended to Chapters 4 and 17, those tables have been omitted entirely in order to reduce the overall length of the profile and save paper. Consequently, there may be some minor inconsistencies among the formats of the different country profiles.
All statistics are rendered as provided by the respective Governments.
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| APELL | Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level |
| CFC | chlorofluorocarbon |
| CGIAR | Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research |
| CILSS | Permanent Inter-State Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel |
| EEZ | exclusive economic zone |
| ECA | Economic Commission for Africa |
| ECE | Economic Commission for Europe |
| ECLAC | Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean |
| ELCI | Environmental Liaison Centre International |
| EMINWA | environmentally sound management of inland water |
| ESCAP | Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific |
| ESCWA | Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia |
| FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
| GATT | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade |
| GAW | Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO) |
| GEF | Global Environment Facility |
| GEMS | Global Environmental Monitoring System (UNEP) |
| GEMS/WATER | Global Water Quality Monitoring Programme |
| GESAMP | Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution |
| GIPME | Global Investigation of Pollution in Marine Environment (UNESCO) |
| GIS | Geographical Information System |
| GLOBE | Global Legislators Organisation for a Balanced Environment |
| GOS | Global Observing System (WMO/WWW) |
| GRID | Global Resource Information Database |
| GSP | generalized system of preferences |
| HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
| IAEA | International Atomic Energy Agency |
| IAP-WASAD | International Action Programme on Water and Sustainable Agricultural Development |
| IARC | International Agency for Research on Cancer |
| IBSRAM | International Board of Soil Resources and Management |
| ICCA | International Council of Chemical Associations |
| ICES | International Council for the Exploration of the Sea |
| ICPIC | International Cleaner Production Information Clearing House |
| ICSC | International Civil Service Commission |
| ICSU | International Council of Scientific Unions |
| IEEA | Integrated environmental and economic accounting |
| IFAD | International Fund for Agricultural Development |
| IGADD | Intergovernmental Authority for Drought and Development |
| IGBP | International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (ICSU) |
| IGBP/START | International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme/Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training |
| ILO | International Labour Organisation |
| IMF | International Monetary Fund |
| IMO | International Maritime Organization |
| INFOTERRA | International Environment Information system (UNEP) |
| IOC | Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission |
| IPCC | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
| IPCS | International Programme on Chemical Safety |
| IPM | integrated pest management |
| IRPTC | International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals |
| ITC | International Tin Council |
| ITTO | International Tropical Timber Organization |
| IUCN | International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
| MARPOL | International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships |
| OECD | Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development |
| PGRFA | plant genetic resources for agriculture |
| PIC | prior informed consent procedure |
| SADCC | South African Development Co-ordination Conference |
| SARD | sustainable agriculture and rural development |
| UNCTAD | United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |
| UNDP | United Nations Development Programme |
| UNDRO | Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator |
| UNEP | United Nations Environment Programme |
| UNESCO | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
| UNFPA | United Nations Population Fund |
| UNICEF | United Nations Children's Fund |
| UNIDO | United Nations Industrial Development Organization |
| UNU | United Nations University |
| WCP | World Climate Programme (WMO/UNEP/ICSU/UNESCO) |
| WFC | World Food Council |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| WMO | World Meteorological Organization |
| WWF | World Wide Fund for Nature (also called World Wildlife Fund) |
| WWW | World Weather Watch (WMO) |
1. Name of Key National Sustainable Development Coordination Mechanism(s)/Council(s). A National Sustainable Development Coordination Mechanism has not been established.
Contact point (Name, Title, Office): Telephone: +385 1 6118 388, 6111 992 Fax: +385 1 537 203, 6118 388 e-mail: name.surname@duzo.tel.hr Mailing address: HR-10000 Zagreb, Ulica grada Vukovara 78.
2. Membership/Composition/Chairperson: Mr. Ante Kutle, M.D., Director
2a. List of ministries and agencies involved: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Development and Reconstruction, Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Culture; Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, State Directorate for Water, Ministry of Physical Planning, Building and Housing, State Bureau of Statistics, WHO Office Croatia, REC Croatia, Ericsson, Nikola Tesla, LTD, APO Waste Management Agency.
2b. Names of para-statal bodies and institutions involved, as
well as participating of academic and private sector bodies:
Kornelua Pintaric, Jura] Posaric, Silvana Curlin, Marina Musulin,
Radovan Fuchs, Berislav
2c. Names of non-governmental organizations involved: No information.
3. Mandate role of above mechanism/council: No information.
4. If available, attach a diagram (organization chart) showing national coordination structure and linkages between ministries: No information.
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 2: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
TO ACCELERATE SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND RELATED DOMESTIC
POLICIES (with special emphasis on TRADE)
In June and July 1996, Croatia forwarded a series of requested
documents to the GATT Secretariat, which paved the
way for the commencement of bilateral negotiations. In the
meantime, Croatia also forwarded the proposal on initial tariff
concessions, concerning goods whose custom duties would be lowered,
with a view of thus becoming a WTO member.
Another Croatian obligation is the preparation and the
submission of its proposal - the list of highest custom rates,
together with the commitment of not raising custom duties above the
established rates under any circumstances.
The Republic of Croatia undertook the obligation of
elaborating the custom concessions proposal, which is an essential
condition for the commencement of bilateral negotiations on tariff
amounts for individual goods. Further, the government
finds it necessary to open bilateral negotiations on custom
concessions for goods and on access to service markets.
Croatia will base its future market policies upon politics and
the implementation of agreements settled within the
Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations. In this connection, the new Law
on Trade, in force since the beginning of 1996,
represents the implementation of market policy measures,
particularly in the part concerning protection against dumping
and subsidies, and other modes of protection.
A new round of negotiations within the Working Group was held
in January, while the next session is scheduled for
Autumn 1997.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Integration of trade and
environmental policies
STATUS REPORT: The Republic of Croatia began
preparations for GATT accession in 1993. The Joining procedure has
been under way since 1993, with the view of Croatia becoming a
permanent GATT and World Trade Organisation (WTO)
member, respectively. The beginning of April saw the first session
of the Working Group for the Reception of Croatia
into WTO, which initiated multilateral negotiations.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 3: COMBATING POVERTY
(II) Programme on the reconstruction of housing, economic and
transport facilities
Focus of national strategy
The consequences of war and the economic problems emerging from the
transformation of former public property, (i.e.,
that which is in the process of economic reform and the
transformation of proprietorship), have lead to a decline in the
standard of living of most of the population. The unemployed, the
retired, the beneficiaries of various types of aid and
social welfare, in conjunction with a portion of the employed and
other persons (not counting refugees and exiles) find
themselves in a particularly difficult position.
As a constituent part of the Stabilisation Programme, the
Government of the Republic of Croatia initiated, in March
1993, a Social Programme, which encompasses, along with the social
welfare area, portions of the employment, pension
and disability insurance, health, child allowance, among other
systems.
Along with the Social Programme, some new additional measures
and forms of social welfare have been established.
The rights and the forms of social welfare guaranteed to the
beneficiaries are:
Payment in ready money:
Payment in kind:
Unemployment is at the moment one of the most important problems of
the Republic of Croatia. The law on
employment (1996) therefore anticipates numerous insurance measures
during employment,as well as active employment
policy initiatives.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: (I) Activities and measures in
lowering the unemployment rate STATUS REPORT:
- social minimum compensation
- regular financial help
- temporary financial help
- one-time financial help
- help in obtaining working and earning qualifications
- help and care bonus
- financial help for childrens'' equipment for a single unemployed
parent
- one-time financial help for funeral expenses
- financial help for the personal needs of the beneficiary
- salary compensation for the parent of a severely handicapped
child
- help in provisions
- help in fuel acquisition for the beneficiary of permanent
financial help
- help in clothes and footwear acquisition
- help in the form of presents
- financial help for paying the public or communal company bills of
singles
- help and care in the house
- help in food, clothes and footwear, help in other material goods
from humanitarian
and state-operated sources (provision packages, public kitchens,
clothes, footwear, and other
material goods).
Highlight activities aimed at the poor and linkages to the environment
The Republic of Croatia is working on the elaboration of the national employment policy on the basis of the labour market survey with the help of the International Labour Association.
The objectives of the national employment policy measures are:
The Croatian Employment Agency has, by means of its active
policy measures, embraced 4,887 persons in the first
half of 1996, out of which 3,125 fall within, and 1,762 fall
outside of the economic sector. The Agency will, during the
1997-1999 period, within its financial possibilities, conduct the
following programmes:
The social welfare system affects pension insurance as
well, owing to the considerable increase in the number of
pensioners in contrast to the number of the employed persons, and
considering the relatively low pensions. The pension
and disability insurance system comprises the following protective
social provisions:
The social insurance system is expected to be partially changed, since the passing of the new Law on Social Welfare and the new Law on Pension and Disability Insurance is in progress. |
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
NB: Developed countries, where domestic poverty alleviation is not
a major concern may wish to briefly describe their
position regarding global poverty alleviation.
| Latest 1995 | |||||
| Unemployment (registered with the Employment Agency) | |||||
| Number of the recipients of social welfare |
| ||||
| Public spending on social sector % | |||||
| Other data | |||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 4: CHANGING CONSUMPTION
PATTERNS
National policy objectives/focus
In the past five-year period, the Republic of Croatia suffered
severe destruction from war, human casualties and the
devastation of settlements and economic facilities. Care of
refugees and exiles, war damage clean-up activities, and
solving numerous social and economic difficulties have been a
priority of the government.
The deterioration of economic activities, decline in gross
social product and decrease in energy consumption were
consequences of the stated events. With the exception of
war-stricken areas, the environment remained preserved due to
the deterioration of economic activities, more than to the
implementation of environmental protection measures.
In spite of all the difficulties, major shifts towards the
sustainable development concept were realized through new
Croatian laws and strategic documents. With the passing of a
Declaration on Environmental Protection in 1992, the
Croatian Parliament opted for the sustainable development of the
country, based on an economy and industry oriented
towards environmentally sound technologies.
One of the legally set objectives of environmental protection
in Croatia is the promotion of the use of environmentally
acceptable products and manufacturing procedures, and a harmonised
relation between environmental protection and
economic development.
The Environmental Label was created as one of the instruments
for achieving a change in consumption patterns. It has
been awarded since 1993 to the manufacturers of consumer goods
which, in the process of manufacture, marketing, use
and disposal after they have turned into waste, affect the
environment in a considerably less harmful way than other
uniform products (Rule Book on Environmental Label, 1996). The
Environmental Label has a commercial character, with
the aim of changing patterns of production and behaviour of buyers
of consumer goods. Not being supported by fiscal
policy incentive measures, the Environmental Label does not affect
the selling price of the product using it.
Measures for organised collecting and re-use of waste have
been established (The Law on Waste, 1995) with a view to
reducing waste emerging from production and consumption .
Manufacturers' responsibility for the collection and recycling
of packaging waste has been separately regulated (Rule Book on
Packaging Waste, 1996).
The law anticipates stimulative measures for the use of
manufacturing procedures, manufacture and transport of
environmentally the most acceptable products, and for the reclaim
and re-use of products and packaging, together with
tax, custom and other public duties exemptions (The Law on
Environmental Protection, 1994). The anticipated incentive
measures in the tax and customs systems are currently not feasible,
since no necessary implementation regulations exist.
Concerning changing energy production and consumption
patterns, the Republic of Croatia imports more than 40% of
total energy supplies, while non-regenerative energetic resources
(fossil fuels) are rather scarce. There are possibilities of
exploiting large potentials of almost all kinds of regenerative
resources (geo-thermal energy, energy of the sun and the
wind, biomass etc.).
The objective of all the relevant factors in the Republic of
Croatia is the gradual introduction of renewable energy
resources in the Energy Supply System of the Republic of Croatia,
and the commitment to achieving the maximum level
of independence from imports.
Respecting the increasingly tough requirements regarding the
protection of human health and the environment, and
considering all external costs of energy production, Croatia has
initiated an extensive reconstruction program, involving
the energy supply system and policy, as a part of the general
program of the reconstruction of the Republic of Croatia.
Considering the availability of natural resources, energy
conservation and renewable energy sources will take a leading
role in the renewal of the of the Croatian energy supply system.
