Migration in the Mountains: Why “Progress” in Uttarakhand Is Pushing People Away

In the quiet valleys of Uttarakhand, in northern India, the sound of the wind is replacing the sound of children’s laughter. The hills are not just losing people; they are losing their songs.

In fact, the hills of Uttarakhand are emptying. Across valleys once alive with terraced fields, festivals and village schools, families are leaving for towns and plains – not out of choice but because they must. The causes are multiple and intertwined: reduced climate resilience, fragile livelihoods, weak educational infrastructure, limited local jobs, and political decisions that prize visible infrastructure over people-centred development. Unless these drivers are understood and addressed together, the exodus will deepen – along with the social and ecological costs for the region and the nation.

Climate vulnerability: the slow unravelling of mountain life

The Himalayan landscape that supports the agriculture of Uttarakhand, as well as its water resources and its village, is undergoing rapid changes. Both state and national reports highlight the retreat of glaciers, the growth of hazardous glacial lakes, and an uptick in extreme weather events that lead to landslides, flash floods and erosion. These risks hit hardest those living on steep slopes with small landholdings. The Uttarakhand State Climate Change Cell (SCCC) and the State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC) are keeping track of these developments, and caution that unchecked infrastructure development and tourism could worsen exposure to such hazards.

These environmental shifts are translating into economic challenges. Crop patterns are changing, yields are declining and seasonal job opportunities are dwindling. When fields can no longer provide for basic needs, migration often becomes a necessity. Recent discussions with stakeholders have highlighted significant drops in glacier reserves and the urgent need for comprehensive action plans in the Himalayas, and stress the fact that the impacts of climate change are already driving migration in the western Himalaya.

Education gaps: future-readiness is missing

Education can both protect people and open to them a world of opportunities – provided it is accessible, of good quality and connected to local economies. The educational situation in many Uttarakhand hamlets – and no doubt in other mountain regions around the world – is characterized by a lack of infrastructural development, the absence of teachers, limited digital access and few vocational training opportunities. Analyses conducted by the government and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) show that a large number of rural schools in India lack Internet connectivity and basic educational materials – a disadvantage that was highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic.

When kids and young people do not see practical ways to get good jobs through the nearby schools, families think of moving to cities either for their children’s education or to find them jobs. Studies on child migration have shown that education (or its absence) is one of the primary factors leading to families moving. Children who are thus dislocated face greater vulnerabilities unless systems are in place to include migrants in learning programmes. For Uttarakhand, this implies that education policy should be climate-aware, mobile population-inclusive and connected to the local economy, rather than provide credentials that are suitable only for the urban environment.

Jobs and livelihoods: why roads and hotels aren’t enough

The main development model in many hill districts focuses on building roads, creating tourism infrastructure and developing real estate. This model shows some growth in gross domestic product but leads to seasonal and uncertain jobs. Often, these jobs benefit outside investors more than local residents. Agriculture, pastoralism and small-scale crafts, which have historically supported mountain livelihoods, have been weakened by climate change, land degradation and lack of interest from younger generations. Studies tracking migration from Uttarakhand reveal that many villages have been partially or completely abandoned. The populations that remain are often older and poorer.

To achieve sustainable local jobs, we need to invest in climate-resilient agriculture, improve value chains through processing local produce, support decentralized renewable energy, promote mountain-friendly tourism models run by local cooperatives and provide the digital skills required for remote work. If we do not implement these focused strategies, the jobs created will continue to be temporary, offer low pay and prove inadequate as a means to stop people from leaving.

Political neglect and misguided indicators of progress

Development decisions are influenced by political motivations. Compared to slower, less visible investments in teacher training, community health, watershed rehabilitation or risk-sensitive village relocation, large, visible projects like highways, hotel complexes and urban-focused tourism receive political credit more quickly. As a result, the measurement of "progress" is skewed and more easily counts kilometres of roads than the years that children spend in school or the disaster resilience that households help develop.

Furthermore, policy responses frequently lack integration: livelihood programmes, education policies and climate planning are all created independently with little input from the community. Because of this disconnect, interventions are less effective and local priorities, such as protecting agro-biodiversity or re-establishing traditional water systems, receive insufficient funding.

What a people-centred, mountain-appropriate response looks like

Reversing or stabilizing migration from Uttarakhand requires a multi-pronged, place-sensitive strategy:

1. Climate-sensitive planning and risk reduction. Glacial lake monitoring, early warning systems, community-based disaster preparedness and hazard-informed land use rules should be scaled up so that people are not forced to leave due to recurrent disasters.
2. Education that prepares for locality. Village learning centres and vocational streams linked to mountain economies (e.g., horticulture, value-added processing, eco-tourism operated by locals) should be strengthened and ensure digital access for blended learning. UNESCO literacy and learning initiatives and evidence on school access suggest models that can be adapted to hill contexts.
3. Livelihood diversification rooted in local resources. Cooperatives, micro-enterprises and climate-resilient agricultural practices should be supported along with investment in decentralized energy access and connectivity to open remote income streams without uprooting communities.
4. Policy coherence and participatory governance. Climate, education and employment policies should be aligned under district-level mountain plans with strong local representation; and progress should be evaluated using social and ecological indicators (learning outcomes, youth employment rates and household resilience) rather than only numbers of infrastructure projects.
5. Targeted incentives to retain youth. Scholarships for local vocational colleges and development support for young entrepreneurs should be established, and public employment schemes should be tuned for terrain constraints to keep skilled youth engaged locally.

Many of these measures could be applied to other mountain regions, which are facing similar challenges.

A call for integrated care

The migration crisis in Uttarakhand is a result of a combination of ecological pressures and policy decisions that have eroded village life over time. In order to address the problem, one must be humble enough to listen to mountain communities, value their knowledge and support investments in less glamorous but stronger community building blocks: good schools, resilient livelihoods, risk-informed planning and responsible local governance. Progress isn't progress at all if it leaves the mountains empty. Rethinking development for the Himalaya entails putting people and the environment first, making mountain living a respectable and feasible option rather than a forced sacrifice.