National targets: No information
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Stimulative measures
implementation
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Parliament of the
Republic of Croatia, the Government of the Republic of Croatia,
the State Directorate for the Environment, the Ministry of Finance,
the Ministry of Economy and the Croatian Chamber
of Economy.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
| Latest 1995 | |||||
| GDP per capita (current US$) | |||||
| Real GDP growth (%) | |||||
| Electricity consumption in households (Kwh/inhabitant) | |||||
| Motor vehicles in use per 1000 inhabitants | |||||
| Electricity consumption in industry and mining to UCEA - 000 MWh | |||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 5: DEMOGRAPHIC DYNAMICS AND
SUSTAINABILITY
The National Programme for Demographic Development, a strategic
development document, was passed by the Croatian
Parliament on January 18, 1996.
The Population of uninhabited areas has begun.
A three-year maternity leave for employed parents for every third
and next child has been adopted.
The system of childrens' allowance is currently being changed.
The Law on the Status of the Parent-Educator is being changed.
The Government views population and fertility growth rates as
too low. The Government's intervention in these areas
includes activities to raise population and fertility growth rates.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Population increase
and improved demographic structure
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure:
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues:
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: State budget, budgets of units of local
government and self-government.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Cooperation with
UNICEF.
The Parliament of the Republic of Croatia
The Government of the Republic of Croatia
The Ministry of Development and Reconstruction
The Ministry of Development and Reconstruction
The Ministry for Labour and Social Welfare
The Ministry of Health
The Ministry of Education and Sports
The Ministry of Science and Technology
The Ministry of Privatization
The Ministry of Physical Planning, Building and Housing
The Ministry of Finance
The State Office for Family, Maternity and Youth
| Latest 199_ | ||||
| Population (Thousands) mid-year estimates | ||||
| Annual rate of increase (1990-1993) | ||||
| Surface area (Km2) | ||||
| Population density (people/Km2) | ||||
| Other data | ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 6: PROTECTING AND PROMOTING
HUMAN HEALTH
The system of health financing also changed, in which two
major propositions concerning equity and efficiency were
given full consideration.
In the reporting period (1990-1995), Croatia was a victim of
war aggression, which resulted in several tens of
thousands of killed, disabled, and wounded. Material destruction
was considerably great as well, including, inter alia, 16
entire hospitals. For that reason, great attention is given to the
reconstruction of Croatian health care infrastructure, and to
the provision of measures promoting general access to health
services for all Croatian citizens, mostly through primary
health care.
For reasons of scarcity of financial means (the latest data
indicate that health appropriations have been reduced by 50%
in comparison to 1990), numerous cost containment measures are
being implemented, but despite that, numerous health
gains have been simultaneously achieved due to the good
organisation of health services. It should be noted that infant
mortality rates have been reduced, which is generally accepted as
a primary indicator of health status: before the war the
infant mortality rate was 10.7. During the war period, it was 11.1
and 11.6 in 1991 and 1992 respectively, and was later
reduced to 8.7 per 1000 live births in 1995.
There has also been an increase in life expectancy, from 72.5
(1990) to 73.1 (1994), accompanied by the decrease in
the maternal mortality rate, from 10.83 to 10.3.
Additional data also point to the fact that health protection
and health promotion measures proved to be effective,
resulting in the improved health status. For instance, the number
of deaths attributed to cardiovascular diseases was
reduced from 528.1 to 518.2 per 100.000 inhabitants.
Health policy has been formulated in the new edition of the
Croatian policy and strategy, "Health for Everyone by the
Year 2005", confirming, in other words, the existence of a
long-term health policy expanding into the next century.
Within the framework of such policy, due attention is being
paid to environmental and health issues, encompassed in a
separate chapter of the aforementioned edition.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Healthy Environment for
Everyone by the Year 2005
STATUS REPORT: In the new independent State,
formed on the basis of the first multi-party democratic elections
of
1990, the Croatian health system was established. New Croatian
health legislation has been enforced, promoting the
following priorities: universality of access, health promotion, and
primary health care. Active involvement with the issues
of the entire physical, chemical, biological, and social
environment was also envisaged, according to not only the
provisions of Alma Ata (Declaration on Primary Health Care, 1978),
but of Agenda 21 as well.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The health system is designed
in such a way as to ensure state involvement in all its
structures, i.e. at the State level, at the County level of (21 in
all), and at the level of local units of government and
self-government. The so-called Administrative Councils are in
charge of health care, being responsible for the functioning of
health care, while their decisions are executed by institutional
management. The Administrative Council is also in place as
the strongest public insurance institution, covering mandatory
health insurance. Additional health insurance is available as
well, but only as a private one.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: In light of the
fact that the most important aspect of capacity building is human
capacity development, extensive training courses are being
conducted within the framework of some internationally-sponsored
projects (primarily by the World Bank and the WHO). Some 2000
health professionals participated therein in
the course of 1996.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: The state budget and the budgets of the units
of local government and self-government.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Regional and
International cooperation is very prominent in all aspects of
Croatian health policy enforcement. This is primarily evident in
the area of cooperation with the World Bank and the
WHO. With respect to the WHO, foremost consideration is to be given
to collaboration in the area of enforcement of the
so-called National Health and Environmental Action Programme, being
prepared in compliance to with the decision of the
II. Ministerial Conference on Health and Environment (Helsinki,
1994), and is to be finalized in the course of 1997. This
programme envisages the close cooperation between all
health-promoting and environment-promoting activities. There is a
broad-spectrum of intersectoral cooperation within Croatia in this
respect, including experts from health care areas,
environmental protection, economy, industry, tourism, etc. Close
collaboration is established internationally as well,
primarily with the WHO, and recently with UNDP.
| Latest 1994 | ||||
| Life expectancy at birth Male Female |
|
|
| |
| Infant mortality (per 1000 live births) | ||||
| Maternal mortality rate (per 100000 live births) | ||||
| Public Waste supply for households (total) in 000 m3 | ||||
| Discharge of waste water from public sewage systems in 000 m3 | ||||
| Purified waste water in 000 m3 | ||||
| Cardiovascular diseases mortality rate (per 100.000 inhabitants) | ||||
| Melanoma mortality rate (per 100.000 inhabitants) | ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 7: PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE HUMAN
SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT
A systematic reconstruction/creation of normal living and
working conditions, and stimulative measures concerning the
settlement of abandoned, destructed and devastated areas are
currently under way.
The development of cities and other settlements so far is
marked by underdeveloped infrastructure, the need for
transformation of the economy, and for the improvement of
environmental status. The inherited concepts of inadequate
growth are being tested against the preparation and the elaboration
of physical plans for cities and other settlements,
aiming towards a more humane spatial arrangement and a more
efficient functioning of urban systems.
Major thematic priority groups:
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Reparation of war damage, with
a special emphasis on settlement reconstruction and
return of the exiles
STATUS REPORT: The consequences of war have
caused the abandonment of the destroyed areas and exerted pressure
on cities.
- return of the refugees and exiles
- renewal of the housing fund and the building system
- renewal and development of communal and social infrastructure,
and the economy
- endangered environment clean-up.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Development
and Reconstruction is conducting a National
Reconstruction Programme, with the participation of other
development entities. The Ministry of Physical Planning,
Building and Housing, other ministries, state directorates and
public companies work within their competencies.
In this area, the ministries administer and direct state level
documents and policy implementation, involving
representative bodies of local authorities. Institutions, in
conjunction with expert and other bodies pertaining to Counties,
Cities and Municipalities, function at the local level.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: The Institute of
Physical Planning of the corresponding Ministry, prepares in
cooperation with other institutions, documents on the physical
reconstruction of settlements and acts as an intersectoral
coordinator. The National Physical Planning Strategy and Programme
are the basic documents encompassing integral
development and physical planning issues and therefore, the issues
of sustainable settlement as well. Single documents for
particularly relevant and endangered areas, and those for large
urban agglomerations, are to follow.
Local institutions develop their own plans and programmes, to
be adopted by the representative bodies of the local
authorities.
Specialised institutions, institutes, bureaus and expert
departments of public companies are preparing and conducting
special reconstruction and development programmes.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: The state budget and the budgets of the units
of local government and self-government.
5. Regional/International Cooperation:
International contracts, agreements and cooperation on the side of
the Republic of Croatia
National Croatian Committee for HABITAT
The Association of Croatian Cities and Municipalities
Direct collaboration between cities (within Croatia and with cities
in other countries)
EUROPAN Croatia
Urban population in % of total population
Annual rate of growth of urban population (%)
Largest city population (in % of total population) -
Zagreb (city)
Metropolitan Area of Zagreb
Number of settlements in the Republic of
Croatia
Number of cities
Number of cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 8: INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT IN DECISION-MAKING
of the Republic of Croatia and people, in accordance with the
Constitution and the legislature. The Republic ensures the
right of the citizens to a healthy environment. The citizens,
state, public and economic authorities and associations are
bound, within their authorities and activities, to take special
care of the protection of the human environment and natural
health
(according to the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia).
The Croatian Parliament is the citizens' representative body
and the incumbent of the legislative authority. It consists
of the Chamber of Representatives and the Chamber of Counties. The
Chamber of Representatives is constituted of
representatives elected directly by secret vote, based on the
common and equal right to vote. Three delegates are elected
from each of the Counties to the Chamber of Counties, directly, by
secret vote of the citizens of a respective county, on
the basis of a common right to vote. The Chamber of
Representatives, inter alia, passes laws and decides on the state
budget, supervising the work of the Croatian Government. The
Chamber of Counties proposes bills to the Chamber of
representatives and states opinions on the issues within the
competence of the Chamber of Representatives.
The Croatian Government acts as the executive authority, and
is constituted of the President, the Vice-Presidents,
Ministers and other members.
Within the constitutionally guaranteed right to local
government and self-government, the citizens decide on the local
needs and interests, especially concerning physical and urban
planning, settlements planning and housing, municipal
activities, and protection and improvement of the natural
environment. The units of local self-government are cities and
municipalities, while the units of local government and
self-government are counties with larger territories.
In accordance with the structure of the state administration,
individual administrative segments of environmental
protection and sustainable development are scattered among
different ministries and state directorates, e.g. for
environmental protection, physical planning, nature
protection,protection of soils and forests, protection against
radiation,
against pollution from ships, etc.
The integration of the stated activities from the
environmental protection area in the Ministry of
Environment would enable cost reduction, improve planning and
access to information, and the existent parallelisms of
actions could be successfully avoided.
A good example of an integrative approach for economic
development and environmental protection is the procedure of
environmental impact assessment, implemented in Croatia since 1984.
Consistent to the Law on Environmental Protection
(1994), such an assessment ensures the realization of the
preventive principle, through compliance and adjustment of the
planned intervention, construction, facilities renewal or
activities with the reception capacity of the environment of the
particular area. A survey on environmental impact must be provided
by the subject in charge of the planned environmental
intervention. A panel discussion is conducted in the area to be
affected by the environmental intervention, with the
purpose of evaluating the survey.
The strategic documents on development, elaborated in the
Republic of Croatia during the past five-year period, take
into account the integration of environment and development
components, reflected, for example, in the 1996 Strategy on
Physical Planning, accepted by the Government.
The Croatian Parliament adopted on February 28, 1997 the
National Programme on Sustainable Island Development.
The first and the main goal has been defined: sustainable
development of the Croatian islands. The National Programme
on Sustainable Development is being prepared by the working group
consisting of scientists, experts, representatives of
ministries and other governmental bodies, coordinated by the
Ministry of Development and Reconstruction.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Establishment of the Ministry of
Environment
STATUS REPORT: The conservation and use of
natural and cultural wealth are decided upon by the Parliament,
1. Decision-Making Structure (please also refer to the fact
sheet): The Croatian Parliament, the Government, the
Parliamentary Board for Physical Planning and Environment, the
governmental bodies within their respective domains, the
units of local government and self-government. No entity has been
established for integrating environment and
development in decision-making.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Governmental
bodies, scientific institutes, local NGOs, etc.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance:
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
"Environment for Europe" Process
Environmental Action Programme for Central and Eastern Europe
Danube River Basin Environment Programme.
Mediterranean Action Plan
Croatia is a Party to numerous International conventions, protocols
and agreements.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 9: PROTECTION OF THE
ATMOSPHERE
The Republic of Croatia is a Party to the following international
treaties:
Montreal Protocol on Substances Depleting the Ozone Layer
(1991)
- London Amendments to the Montreal Protocol on Substances
Depleting the Ozone Layer
(1994)
- Copenhagen Amendments to the Montreal Protocol on Substances
Depleting the Ozone Layer
(1996)
- The latest report to the Montreal Protocol Secretariat was
submitted in 1996.
- The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1996)
The report will be submitted in the course
of the year 1997.
Vienna Convention on the Protection of Ozone Layer (1991)
Conventions on the Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
(1991)
- Protocol to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air
Pollution on Long-term
Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and
Evaluation of the Long-range
Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP Protocol 1991)
- Protocol to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air
Pollution on further Reduction
of Sulphur Emissions (1994)
- The latest report to the Executive Body of Convention was
submitted in 1996.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter
The Regulations of the Republic of Croatia:
With the purpose to implement the Montreal Protocol in the Republic
of Croatia, a National Programme Body has been
set up by the Government, consisting of experts with extensive
experience and knowledge that contribute to the
harmonisation of Croatian interests with the requirements of the
Montreal Protocol.
The State Directorate for Environment (SDE), authorised to
enforce the provisions of the Montreal Protocol, in
conjunction with the National Programme Body and under the
professional and financial support of UNEP, prepared a
Country Programme for Phasing Out Substances that Deplete the Ozone
Layer.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Achieving the Category I of Air
Quality - Clean or Slightly Polluted Air - in the entire
State Territory within the next 10 Years
STATUS REPORT:
The Law on Air Quality Protection (1995);
By-law on Recommended and Limit Values of Ambient Air Quality
(1996).
The SDE is providing professional assistance to users of
substances that deplete the ozone layer regarding the
alternatives to such substances. In the course of 1996, a process
was initiated to formulate regulations to fully govern the
issues of import and consumption of these substances, as well as of
the products containing these substances. Moreover,
the top-priority projects for the substitution of substances that
deplete the ozone layer were identified. They are scheduled
to start early in 1997 and to last for three years.
Through its competent authorities, the Republic of Croatia is
systematically educating employees, by organizing
seminars and courses within and outside educational institutions,
to work with the substances that deplete the ozone layer.
Permanent promotional activities in mass media are helping to
raise the awareness of co-responsibility of the state of
environment, thus preparing the public for the benefits which will
inevitably arise in the course of withdrawal of these
substances from use.
The Republic of Croatia entered the activities concerning
climate change issues by signing the Convention on Climate
Change in 1992, and ratifying it in 1996. During the past period,
two pilot-projects were elaborated in cooperation with
UNEP, concerning the survey of the consequences of global climate
change in the Adriatic area, in the Cres-Losinj
Archipelago and in the Bay of Kastela. The draft document "Croatian
Climatic Project by 2000" has also been elaborated,
which would further encompass the following surveys: study of
climate change mechanisms, joining the global climate
monitoring system, elaboration of the model for the assessment of
greenhouse-gas contribution of Croatia, elaboration on
the sub-project on the possibility of reducing greenhouse-gas
concentrations, and the elaboration of the sub-project on
economic effects arising from climate change in Croatia, as well as
the prevention of such effects.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Croatian Parliament, the
Croatian Government, the State Directorate for
Environment, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Economy, the
State Bureau for Standardization and Metrology, the
State Weather Bureau and the units of local government and
self-government.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: The basic
legislative framework for the implementation of the policy of air
quality protection and improvement in Croatia is the Law on Air
Quality Protection, in force since 1995. The Law
establishes some basic principles of the implementation of air
quality protection. It regulates the establishment of national
and local air quality monitoring networks, the mode of area
classification with regard to air quality, the need for
developing programmes for endangered areas, as well as for the
stationary sources of air pollution. It also introduces the
obligation to keep records of the sources of emissions and monitor
stationary source emissions, and to supply the units of
local self-government with the relevant data.
Croatia can provide accurate air quality indicators for the
past few years which undoubtedly testify to the status of air
quality in the Croatian territory, except for certain industrial
zones burdened by out-of-date technology. Facing the
difficulties caused by the consequences of war and neglected
economic development during its many years within the
former Yugoslavia, Croatia is unfortunately not in a position to
resolve this issue on its own.
Annual reports on air pollutant emissions are being prepared
in Croatia since 1993. These reports include the
following substances: S02, NOx, N20, CH4, CO, C02, NH3, NMVOC and
heavy metals (Pb, CD and Hg). Croatia, with its
three local air quality monitoring stations, participates within
the Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS), with
its two tropospheric ozone monitoring stations within EUROTRAC
Monitoring Network, and with its two background air
pollution monitoring stations within the EMEP Protocol.
3. Major Groups: Governmental bodies play the leading role
in air protection programmes, and the ever-growing
involvement of non-governmental associations is stimulating the
passage of regulations that govern the obligation to protect
air quality.
4. Finance: The state budget finances the national network
for air quality monitoring, while the budgets of units of local
government and self-government finance local networks for air
quality monitoring. The polluter, the owner and/or the
user is responsible for the financing of measures to reduce air
pollution caused by stationary sources.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: For the purpose of
the effective implementation of the Montreal Protocol, 1996
saw the signing of the Agreement on Financial and Professional
Support for the Elaboration of Projects for Phasing Out
the Consumption of Substances Depleting the Ozone Layer in the
Republic of Croatia, between Croatia and UNEP.
| Latest 1995 | ||||
| CO2 emissions (eq. million tons) | ||||
| SO2 (kilo tons) | ||||
| NOx " | ||||
| CH4 " | ||||
| Consumption of ozone depleting substances (metric tons) | ||||
| Expenditure on air pollution abatement in US$ equivalents (million) | ||||
| Other data | ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATED APPROACH TO
THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF LAND
RESOURCES
Changes in the physical outlook are considerable, due to the
consequences of war. The physical plans created before
the establishment of the sovereign and independent Republic of
Croatia are still in use.
The Physical Planning Strategy was elaborated as a basic
document of the integrated approach to planning. The
Physical Planning Programme is still in process, and the government
is preparing the establishment of an integrated
information system for monitoring the physical conditions in the
country.
Major thematic priority groups in physical planning:
Most of the units of local self-government have elaborated and
submitted "Reports on the Physical Conditions and the
Programme of Measures to Improve Physical Conditions" as the basic
physical planning document defined by the law.
County Physical Plans, being the basic physical plans on the local
level, are in the preparatory stage.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Capacity-building within planning
institutions at the local level, completion of new
regulations
STATUS REPORT: The Republic of Croatia is currently
establishing a new physical planning system based on the new
geo-political status and territorial organisation. The Law on
Physical Planning, passed in 1994, establishes an integrated
approach to planning through the elaboration of physical plans and
other similar documents.
- population and settlements
- use and protection of resources
- infrastructure and physical economy
- problem areas: war-stricken, border and rural regions, coastal
areas, islands, among other areas.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Institute for Physical
Planning of the Ministry of Physical Planning, Building and
Housing prepares documents on integrated physical-planning at the
state level, conducts expert and public panel
discussions and directs them to the enactment procedure (to the
Croatian Government, the Croatian Parliament), thus
simultaneously performing intersectoral coordination.
The Ministry of Development and Reconstruction is in charge
of national programmes for special areas.
At the local level, County Institutes for Physical Planning
(in the City of Zagreb - The Town Institute for Physical
Planning) elaborate and propose physical planning documents, to be
adopted by the representative bodies of the Counties
(and of the City of Zagreb).
The municipalities and the cities develop plans in conjunction
with authorised planning enterprises, to be passed by
their representative bodies.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: At the state level-
The Institute for Physical Planning of the Ministry of
Physical Planning, Building and Housing: the elaboration of the
Physical Planning Strategy and Programme of the
Republic of Croatia, and of the physical planning documents (urban
development), for areas of special interest for the
State (National Parks Plans, and plans for other unities).
The City of Zagreb - The Bureau for Development Planning: The
City of Zagreb Physical Plan, general and other
physical plans.
At the local level - 21 County Bureau for Physical Planning:
County Physical Plans and other plans in the County
areas.
Other competent institutions and bureaus elaborate physical
plans of cities and municipalities, and other detailed plans.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: The state budget, the budgets of the units of
local government and self-government, public companies
development funds and funds from other development subjects.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Activities within
the following associations: the Alps-Adriatic, the Danube
Region Community Programme, UNEP Sea and Coastal Areas Programme
Centre, intergovernmental commissions and
task forces, HABITAT, and other UN institutions.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 11: COMBATING
DEFORESTATION
Condition of Forests: The condition of forests in 1995
worsened in relation to previous years. Crown transparency
higher than 25% was found in 30% of the sampled broad-leaved trees
while 45% of conifers were severely damaged.
Oaks (Quercus petraea and Q. robur) and fir (Abies albal) are the
most affected ones in the broad-leaved and conifer tree
species. Forest condition in Croatia was estimated by the method of
the Institute for World Forestry in Hamburg.
According to the list of forest degradation by countries, conceived
at the 11th meeting of European and North-American
Experts in Jirovishte (Czech Republic), Croatia takes the 17th
place in Europe.
Education: Karlovac Secondary School of Forestry, Faculty of
Forestry (University of Zagreb).
Science: Jastrebarsko Forestry Institute, Zagreb Faculty of
Forestry; Split Institute for Adriatic Cultures and Karst
Improvement, and Croatian Academy of Science and Art.
Programmes: "Croatian Forests" consists of forest management
areas/directorates (15). Each management area is divided
into several forest offices (170 altogether). A Forest office
manages one or more forest management units (basic forest
territorial and organisational unit; 624 altogether).
Each unit operates according to the management programme,
harmonised with the Forest Management Areas
Programme. The latter is supported by the national strategic
directives. It contains economic and development policies of
the area, in accordance with sectoral plans (land use, water
management and management of protected areas). All forest
management programmes relate to the period of 20+20 years and are
subject to revision every 10 years. They must be
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. These
programmes are the basis of annual management plans.
The most important issue in Croatia is reconstruction and
restoration of areas damaged by the war. The Ministry of
Development and Reconstruction is implementing the programmes for
revitalisation of these areas, in which forestry
issues are included as well.
Major Legislative Developments: Privatisation of
non-forestry organisational units of the state-owned enterprise
"Croatian Forests" was approved by the Decision of the Parliament
in 1995. Denationalization of forests and forest land is
considered by the Parliament as an especially delicate issue.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: (I) Protection against Forest Fires,
(II) Forest Soil Conservation and Restoration
STATUS REPORT: After the first democratic
elections in 1990, the Croatian Parliament issued the Law on
Forests,
according to which one public forestry enterprise ("Croatian
Forests") was established. This concept was chosen in order
to: (1) balance the monetary value of work in forest activities,
regardless of the productive potentials which condition the
income of a particular forest region, and (2) to protect the
ecological function of forests with less market value by
allocating financial resources among different forest regions. It
is difficult to evaluate forestry trends by institutional,
managerial or market developments, because it is often impossible
to compare either quality or quantity indicators taken
today with those before the restructuring of the economy.
Short-term prospects are submitted to reconstruction and
remediation of war damages but with the respect of sustainable
management principles. 79% of forests in Croatia are
managed by the state enterprise "Croatian forests", 2% are managed
by non-forest organisations (such as directorates of
protected areas and scientific institutions) and 19% belong to
private owners (small-scale family holdings). "The Croatian
Forests" provide about 80% of wood production in Croatia. The
remaining 20% are mostly cordwood and fuelwood, cut
by small private forest owners. The sustainability of forests is
ensured by annual cut that must be significantly lower than
annual volume increment (36.2% in 1995; growing stock was 247 420
000 m3 and annual volume increment was 7 188
000 m3).
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Agriculture
and Forestry, Forestry Department, is responsible for the
forestry sector. It co-operates predominantly with the State
Directorate for the Natural and Cultural Heritage of the
Ministry of Culture, responsible for protected areas and wildlife
preservation; the State Directorate for the Environment,
the State Directorate for Waters and the Ministry of Physical
Planning, Civil Engineering and Housing.
Legislation: Forestry, and other activities concerning forests
and forest land, are regulated by the Law on Forests
(revised in 1993). The following legislation also (in)directly
affects forests: The Law on Environmental Protection (1994);
The Law on Nature Protection (1994); The Law on Waters (1995); The
Law on Hunting (1994) and Ordinance regarding
Changes in the Law on Hunting (1996); The Law on Protection against
Fire (1993); The Law on Physical Planning
(1994).
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: The total number of
trained foresters employed is about 11,000.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: Each economic subject in Croatia is obliged to
pay 0.07% of the total income into the fund for
afforestation of new areas. Forest owners also contribute to the
fulfillment of the Management programmes for private
forests by paying 20% of the income made by selling wood from even
aged forests, and 15% of income from selection
forests or the forests on karst. There has been no international
funding so far. A fact that should be emphasized is the war
in Croatia (1991- 1996). Military activities were especially
intensive in the most forested areas. Damages in the forestry
sector (except for the UNTAES zone) are estimated to about 140 065
260 DM. The total amount of war damage will be
known after the reintegration of the UNTAES zone. From the
beginning of the war till 1995, "Croatian Forests" invested
33 711 621 DM in the reconstruction of buildings, roads, machinery
and afforestation projects.
The World Bank provided a loan of 42.000.000 US$ for The
Coastal Forest Reconstruction and Protection Project.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
| Latest 1993 | ||||
| Forest Area (Km2) | ||||
| Protected forest area | ||||
| Roundwood production (solid volume of roundwood without bark in mill m3) | ||||
| Afforestation (ha/annum) | ||||
| Number of employees in the forestry sector | ||||
| Share of forestry sector in GNP* | ||||
| Income from export of forest products (% of the total) | ||||
| * Comparison is uncertain due to transitional changes (different calculation methods) | ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 12: MANAGING FRAGILE
ECOSYSTEMS: COMBATING DESERTIFICATION AND
DROUGHT
The International Convention to Combat Desertification in
Countries Experiencing Drought and/or Desertification
Particularly in Africa was signed in 1994, but not ratified.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter The National
Action Programme to combat desertification has not been
prepared or completed, mostly because desertification is not
recognized as a priority problem in Croatia. Measures from
Agenda 21 and the Convention have been incorporated in many
sectoral sustainable development programmes and
strategies, particularly concerning the Adriatic coast and the
islands.
Special attention is being paid to activities and measures for
sustainable land management, soil conservation against
erosion, agricultural activities, conservation of biological
diversity, protection against forest fires, afforestation,
protection
and management of water resources, island settlements, etc.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Desertification is not a priority
problem
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
| Latest 199_ | ||||
| Land affected by desertification (Km2) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 13: MANAGING FRAGILE
ECOSYSTEMS: SUSTAINABLE MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT
A part of the mountainous region is the Dinaric Karst Region,
a highly sensitive system, registered as a part of world
natural heritage (locus typicus). The region is characterised by a
complex regime of peculiar karst water circulation, as
well as by over 8,000 underground caverns registered, and by this
point, only partially explored. The biodiversity of
habitats, genetic richness with endemic and relict plants,
arthropods, freshwater fish and reptiles make the Dinaric Karst
Region one of the richest endemic centres of European flora and
fauna.
A number of species of flora and fauna, and several national
protected areas in the mountainous
part have been placed under protection by the Law on Nature
Protection. Despite the fact that the protection of special
areas is very well regulated, the implementation thereof and
management of the parks are not satisfactory, and call for a
revision.
Many strategic documents foresee the mountainous area of
Croatia as a future item for considerable planning. The
Physical Planning Strategy, for example, in the Chapter "Measures
requested to amend the physical planing system"
mentions the necessity of the elaboration of a National Programme
for Mountainous Areas. This Programme requires
sustainable agriculture and tourism development and the
revitalisation of the natural and cultural heritage.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry is already applying
the Stimulative Financial Measures Programme to small
agricultural farms development, which includes the development of
farms in mountainous areas.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Commencement of the Sustainable
Development Planning for Mountainous Areas.
STATUS REPORT: Forests of the central
mountainous region are severely endangered by air pollutants,
especially
through transboundary transport. Unwise wood cutting, deforestation
and the enlargement of agricultural areas have
aggravated erosion and landslides.
1. Decision-Making Structure: Governmental bodies,
directions for protected areas, and local authorities in their
respective domains. Specific coordinative body for the development
of mountainous regions has not been established.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 14: PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
The level of pollution from agricultural production is
moderate. In fact, there are regions in Croatia which are
proposed to start the development of production of ecologically
pure agricultural products (e.g. parts of the mountainous
region, where the production is traditionally extensive, with
minimum use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers). On the
other hand, ex-social sector areas (predominantly in the Pannonian
region, still contain higher rates of pesticide and
mineral fertilizer use and are oriented towards the implementation
of sustainable agricultural production.
The actions for promoting sustainable agricultural and rural
development described in Agenda 21 are included in "The
Strategy of Sustainable Agricultural Development in the Republic of
Croatia," prepared by the Ministry of Agriculture and
Forestry with assistance from the FAO. The key element in the
Strategy is the harmonization of Croatian agricultural
policy with the Guidelines of the GATT Uruguay Round, and the
formulation of long term-measures. The main objective
of the Strategy is "the promotion of efficient production and
marketing of agricultural products, in order to improve the
welfare of farmers and consumers, to contribute to the growth of
the Croatian economy, to protect natural resources and
ensure the competitiveness of the Croatian agricultural products on
the world market. In achieving this objective, special
emphasis should be put on private family farms which are the basis
of Croatian agriculture."
In all of Croatian Counties, the Farmers Extension Services,
the Veterinary Services and the Livestock Breeding
Services were established to advise and help farmers. In this
regard, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry has started a
Farmer Support Services Project. The project would support the
transition of the agriculture sector by providing
technology-related support services that are relevant to private
farmers. The aim is to improve the income of the private
farming community and increase its productivity and hence the
competitiveness of the sector. The project would change
the mode of technical service deliveries to private farming
communities and restructure and strengthen institutions to meet
the needs of the market economy. The project has six components:
(I) Extension, (II) Research, (IlI) Animal Health, (IV)
Pasture and Fodder Development, (V) Seed Industry Development, and
(VI) Policy Analysis Support.
Tourism and agriculture are Croatian strategic priorities, and
they belong to the activities of special importance for the
long-term development of Croatia. Tourism utilises large quantities
of agricultural products, and food and drink for tourist
consumption, thus representing an important market. Having this in
mind, many farmers have shown a considerable
interest in the production of eco-products over the past two years,
but it is still necessary to prepare the legal framework
for eco-agricultural production.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Support for Private Family Farms Based
on Sustainable Agriculture
STATUS REPORT: The position of Croatia is such that
influences of several types of climate meet and mingle, and
therefore natural vegetation is highly diverse. Similarly, Croatia
is a natural compendium of soil types. All the diversities
and wealth of natural conditions of Croatia are reflected in the
regionalization of Croatian agriculture. Regional
differences are the main characteristics of Croatia's rural
environment. There are three main agricultural regions (with
subregions): the Pannonian, the Mountainous and the
Mediterranean.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Agriculture
and Forestry, the Department of Agriculture, is the
competent governmental body. In order to achieve sustainability,
cooperation between governmental bodies is a necessity
(i.e. The State Directorate for Environment, The State Directorate
for Water, and Ministry of Culture - The Directorate
for Natural and Cultural Heritage, etc.).
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: The Faculty of
Agronomy, the Veterinary Faculty and the Faculty of Natural
Sciences and Mathematics/University of Zagreb, the Split Institute
for Oceanography and Fishery, the Faculty of
Agriculture/University of Osijek, the Osijek Institute of
Agriculture, the Croatian Bank of Plant Genes in Zagreb,
"Croatian Waters" public enterprise, "Rudjer Boskovich" Institute
in Zagreb, Croatian Livestock and Breeding Centre and
Agriculture Extension Service, Special Waste Agency, Croatian
Public Health Institute, NGOs etc.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: A new financing and agricultural development
system are being considered by the Parliament. The fund
will be based on taxes (sold agricultural products), land leases
and credits (banks and international funds). Economic
support for the privatization of the former state-owned companies
will be provided by EBRD.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Regional
co-operation: Alps-Adriatic and Danube Regional Community
Programme. International cooperation: restoring of olive-groves in
the Adriatic Region (FAO programme), Emergency
Reconstruction Loan (World Bank Project), implementation of the
Farmer Support Services Project (World Bank Project),
implementation of the Wholesale Market Programme in Croatia (EBRD
Project) and several bilateral projects with
neighbouring countries.
| Latest 1996 | ||||
| Agricultural land (Km2) | ||||
| Agricultural land as % of total land area | ||||
| Agricultural land per capita | ||||
| Consumption of mineral fertilizers (t) | ||||
| Other data | ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 15: CONSERVATION OF
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
The Convention on Biological Diversity was signed in 1992 and
ratified in 1996.
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora:
Additional comments relevant to this chapter
The basic national legislative framework for the conservation and
sustainable use of biological diversity is the Constitution
of the Republic of Croatia (1992), which promotes the preservation
of the natural and human environment as the highest
values of the State.
The Law on Environmental Protection (1994) states that the
main goals of environmental protection are creating
conditions for sustainable development, permanent conservation of
authenticity of natural communities, biodiversity, and
the conservation of environmental stability.
The Law on Nature Protection (1994) emphasizes some general
principles of nature protection, one of the most
important being ensuring the rational utilisation of nature and its
resources, without significant damage and annihilation of
its parts, and with the least possible disturbance of the balance
of its components. The Law protects the significant and
highly valuable natural entities and regions. Approximately 7.5% of
the state territory is protected. The structure of
national and nature parks illustrates the richness and the
diversity of Croatian nature. Three of the National Parks are
situated on the Adriatic islands (Kornati, Brijuni, Mljet)
including the surrounding sea, two of them illustrate hydrographic
and morphological curiosities (Plitvice lakes, the river Krka),
while the two of them are typical mountainous areas
(Risnjak and Paklenica). Three of the parks of nature are typical
mountainous areas (Velebit, Biokovo and Medvednica),
one of them is insular (Telascica), while two of them represent the
biological richness of lowland marshy areas (Kopacki
nt and Lonja Plains). The Plitvice lakes are on the UNESCO World
Natural Heritage List, the Velebit mountain is on the
UNESCO Biosphere Reservations List (UNESCO "Man and Biosphere"
Scientific Programme - MAB), while four of the
areas are on the Ramsar Convention list (Kopacki rit, Lonja Plains,
Neretva River Delta and Crna Mlaka/ Black Puddle).
Areas of protected nature in Croatia have suffered considerable war
damage, which has not yet been thoroughly assessed.
Legal obligation for the Environmental Impact Assessment was
created in 1984, and it is conducted as a constituent
part of the pre-investment survey preparation procedure, concerning
the construction of facilities and other environmental
interventions. According to the Regulation on Environmental Impact
Assessment, identifying the processes and activities
which have or are likely to have significant adverse impact on
biodiversity form an integral part of the pre-investment
surveys procedure, together with the establishment of prevention
and reduction measures.
Apart from the in-situ protection measures for flora and fauna
species and for important nature areas, ex-situ measures
for the conservation of biodiversity are also being undertaken.
Croatian Bank of Plant Genetic Resources has already started
working, and so has the Animal Genes Conservation Bank,
in cooperation with FAO.
Many sectoral laws regulate the use of natural resources,
such as water, sea, forests, soil, and biological diversity. They
are in the competence of different governmental bodies and do not
appropriately consider environmental aspect in the concept
of sustainability. The enforcement and practical implementation of
already existing provisions should be more efficient.
Inventory of biological diversity data has not been
established yet, but the process has started as part of the
National
Strategy for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity,
which is currently being prepared. Identification of the
components of biodiversity has been established only for higher
plants and mammals, which comprise only a small part of
Croatian flora and fauna. An ecosystem and habitat inventory has
not yet been established. All the indicators of the status of
biodiversity, i.e. data on eco-systems, vegetation, flora and
fauna, will make a constituent part of the Informational System
for Environment, to be established by the State Directorate for
Environment.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Inventory of Biological
Diversity
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: The administrative structure
charged with biodiversity issues belongs within the
competence of several ministries and governmental bodies (i.e.
environment, nature protection, forestry, water,
agriculture, physical planning etc.). Coordination between
responsible ministries should be improved.
The Directorate for the Protection of Cultural and Natural
Heritage under the Ministry of Culture is the competent
governmental body for the implementation of the Law on Ratification
of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The
Directorate will establish a coordinative body among different
ministries to implement the CBD.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: CARNet, Croatian
Academic and Research Network: Croatian Informational
Service for Biological Diversity, address: http:
pubwww.srce.hr/botanic/, e-mail: Sven Jelaska@public.srce.hr,
Faculty of
Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Zagreb. The Croatian
Informational Service for
Biological Diversity is the National Focal Point for Exchange
Mechanisms within the Convention
on Biological Diversity.
3. Major Groups: The Faculty of Natural Science and
Mathematics in Zagreb, the Rudjer Boskovich Institute in Zagreb
and Rovinj, Split Institute for Oceanography and Fishery, Osijek
Faculty of Pedagogy, Zagreb Museum of Natural
History, Croatian Group "Wolf, Our Beautiful Country" Nature Lovers
Movement, Croatian Biological Society, etc.
4. Finance: The state budget, the budgets of the units of
local government and self-government. In 1996, Croatia
submitted a funding application to the World Bank/GEF for financing
the National Strategy and Action Plan for Biological
and Landscape Diversity. The grant was approved in February 1997,
amounting to 102,000 US$.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
| Latest 1996 | |||
| Protected area as % of total land area |
| ||
| Number of rare and endangered flora taxa (Red book) | |||
| Number of protected flora species | |||
| Number of protected fauna species |
| ||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 16: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Some of the legally active regulatory mechanisms governing the
production and the use of living, genetically modified
organisms, prescribe the obligation of reporting their production
to the competent authorities. However, no control or
monitoring system concerning the release of genetically modified
organisms into the environment has been established.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Control over the Release of Genetically
Modified Organisms into the Environment
STATUS REPORT: Croatian pharmaceutical and food
industries, as well as scientific institutions, use
biotechnological
methods in the research and production of pharmaceuticals and food.
Genetic manipulations on living organisms are also
performed within those procedures.
1. Decision-Making Structure: Several governmental bodies
within their respective domains: the Ministry of Economy
(Industry), the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Science and
Technology, the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of
Agriculture and Forestry, the State Directorate for Environment,
the Directorate for the Protection of Cultural and Natural
Heritage under the Ministry of Culture.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: Research institutes, industry.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 17: PROTECTION OF THE
OCEANS, ALL KINDS OF SEAS, INCLUDING ENCLOSED
AND SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS, AND COASTAL AREAS AND THE PROTECTION,
RATIONAL USE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR LIVING RESOURCES
(II) Construction of Waste Water Treatment Facilities in
Settlements and Coastal Industry
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: succession in
1991.
See also the attached tables on the next pages.
No information.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: (I) Prevention of Pollution from Ships
and from the Land Based Sources STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: The State Directorate for the
Environment and the Ministry of Physical Planning, Civil
Engineering and Housing are in charge of integrated coastal area
management planning.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Croatia applies the
best available technology to identify and prevent the
pollution of the marine environment.
3. Major Groups: Governmental bodies, units of local
government and self-government, scientific and research
institutions, NGOs.
4. Finance: Approximately US $ 1 mill is spent annually for
the operation of cleaning vats and the prevention of
pollution of the marine environment.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Croatia, as the
signatory of the Barcelona Convention on the Protection of the
Mediterranean against Pollution, cooperates at the international
level within the framework of the MAP, and especially
with its Regional Centre - REMPEC/Malta, the Especially Protected
Areas Centre in Tunis, and the PAP/RAC in Split,
which deals with the integrated area-specific environmental
management.
| Latest 1994 | ||||
| Catches of marine species (metric tons) | ||||
| Population in coastal areas | ||||
| Population served by waste water treatment (% of
country's total population) | ||||
| Discharges of oil into coastal waters (metric tons)** | ||||
| Releases of phosphate into coastal waters (metric tons)** | ||||
| Releases of nitrate into coastal waters (metric tons)** | ||||
| Other data * 1981 and 1991 census ** estimate | ||||
Chapter 17 (Oceans) Continued:
| Check the boxes in the column below left: | Check the boxes in the column below right: |
| For level of importance use: | For level of implementation use: |
| *** = very important | *** = fully covered |
| ** = important | ** = well covered- gaps being addressed |
| * = not important | * = poorly covered |
| N = not relevant | O = not covered; N = not relevant |
TABLE I. THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED BY THE APPROPRIATE COORDINATING MECHANISM FOR INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL AND MARINE AREAS AND THEIR RESOURCES.
|
| |
| a. Preparation and implementation of land and water use and siting policies. | ||
| b. Implementation of integrated coastal and marine management and sustainable development plans and programmes at appropriate levels. | ||
| c. Preparation of coastal profiles identifying critical areas including eroded zones, physical processes, development patterns, user conflicts and specific priorities for management. | ||
| d. Prior environmental impact assessment, systematic observation and follow-up of major projects, including systematic incorporation of results in decision-making. | ||
| e. Contingency plans for human induced and natural disasters. | ||
| f. Improvement of coastal human settlements, especially in housing, drinking water and treatment and disposal of sewage, solid wastes and industrial effluents. | ||
| g. Periodic assessment of the impacts of external factors and phenomena to ensure that the objectives of integrated management and sustainable development of coastal areas and marine environment are met. | ||
| h. Conservation and restoration of altered critical habitats. | ||
| I. Integration of sectoral programmes on sustainable development for settlements, agriculture, tourism, fishing, ports and industries affecting the coastal areas. | ||
| J. Infrastructure adaptation and alternative employment. | ||
| K. Human resource development and training. | ||
| L. Public education, awareness and information programmes. | ||
| M. Promoting environmentally sound technology and sustainable practices. | ||
| N. Development and simultaneous implementation of environmental quality criteria. |
TABLE II. TECHNOLOGY (MARINE ENVIRONMENT)
|
| |
| A. Apply preventive, precautionary and anticipatory approaches so as to avoid degradation of the marine environment, as well as to reduce the risk of long-term or irreversible adverse effects upon it. | ||
| B. Ensure prior assessment of activities that may have significant adverse impacts upon the marine environment. | ||
| C. Integrate protection of the marine environment into relevant general environmental, social and economic development policies. | ||
| D. Develop economic incentives, where appropriate, to apply clean technologies and other means consistent with the internalization of environmental costs, such as the polluter pays principle, so as to avoid degradation of the marine environment. | ||
| E. Improve the living standards of coastal populations, particularly in developing countries, so as to contribute to reducing the degradation of the coastal and marine environment. | ||
| F. Effective monitoring and surveillance within the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of fish harvesting and transportation of toxic and other hazardous materials. |
TABLE III. SEWAGE RELATED ISSUES
|
| |
| A. Sewage related problems are considered when formulating or reviewing coastal development plans, including human development plans. | ||
| B. Sewage treatment facilities are built in accordance with national policies. | ||
| C. Coastal outfalls are located so as to maintain acceptable level of environmental quality and to avoid exposing shell fisheries, water intakes and bathing areas to pathogens. | ||
| D. The Government promotes primary treatment of municipal sewage discharged to rivers, estuaries and the sea, or other solutions appropriate to specific sites. | ||
| E. The Government supports the establishment and improvement of local, national, subregional and regional, as necessary, regulatory and monitoring programmes to control effluent discharge. Minimum sewage effluent guidelines and water quality criteria are in use. |
TABLE IV. OTHER SOURCES OF MARINE POLLUTION, THE GOVERNMENT HAS:
|
| |
| A. Established or improved upon, as necessary, regulatory and monitoring programmes to control emissions, including recycling technologies. | ||
| B. Promoted risk and environmental impact assessments to help ensure an acceptable level of environmental quality. | ||
| C. Promoted assessment and cooperation at the regional level, where appropriate, with respect to the input of point source pollutants from the marine environment. | ||
| D. Taken steps to eliminate emissions or discharges of organohalogen compounds from the marine environment. | ||
| E. Taken steps to eliminate/reduce emissions or discharges or other synthetic organic compounds from the marine environment. | ||
| F. Promoted controls over anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen and phosphorous that enter coastal waters where such problems as eutrophication threaten the marine environment or its resources. | ||
| G. Taken steps to develop and implement environmentally sound land-use techniques and practices to reduce run-off to water courses and estuaries which would cause pollution or degradation of the marine environment. | ||
| H. Promoted the use of environmentally less harmful pesticides and fertilizers and alternative methods for pest control, and considered the prohibition of those found to be environmentally unsound. | ||
| I. Adopted new initiatives at national, subregional and regional levels for controlling the input of non-point source pollutants which require broad changes in sewage and waste management, agricultural practices, mining, construction and transportation. | ||
| J. Taken steps to control and prevent coastal erosion and siltation due to anthropogenic factors related to, inter alia, land-use and construction techniques and practices. |
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 18: PROTECTION OF THE
QUALITY AND SUPPLY OF FRESHWATER RESOURCES:
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATED APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENT, MANAGEMENT
AND USE OF WATER RESOURCES
A new Law on Waters and the Law on Water Management Financing
were passed in 1995. The Law on Waters regulates the mode
and conditions of water management, concerning use, protection and
regulation of watercourses. The principles of water management
are defined according to the uniformity of water system and
sustainable development, satisfying the needs of the present
generation, and at the same time not threatening the
right and the possibilities of the future ones to exercise the same
privileges.
The protection of waters against pollution is realized through
control over water quality status and pollution sources, through
prevention, limitation and prohibition of actions having possible
adverse effects on water quality.
The classification of waters defines water categories
correspondent to water quality conditions, in terms of their
general ecological
functions, and for their purposeful use. The classification is
established on the basis of limited values of individual substances
and other
water properties, and by various indicator types: physical, oxygen
regimes, nutritious substances, heavy metals, organic compounds,
microbiological and biological indicators and radioactivity. Water
protection is carried out according to the State Water Protection
Plan
and County Water Protection Plans.
The following conventions significant to water management were
ratified in 1996: the Convention on Co-operation in the Protection
and Sustainable Use of the Danube River Basin, and the Convention
on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and
International Lakes. Bilateral treaties on the regulation of water
management relations have been signed with the neighbouring states:
Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia.
Long term objectives for the sustainable development of water
management in the Republic of Croatia include:
NATIONAL PRIORITY: (I) Water Supply to the Danube Basin
Region in Croatia (II) Construction of Public Sewage System
with Municipal Waste Water Treatment Facilities with Minimum Charge
of 50.000 ES
STATUS REPORT: The systematic organization for the
implementation of Agenda 21 in the field of water management in
Croatia has
not been carried out, nor have funds for that purpose been secured
in the state budget.
1. complex research to prepare basic data, keeping records
2. elaboration of water management plans based on technical and
economic analysis
3. adjustment of water supply and sewage systems with ecological,
social, infrastructure, and economic development requirements
4. regulation of watercourses, construction of water protection
systems in the catchment areas of major state and regional
watercourses
5. raising the water supply level from the public water supply
system from the present 63% to 90%
6. development of agricultural land irrigation
7. increase in the level of protection of freshwater and the sea
against pollution
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Croatian Parliament, the
Government, the State Directorate for Waters.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Croatian waters:
i.e. the legal entity in charge of water management, the national
Council
for Waters, municipal companies in cities and municipalities.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: Financial funds for water management are
provided from the water funds and fees paid by the beneficiaries of
the water
system.
Sources of funds:
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
- water fund,
- water use fee,
- water protection fee,
- gravel and sand excavation fee,
- catchment area water management fee,
- budget of local units of government and self-government,
- other sources (state budget, donations, loans by local and
foreign banks such as WB,
EBRD).
| Latest 199- | ||||
| Fresh water availability (total domestic/external in million m3) | ||||
| Annual withdrawal of freshwater as % of available water | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 19: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF TOXIC CHEMICALS, INCLUDING
PREVENTION OF ILLEGAL INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN TOXIC AND DANGEROUS
PRODUCTS
A system for the control of the transport of chemicals that
are severely restricted due to their harmful effects on human
health and
environment has been developed. Lists of 656 toxic chemicals, 112
drugs and 540 plant-protection chemicals, of 96 severely restricted
chemicals with a limited usage due to their adverse effects on the
ozone layer, and of 295 types of hazardous waste that can be put on
the market with the permission of the competent authority have been
established.
In September 1996, the government of the Republic of Croatia
formed a Commission for the Environmentally Sound Management of
Chemicals, as an advisory board to solve the main problems related
to management of chemicals. The Commission consists of appointed
members, representatives of administrative bodies competent for
safe management of chemicals, and representatives of the Croatian
Chamber of Economy. Representatives of professional institutions,
non-governmental associations and experts in particular fields join
the Commission when needed. The Commission submits annual reports
of its activities to the Government. The State Directorate for
Environment is the National Focal Point for the coordination of
activities regarding the environmentally sound management of
chemicals.
The main goal of chemicals management is the enhancement and
permanent improvement of legislative, administrative, institutional
and technical infrastructure for the systematic and coordinated
implementation of environmentally sound management of chemicals of
all
parties, in accordance with the needs of the Republic of Croatia
and its international obligations. The following priorities were
identified
within the scope of the main goal:
improvement and enhancement of the System for the Safe
Management of Chemicals
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Improvement and Enhancement of the
System of Environmentally Sound Management of Chemicals
STATUS REPORT: Legislative, administrative, and
technical infrastructure for the environmentally sound management
of chemicals
has been established in the Republic of Croatia as a constituent
part of the infrastructure for productive and reproductive chemical
industry, of mass consumption, and for the activities that depend
on chemicals. This infrastructure provides the basis for the
management of drugs, industrial chemicals, artificial fertilizers,
plant-protecting chemicals, toxicants and dangerous chemicals, as
well
as for chemical emissions into the working and living
environment.
elaboration of the Programme of risk reduction-oriented
measures
improvement of the work on chemical dangers assessment
coordination of classification, packaging and marking of
chemicals
improvement of the work on measures to prevent illegal trade
in toxic and hazardous chemicals
exchange of relevant information regarding the safe
management of chemicals.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Environmentally Sound
Management of Chemicals is in the competence of 16 administrative
bodies, and is regulated by 86 legal documents.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: With the 16
administrative bodies, another 13 institutions, 4 NGOs and 10 of
the largest (out
of the total of 275) companies are the most responsible for the
safe management of chemicals.
3. Major Groups: Governmental bodies: The State Directorate
for Environment, the Ministry of Science and
Technology, the Ministry of Education and Sports, the Ministry
of Development and Reconstruction, the Ministry of Economy, the
Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transportation and Communication, the
Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of
Defence, the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, the Ministry of
Health, the Ministry of Physical Planning,
Civil Engineering and Housing, the State Bureau of Standardization
and Metrology, the State Bureau of Statistics.
Institutions: Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology,
Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Medicine,
Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture,
Faculty of Veterinary, the "Rudjer Boskovich" Institute, Institute
for
Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb Veterinary
Institute, Institute for Security Research, Quality Testing
Institute,
Croatian Biological Society, Croatian Association for Water and Sea
Pollution, Croatian
Association of Chemical Engineers, Chemical Industry Association of
the Croatian Chamber of Economy.
4. Finance: A Draft National Action Programme and a funding
request of 979,636 US$ for the 1997-1999 period have been submitted
to the Government of the Republic of Croatia.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Numerous activities
in the field of safe management of chemicals, many of them
initiated by
different international centres, such as UNEP/RPTC, WHO, ILO, YFCS,
FAO, OECD, have been performed.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 20: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES, INCLUDING
PREVENTION OF ILLEGAL INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN HAZARDOUS WASTES
The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements
of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal was signed in 1989
and ratified in 1994.
The latest information was provided to the Basel Convention
Secretariat in 1996.
It was estimated that about 200,000 tones of hazardous waste were
produced in 1994.
The main legislation concerned is:
The following is under preparation:
Major waste categories: EWC code 13 00 00, O5 00 00, 10 00 00, 11
00 00.
The main method of disposal: landfills, incineration.
System of collecting: The waste producer is obliged to take care of
waste himself, to store it and also to organize the
transport of waste to the landfill, or to the site of
disposal/recovery.
Capacities Technologies: Liquid fuel combustion chambers with the
capacity of MW or greater used for waste oils
and emulsions; internal incineration is performed for industry,
hotels and hospitals - capacity up to 2,500 kg /day.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter
NATIONAL PRIORITY: (I) Setting the Disposal
Recovery Sites in the Vicinity of Waste Generation Sites (II) More
Recovery
Plants
STATUS REPORT:
- The Law on Waste (1995),
- Rule-Book on Waste Types (1996),
- List of Legalized Professional Institutions with Authority for
Certifying Physical and Chemical Properties of Wastes (1996).
- A Rule-Book on the Necessary Equipment Applied to Facilities and
Buildings for the Storage, Recovery or Disposal of Hazardous
Waste.
- The import of hazardous waste into Croatia is forbidden by
law.
- Permission of the State Directorate for Environment of Croatia is
necessary for the export as well as the transit of hazardous waste
across the Croatian territory.
- The system of transboundary waste movement control has been
established including the system of information exchange with the
Customs Office.
- The State Directorate for Environment is the Competent Authority
and the Focal Point according to Article 5 of the Basel
Convention.
- Advisory service about waste management legislation, for all the
interested parties, is also provided by the State Directorate for
Environment.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Parliament, the
Government, the State Directorate for Environment.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: Service charges or fees.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: There is no
international or regional cooperation in waste management.
| Latest 1994 | ||||
| Generation of hazardous waste (t) | ||||
| Import of hazardous wastes (t) | ||||
| Export of hazardous wastes (t) | ||||
| Area of land contaminated by hazardous waste (km2) | ||||
| Expenditure on hazardous waste treatment (US$) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 21: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTES AND SEWAGE-RELATED ISSUES
The main legislation concerned is:
The following are under preparation:
The structure of waste:
The main method of disposal: landfilling.
System of collecting: gathering solid waste, transportation to the
disposal sites, transfer stations for secondary raw materials
Number of landfills: 120 official landfills.
Characteristics of landfills : various size, mostly not properly
facilitated
According to the facilities five main types of official landfills
exist:
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Creation of Integrated Waste
Management System and Legislation
STATUS REPORT: It was estimated that about
5,200,000 tonnes of waste were produced in Croatia in 1994.
- The Law on Waste (1995),
- Rule-Book on Waste Types (1996),
- Rule-Book on Packaging Waste (1996)
- List of Legalized Professional Institutions for Certifying
Physical and Chemical Properties of Waste (1996).
- By-Law on Necessary Equipment Applied to Facilities and Buildings
for Storage, Recovery or Disposal of Hazardous Wastes,
- Rule-Book on Necessary Conditions Applied to Buildings for
Storage and Recovery of Wastes, to Categories, Procedures, Closing
and
clean-up of Landfills, and to Qualifications for Waste
Managers.
Major waste categories: EWC Code 02 00 00, 17 00 00, 20 00 00, 03
00 00, O5 00 00
- municipal: 611,000 tonnes
- industrial: 4,601,000 tonnes (agriculture + forestry + mining +
industry)
- hazardous waste: approx. 200,000 tonnes
- disposal sites without filling plans, spreading and compacting of
waste,
- disposal sites with partial spreading and compacting of
waste,
- disposal sites with immediate or periodical waste incineration
after dumping (islands and
coastal areas),
- disposal sites with spreading and compacting of wastes and
aftercare covering with inert materials,
- sanitary landfills fulfilling all criteria.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Parliament, the
Government, the State Directorate for Environment, units of local
government and
self-government.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Disposal sites with
the capacity up to 8,000,000 tonnes (for 11,000,000 m3).
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: The utility services concept, service charges
or fees.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No regional or
international cooperation on wastes exists, with the exception of
the
implementation of legislation.
| Latest 1994 | ||||
| Generation of industrial and municipal waste (t) | ||||
| Waste disposed(Kg/capita) | ||||
| Expenditure on waste collection and treatment (US$) | ||||
| Waste recycling rates (%) | ||||
| Municipal waste disposal (Kg/capita/day) | ||||
| Waste reduction rates per unit of GDP (t/year) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 22: SAFE AND
ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES
Waste and Protection against Radiation
country (broad use of radiation sources in industry, medicine and
research, but without operational research or commercial nuclear
reactors). Types and quantities of radionuclides used are
equivalent to the level of industrial development of Croatia.
Industrial usage
comprises several hundred different gauges and measurement systems
for gammaradiography with sealed radiation sources; in medicine
sealed and open sources are used for diagnostic purposes (10
nuclear medicine centres) as well as in the radiotherapy (6 centres
engaged
in teletherapy and 3 engaged in brachitherapy).
In several institutes radionuclides are used for research
purposes (tracer techniques, calibration, research, irradiation of
medical
equipment and food, etc). Several tens of thousands of radioactive
smoke detectors and several hundred of radioactive lightening rods
are installed in the facilities throughout the country.
Most of the activities using radionuclides generate
radioactive waste. Spent sealed sources are considered a problem
requiring
special attention. There is no radioactive waste disposal site in
Republic of Croatia. Presently, radioactive waste is collected and
placed
at two national storage facilities run by research institutes.
A Hazardous Waste Management Agency (Croatian abbr. APO) was
founded by the Government's decision, in order to manage
hazardous and radioactive waste. A major issue is the planned
construction of LL/ILW repository for radioactive waste, generated
by
routine operation from the decommissioning of NPP Krsko. The plant
was built as a joint venture of Croatia and Slovenia in 1984.
The Republic of Croatia, being a newly created state in
transition, still does not have an adequate legislative framework
and
regulatory system needed for supporting an efficient radioactive
management system, although with its present resources (human and
technical capacities) this could be achieved.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Establishment of Infrastructure for the
Management of Radioactive STATUS REPORT: According to IAEA (International
Atomic Energy Agency), the Republic of Croatia is a B type
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
| |
| Ch. 24: GLOBAL ACTION FOR WOMEN TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND
EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women was ratified on 8, October, 1991.
24.a Increasing the proportion of women decision makers: See below
24.b assessing, reviewing, revising and implementing curricula and other educational material with a view to promoting dissemination of gender-relevant knowledge. Curricula and educational material : No information.
24.c and 24.d formulating and implementing policies, guidelines, strategies and plans for achievement of equality in all aspects of society including issuing a strategy by year 2000 to eliminate obstacles to full participation of women in sustainable development. Policies/strategies etc.: No information.
24.e establishing mechanisms by 1995 to assess implementation and impact of development and environment policies and programmes on women: No information.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): The Republic of Croatia has ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all the Forms of Discrimination of Women, in effect here since October 8, 1991. It has also made its First Report on the Application of the Convention and forwarded it to the United Nations. The Government of the Republic of Croatia has one female Vice President, and two female ministers. Women represent 4.41% of the Parliament's Chamber of Counties, and 7.1% of the Parliament's Chamber of Representatives. In relation to the year 1994, there have been no changes in the gender composition of the Government, while the Parliament has seen a slight increase in the percentage of women (it used to be 5.1 % in the Chamber of Representatives and 2.2 % in the Chamber of Counties). There is no data on the percentage of women at the decision-making level in counties or districts. The Government of the Republic of Croatia founded the Government's Commission for Equality, with the objective of creating a general National Policy for the Improvement of the Status of Women, which should follow the guidelines created by the Action Platform of the Fourth World Conference on Women. The Commission will cooperate with non-governmental organizations in the creation of this policy, and also receive full assistance from the European Council. Clearly one of the main tasks in the Republic of Croatia is increasing the number of women participating in political life.
| |
| |
| Ch. 25: CHILDREN AND YOUTH IN SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT. 25.a establishing processes that promote dialogue between the youth and government at all levels and mechanisms that permit youth access to information and opportunity to present their views on implementing A21 : No information.
Describe their role in the national process: 25.b reducing youth unemployment: No information.
25.c ensuring that by year 2000 more than 50% of youth -- gender balanced -- have access to appropriate secondary education or vocational training : No information.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information.
| |
| |
| Ch. 26: RECOGNIZING AND STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND THEIR COMMUNITIES.
26.a establishing a process to empower indigenous people and their communities -- through policies and legal instruments: No information.
26.b strengthening arrangements for active participation in national policies : No information.
26.c involving indigenous people in resource management strategies and programmes at the national and local level : No information.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information.
| |
| Ch. 27: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS: PARTNERS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. 27.a developing mechanisms that allow NGOs to play their partnership role responsibly and effectively : No information. 27.b reviewing formal procedures and mechanisms to involve NGOs in decision making and implementation : No information. 27.c promoting and allowing NGOs to participate in the conception, establishment and evaluation of official mechanisms to review Agenda 21 implementation : No information.
27.d establishing a mutually productive dialogue by 1995 at the national level between NGOs and governments : No information.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): According to the list supplied by the State Directorate for Environment there are 188 non-governmental organizations engaged in environmental and nature protection in the Republic of Croatia. NGO activities and their good intentions would yield better results if their status and their organizational framework could be determined on a long-term basis. NGOs are registered according to the Law on Citizen's Associations and Social Organizations since 1990. The Ministry of Administration is responsible for developing the Law on Associations. Public criticism on the draft bill was based on the fact that its provisions and acts were not specific enough. The Law on Environmental Protection (1994) relates to future regulations that should create a legislative framework for the increased public involvement in environmental affairs. According to certain existing regulations, the public is supposed to be involved in some decision-making processes (Rule Book on Environmental Impact Assessment). There is no legislative obligation for the cooperation of governmental and non-governmental organizations or for the participation of NGOs in decision-making. However, there is cooperation in the environmental sphere, mostly limited to individual cases, and non-institutionalized. Cooperation of governmental institutions, mainly The State Directorate for Environment (SDE), and environmental NGOs, exists various forms. Documents of greater significance have been presented and discussed between SDE and NGOs. SDE also cooperates and assists in different NGO activities and has provided financial support for a few of them. The Ministry of Development and Reconstruction offers financial and other support to NGOs in environmental projects. | |
| |
| Ch. 28: LOCAL AUTHORITIES' INITIATIVES IN SUPPORT OF
AGENDA 21.
28.a encouraging local authorities to implement and monitor programmes that aim to ensure participation of women and youth in local decision making : No information.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information.
| |
| Ch. 29: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF WORKERS AND
THEIR TRADE UNIONS. 29.a full participation of workers in implementation and evaluation of A21 : No information. 29.b (By year 2000, (a) promoting ratification of ILO conventions; (b) establishing bipartite and tripartite mechanism on safety, health and sustainable development; (c) increasing number of environmental collective agreements; (d) reducing occupational accidents and injuries; (e) increasing workers' education and training efforts : No information.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): The Republic of Croatia has by this point ratified 56 conventions of the International Labour Organization, among which are all the so-called basic conventions or the conventions on basic human rights in the field of labour. The government cannot estimate what the number of conventions ratified until the year 2000 will be, but the possibility of acceptance of a certain number of new ones is being discussed. An important role in the said process will be played by the Social Economic Council, which is, as a tripartite body, being established at the national level. The Republic of Croatia has altered the complete labour legislation, thus increasing the role of employees, even in work safety. The new Law on Work Safety anticipates the election of an employees' representative for work safety, having a wide range of authority. In addition, all employees are bound by the law to perform their jobs with proper care, in accordance with the rules of the work safety.
| |
| |
| 30: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF BUSINESS AND
INDUSTRY. 30.a increasing the efficiency of resource use, including reuse, recycling, and reduction of waste per unit of economic output : No information.
30.b encouraging the concept of stewardship in management and use of natural resources by entrepreneurs : No information.
List any actions taken in this area: No information.
30.c increasing number of enterprises that subscribe to and implement sustainable development policies : No information.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): During the year 1996, the first year of peace, some important initiatives were set in motion:
1. Founding of the Croatian Business Council for Sustainable Development. The founder is a group of nineteen of Croatia's leading firms and companies. Various industrial and service areas are represented on the Council. The founding companies, along with other companies, accept the principles of the Business Charter on Sustainable Development and are gradually building them into their dealings;
2. Launching of the Technical Committee 207 (TC) within the State Bureau of Standardization and Metrology. Its domain is environmental management, encompassing a number of ISO 14000 standards. The representatives of some leading Croatian organizations partake in the work of TC. They are interested in working there, as well as in the acceptance of standards, since some ten companies have started the preliminary activities for the implementation of an environmental management system, and some have already obtained pre-certification according to ISO 14001
3. Founding of the Cleaner Technologies Centre, the Centre for the Transfer of Technologies, and a few others. The leading Croatian organizations and degree-granting educational institutions are involved here as well;
4. Launching of waste exchange activities based on the commercial supply/demand principle within the Croatian Chamber of Economy. The number of Croatian organizations partaking in waste exchange activities is continually increasing.
5. The number of products with an "Environmentally friendly" label has increased. An Environmental Label is awarded to manufacturers of consumer goods that have reduced adverse impacts of their products on the environment.
6. A number of educational initiatives organized by Croatian and international institutions, such as workshops, seminars, symposiums and debating tables, covering the following topics: environmental management system, eco-efficiency implementation in business, implementation of legal regulations, e.g. of the Law on Waste;
7. Many organizations inform their workers on environmental and sustainable development topics through their in-house journals (e.g. in PLIVA, INA, Ericsson-Nikola Tesla, LTD -- five years of the regular monthly column,"Earth*Man*Environment").
| |
| |
| Ch. 31: SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL
COMMUNITY. 31.a improving exchange of knowledge and concerns between s&t community and the general public. Scientific community has already established ways in which to address the general public and deal with sustainable development: No information.
31.b developing, improving and promoting international acceptance of codes of practice and guidelines related to science and technology and its role in reconciling environment and development: No information.
Brief comments on this chapter not already described in chapter 35 (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information.
| |
| Ch. 32: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF
FARMERS. 32.a promoting and encouraging sustainable farming practices and technologies: No information.
32.b developing a policy framework that provides incentives and motivation among farmers for sustainable and efficient farming practices : No information.
32.c enhancing participation of organizations of farmers in design and implementation of sustainable development policies : No information.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information.
| |
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| STATUS REPORT: CHANGES IN NATIONAL BUDGET TO ADDRESS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: No information. NEW ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS: No information. ELIMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY UNFRIENDLY SUBSIDIES: No information. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investments in Environmental
Protection According to the Type of Investor8 (in US$)
|
| Realized Investments
| A - Total Investments
| B - Investments for environmental protection
| Percentage of all investments (B/A x 100)
| Manufacturing and Mining
| Agriculture and fishing
| Forestry
| Water Management
| Building Engineering
| Transport and Communications
| Trade
|
| Tourism
|
| Intellectual Services, Crafts
|
| Utility Services
| Education and Culture
| | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Source: The State Bureau of Statistics
8) Gross fired capital formation in environmental protection includes investment in land, facilities, equipment and tools for collection, transportation, processing, storage and disposal of waste, investment in reducing or protection of surface water from waste waters, investment in reducing, avoiding or eliminating noise; investment in eliminating avoiding or reducing polluting substances from waste gases in the air, investments in protection of soil and surface water and protection of nature and landscape.
| ODA policy issues Croatia is a recipient country of ODA.
|
| STATE BUDGET | |||
| Total State Budget | |||
| Share for environmental protection: | |||
| - amount | |||
| - percentage |
Source: Official Gazette No. 105/95; 9/96 and 111/96.
| ODA funding provided or received (Total US$million) | ||||||
| Net flow of external capital from all sources as % of GDP | ||||||
| Other data
| ||||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 34: TRANSFER OF
ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND TECHNOLOGY, COOPERATION AND
CAPACITY-BUILDING
Transfer of environmentally sound technology, cooperation and
capacity-building is also covered under each sectoral chapter of
Agenda 21 where relevant. This summary highlights broader national
policies and actions relating to chapter 34.
MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION: The introduction of environmentally
sound technologies (EST), as well as sustainable
development in Croatia's economic development scheme, is an
integral part of science and technology policy which is under the
responsibility of the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST).
This policy is concentrated mainly on environmental protection,
monitoring and the introduction, transfer and commercialisation of
new environmentally friendly technologies generated in the public
research sector. EST links to the policy of business sector and
industry are still very weak. From the point of view of science and
technology policy, the incentives for integrating EST, clean
technologies and sustainable development in shaping the global
future of
Croatia are given in the National Science and Research Programme
for the period of 1996-98. The Programme was approved by the
Croatian Parliament in February 1996 and it acts as the official
framework for creating and practising technology policy based on
clean
technologies and sustainable development. The Croatian scientific
and technological community is vitally interested in international
or
regional R&D cooperation concerning EST as well as the
dissemination and exchange of information. So far, Croatian
scientists have
been cooperating in several projects related to environmental
protection in the framework of COST Programme Mediterranean Action
Plan and other bilateral and multilateral Programmes (EUROTRAC;
CITAIR, etc). It is worth mentioning that Croatia's scientific
community is completely integrated into the international
informational network through CARNet as the Croatian part of
Internet. In
addition, MOST has taken a part in the creation of a Programme of
Development of Information Infrastructure for Environmental
Management in cooperation with a number of governmental and public
bodies in charge of environmental protection. All these
institutions comprise a national network for environmental
protection and clean technology promotion and development.
To encourage EST and environmental protection in general, MOST
is supporting a number of national research projects,
international cooperative projects, and more than 30 study
Programmes of environmental protection at universities. A special
graduate
study program for environmental protection at the Faculty of
Chemical Engineering in Split was established at the beginning of
1982,
and so far 30 graduates have acquired a diploma in Environmental
Protection.
Through supporting research projects and study Programmes at
faculties which are in close connection to eco-efficiency topics
and
clean production processes, the Ministry of Science and Technology
is forcing the "eco-climate" in Croatia. A substantial part of
eco-efficiency, like Total Quality Management (TQM), enhancing
corporate productivity despite reduced resources and business
innovations
in general, are promoted through special courses at universities
and recently, at the newly established Centre for Technology
Transfer.
However, the steps towards eco-efficiency in Croatia, as well as in
other countries, start from the inherited economic system which did
not take into account sustainable development. Therefore, to make
university studies, training courses and achievements in EST viable
and efficient, a break with the usual business
mentality is needed, as well as a tight industrial policy regarding
eco-efficiency.
Technological modernisation and support of technology-based
small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is recognized as a
significant factor of the technological and economic
competitiveness of Croatia. Based on the National Science and
Research
Programme, MOST is implementing a National Network of Technology
Centres made up of a range of institutions directed towards the
development, transfer, introduction, and financing of new
technologies, with an emphasis on SMEs development. The Centre for
Technology Transfer at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval Architecture in Zagreb
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Promotion of more Active Involvement of
Young Educated Experts, with the View to the Development
of the Republic of Croatia
STATUS REPORT ON LINKS BETWEEN NATIONAL, REGIONAL
AND INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION
NETWORKS/SYSTEMS:
has been recently established, while the two technology centres at the university centres of Spilt and Rijeka are scheduled for official registration and opening. Forcing businesses based on EST as well as transfer of EST from the research sphere to SMEs should be one of the primary tasks of such centres. In addition, the special Fund for supporting technology-based business, similar to a seed-capital fund, will be created in the framework of a project under the name "Business-Innovation Centre - Croatia". Croatia will not stop the import of foreign technology and knowledge, but, as it is stated explicitly in the National Programme, "(...) all imported technologies and know-how should be environment-friendly (...)", and "preferably institutions should be set up to assist the import or export of technology, primarily specialized agencies, for transfer which would be operated by market principles".
|
| Describe any work being undertaken at the national or
local level regarding efforts to promote clean production processes
and/or the
concepts of eco-efficiency. These processes may include training,
preferential financial arrangements, information dissemination and
changes in legal or regulatory frameworks. No information.
Provide information on the adoption of environmental management systems. National reaction to environmental management system standards such as the ISO 14000 Series and others. Please note efforts made at the national level to promote their adoption and the creation of certification infrastructure in order to facilitate access to these standards to local industry. See Chapter 30 for information on this subject.
List and describe programs or work under way to facilitate the transfer of ESTs to small and medium sized enterprises. Please note efforts to facilitate access to financial resources and other transfer strategies. No information.
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 35: SCIENCE FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
the environmental protection and research of the Adriatic sea and
other natural resources are set up as the research priorities of
national
significance within a list of 13 research fields defined by the
National Science and Research Programme. Research connected to
these
priorities is principally oriented toward the protection of
Croatia's natural resources, primarily of the Adriatic Sea and its
coastal areas,
as well as towards water and air pollution, ecosystem and
biodiversity research, and falls, thus, into the following
categories:
The distribution and the fate of radionuclides and
micro-constituents in natural aquatic systems, including surface
and underground
waters, is a major activity involving several laboratories. The
Rudjer Boskovich Institute and its laboratories in Zagreb and
Rovinj are
national centres licensed to monitor the radioactivity of water,
soil and biota. The Zagreb laboratory is the main national centre
for
using radionuclides in tracing the underground movement of water
and serves as the national focal point to monitor radioactivity in
accidental situations.
Field research is followed by the development of mathematical
models for the dispersion of pollutants in surface and groundwater,
particularly with respect to the supply of drinking water from
underground reservoirs in urban areas. A corollary activity, using
the
same advanced computer systems, is the systematic storage and
retrieval systems for environmental data.
Waste water purification technologies in Croatia are partly of
domestic design and partly imported. The evaluation of chemical
engineering principles and the appropriate technologies for water
purification and waste water treatment are part of a permanent
project.
The approach is based on analytical techniques and studies of
chemical reactions forming the basis for chemical water
conditioning.
The detection and estimation of oganophosphous and
organchlorine compounds entering the environment as pesticides or
industrial
discharges (PBs, dioxins) require complex biochemical methods and
specific monitoring Programmes. These Programmes have been
aimed at monitoring persistent compounds in surface and ground
waters, rain and snow, as well as critical biological fluids: human
milk, serum, and urine. Environmental research is also being
pursued though the study of atmospheric reactions including ozone
initiated smog formulation, a field of chemical kinetics in the
gaseous phase, and part of the EUROTRAC (European Experiment on
Transport and Transformation of Environmentally Relevant Trace
Constituents in the Troposphere over Europe) Programme.
Monitoring of atmospheric pollutants for various microenvironments
and human populations to assess levels of exposure has taken
place. Research in this field involves atmospheric gaseous and
particulate pollutants, indoor and outdoor sampling, frequencies
and
seasonal variations in concentrations, with the aim to introduce,
regulate and enforce preventive and prophylactic measures.
Finally, the least developed research field is the one
connected to EST because of the lack of financing and human
resources.
Therefore, we believe that this segment should be developed mostly
by the business sector and industry, based on the economic and
financial consequences of introducing eco-efficiency.
STEPS TAKEN TO ENHANCE SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, IMPROVE LONG
TERM SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT,
BUILDING OF CAPACITY AND CAPABILITY: No information.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Implement the Scientific Results in
Practice, for the Purposes of Sustainable Development
STATUS REPORT ON NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE,
RESEARCH NEEDS AND PRIORITIES:
- marine research,
- monitoring the quality of surface and underground water,
- monitoring the radioactivity of waters, soil and air,
- monitoring ground air quality,
- developing the technological principles for water purification
processes,
- organizing data banks and developing computer models for
pollutant cycles and dispersion
- modelling of absorption processes and the distribution of
micro-elements at the solid/liquid interfaces, and
- transport of atmospheric pollutants and smog formation
| Year | |||
| Number of scientists, engineers and technicians engaged in research and experimental development | # | 19-- | |
| Total expenditure for research and experimental development (US$eq.) | $ | 19-- | |
| Other data
| |||
In 1996 the number of scientists, engineers and technicians engaged in environmental scientific projects was 70 and total expenditures for environmental scientific projects were 300,000,00 US$.
| Number of graduates in the environmental and developmental field (Level 6) | ||
| Number of full time researchers scientists and engineers engaged in R&D |
8) Only the data for research projects dealing with environmental protection, sustainable development and related new technologies financed by the Ministry of Science and Technology are included.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 36: PROMOTING EDUCATION,
PUBLIC AWARENESS AND TRAINING
a) Reorientation of education towards sustainable
development
The State Directorate for Environment and the Ministry of Education
and Sport established the Environmental Education Training
Team, with the primary objective of making environmental education
an integral part of standard education in elementary and secondary
schools and also to establish different methods of education
according to the principles of sustainability. Specialized
meetings,
workshops and training of teachers for environmental education will
be organized during the following year.
b) Increasing public awareness The State Directorate for
Environment (SDE) works on the development of an information system
for
raising public awareness and knowledge on the environment, and on
SDE activities in that area. During the past six years the SDE has
being issuing the monthly "Environment" magazine, intended for a
broad reading public, including elementary school students, leaders
of eco-sections, NGOs and governmental bodies, to journalists,
companies, institutes and environmental experts. It provides
various
environmental information, gives recommendations, praise, advice
from the environmental area and provides reviews of important
environmental events in Croatia and abroad. Communication with
readers is established through polls and correspondence. Various
stickers, posters and picture postcards are sometimes prepared as
an enclosure to the magazine.
The SDE also issues periodicals and translations of booklets,
supporting the active contribution of NGOs. SDE organizes or
supports
various meetings, events and Programmes.
April 1996 saw the First Croatian Congress on Environmental
Education, organized in cooperation with the Ministry of Education
and Sport. The same Ministry assists in the introduction of the
GLOBE Programme in all Croatian schools.
Since 1993, annual prizes and awards for achievements in
environmental protection are being given as an incentive for
valuable
contributions in this area. The State Directorate awards the prizes
on the 5th of June, the World Environment Day, together with
holding the traditional press-conference. For 1996, prizes were
awarded for the conservation of biodiversity, for tourism,
agriculture
and forestry, water and sea protection, and education.
c) Promoting training No information.
ROLE OF MAJOR GROUPS: No information.
FINANCING AND COST EVALUATION OF THE LABOUR ACTIVITIES: No
information.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Environmental Education as an
Integral Part of Standard Education
STATUS REPORT:
| Latest 199- | ||||
| Adult literacy rate (%) Male | ||||
| Adult literacy rate (%) Female | ||||
| % of primary school children reaching grade 5 (1986-97) | ||||
| Mean number of years of schooling | ||||
| % of GNP spent on education | ||||
| Females per 100 males in secondary school | ||||
| Women per 100 men in the labour force | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 37: NATIONAL MECHANISMS
AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR CAPACITY-BUILDING IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
National capacity building is also covered under sectoral
chapters.
Donors: You may wish to describe here how Agenda 21 has
influenced your ODA policies in this area.
Developing countries: You may wish to describe any new
national mechanisms for capacity building - and any changes in
technical cooperation.
In order to prepare the Croatian delegation for the UN General
Assembly Special Session on the Implementation of Agenda 21 (New
York, June 1997), the Croatian Government has, at the session held
on 27 February 1997, appointed the Working Group for the
Preparation of the Report on the Implementation of Agenda 21 in
Croatia. The Working Group integrates governmental bodies
responsible for the regulation of individual economic, social and
other issues, and for environmental protection, and is constituted
of the
representatives of ten ministries and state directorates: the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Reconstruction and
Development, the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Labour and
Social Welfare, the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of
Agriculture and Forestry, the Ministry of Science and Technology,
and the State Directorate for Waters. The coordinator of the
Working Group is the State Directorate for Environment. The
cooperation of governmental bodies in approaching the concept of
sustainable development is thus, successfully continued.
NATIONAL PRIORITY: Capacity-Building for
Sustainable Development
STATUS REPORT ON NATIONAL ENDOGENOUS CAPACITY
BUILDING: A number of ministries and governmental
authorities of the Republic of Croatia are in charge of specific
activities as described in Agenda 21. According to the state
administrative
structure, the State Directorate for Environment is in charge of
the activities related to general environmental policy within the
realization of conditions for sustainable development.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 38: INTERNATIONAL
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
| Ch. 38: Brief summary of any particular UN System
response affecting this country/state:
1. UNEP/MAP has financed the Influence of Climatic Changes on the Cres-Losinj Archipelago Project, according to the contract of 199, amounting to 40,000 US$. 2. METAP/WB - financing Natural and Historical Resources Management of the Cres-Losinj Archipelago Project, according to the contract of 1992, amounting to 110,000 US$ and 58,111 XEU. 3. METAP/EIB - financing a project of Waste Management Systems in the Area of Kvarner Bay and Istria, according to the contract of 1994, amounting to 100,000 US$. 4. MAP - MED POL Programme support, according to the 1995 contract, amounting to 60,000 US$. 5. UNOPS - The State Directorate for Environment has received financial support for its two employee salaries, for a period of two years, and computer and communication equipment for the implementation of the Danube Basin Environment Programme, according to the 1995 contract, amounting to 35,196 US$. 6. UNIDO will finance two projects related to the substitution of ozone depleting substances in industry in 1997 (estimated project costs are 250,000 US$ - irreversible Multilateral Fund sources for the implementation of the Montreal Protocol). 7. UNEP IE will finance, in the 1997-2000 period, a project for Institutional Strengthening aimed at the implementation of the Montreal Protocol, related to the ozone, and the project for Collection and Recovery of Waste Generated from Ozone Depleting Substances (estimated project costs amount to 250,000 US$ - irreversible Multilateral Fund sources for the implementation of the Montreal Protocol). 8. UNEP IE - 1996 saw the elaboration of the National Programme for Phasing Out Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer - amount of 15,000 US$ (irreversible Multilateral Fund sources for the implementation of Montreal Protocol).
This report states only the data on the funds acquired by the State Directorate for Environment. Apart from those, considerable funds were attributed directly to scientific research institutes and to governmental bodies, as a means of support to research projects and to travel arrangements for the purpose of participation in environmental conferences.
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 39: INTERNATIONAL LEGAL
INSTRUMENTS AND MECHANISMS
| Ch. 39: International Legal Instruments are covered under
the relevant sectoral chapters. This is a listing of major
agreements/conventions (not already covered) entered into and
relevant to Agenda 21:
Air/Atmosphere
Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (Geneva, 1979)
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air
Pollution on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme
for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air
Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) (Geneva, 1984)
|
| Ch. 39: Prevention and help in case of accidents Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo, 1991) Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency (Vienna, 1986) Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident (Vienna, 1986) Cooperation Agreement on the Forecast, Prevention and Mitigation of Natural and Technological Disasters Among the Government of the Republic of Austria, the Government of the Republic of Croatia, the Government of the Republic of Hungary, the Government of the Republic of Italy, the Government of the Republic of Poland, and the Government of the Republic of Slovenia (Vienna 1992) Civil Liability International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (Brussels, 1969) International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (Brussels, 1971) Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (Vienna, 1963) Sea Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution (Barcelona, 1976) Protocol for the Prevention of Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft (Barcelona, 1976) Protocol Concerning Cooperation in Combating Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Oil and other Harmful Substances in cases of Emergency (Barcelona, 1976) Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution from Land-based sources (Athens, 1980) Protocol Concerning the Mediterranean Specially Protected Areas (Geneva, 1982) Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution Resulting from Exploration and Exploitation of the Continental Shelf and the Sea-bed and its Sub-soil (Madrid, 1994) |
| Ch. 39:
International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas
in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (Brussels, 1969) |
| 2. | International cooperation and trade | |||||
| 3. | Combating poverty | |||||
| 4. | Changing consumption patterns | |||||
| 5. | Demographic dynamics and sustainability | |||||
| 6. | Human health | |||||
| 7. | Human settlements | |||||
| 8. | Integrating E & D in decision-making | |||||
| 9. | Protection of the atmosphere | |||||
| 10. | Integrated planning and management of land resources | |||||
| 11. | Combating deforestation | |||||
| 12. | Combating desertification and drought | |||||
| 13. | Sustainable mountain development | |||||
| 14. | Sustainable agriculture and rural development | |||||
| 15. | Conservation of biological diversity | |||||
| 16. | Biotechnology | |||||
| 17. | Oceans, seas, coastal areas and their living resources | |||||
| 18. | Freshwater resources | |||||
| 19. | Toxic chemicals | |||||
| 20. | Hazardous wastes | |||||
| 21. | Solid wastes | |||||
| 22. | Radioactive wastes | |||||
| 24. | Women in sustainable development | |||||
| 25. | Children and youth | |||||
| 26. | Indigenous people | |||||
| 27. | Non-governmental organizations | |||||
| 28. | Local authorities | |||||
| 29. | Workers and trade unions | |||||
| 30. | Business and industry | |||||
| 31. | Scientific and technological community | |||||
| 32. | Farmers | |||||
| 33. | Financial resources and mechanisms | |||||
| 34. | Technology, cooperation and capacity-building | |||||
| 35. | Science for sustainable development | |||||
| 36. | Education, public awareness and training | |||||
| 37. | International cooperation for capacity-building | |||||
| 38. | International institutional arrangements | |||||
| 39. | International legal instruments | |||||
| 40. | Information for decision-making | |||||
| Latest 199- | ||||
| Number of telephones in use per 100 inhabitants | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
Copyright © United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Comments and suggestions: esa@un.org
Last updated 1 November 1997