| United Nations | E/CN.17/1997/5 |
Economic and Social Council
Distr. GENERAL
18 March 1997
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
COMMISSION ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Fifth session
7-25 April 1997
ASSESSMENT OF PROGRESS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF
AGENDA 21 AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL
Report of the Secretary-General
CONTENTS
Paragraphs Page
INTRODUCTION ............................................... 1 - 4 2
I. ASSESSMENT OF IMPLEMENTATION AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL ... 5 - 111 3
A. Developing strategies for sustainable development 5 - 11 3
B. Poverty, population, human settlements and health 12 - 24 4
C. International cooperation and trade .............. 25 - 28 7
D. Changing production and consumption patterns ..... 29 - 35 7
E. Natural resource management ...................... 36 - 80 8
F. Addressing the risks associated with wastes and
hazardous materials .............................. 81 - 86 17
G. Role of major groups ............................. 87 - 92 18
H. Means of implementation .......................... 93 - 111 20
II. CHALLENGES AND PRIORITIES AHEAD ...................... 112 - 117 24
III. NEXT STEPS ........................................... 118 - 120 25
INTRODUCTION
1. The present report provides an assessment of information contained in
approximately 100 country profiles 1/ which outline national progress in
implementing Agenda 21 since the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED). The analysis reflects the perspectives of the national
Governments, on the basis of a common framework provided by the Secretariat,
pursuant to General Assembly resolution 50/113, in which the Assembly decided
to hold a special session to view and appraise the implementation of Agenda 21
and requested the Secretary-General to prepare for the consideration of the
Commission on Sustainable Development at its fifth session country profiles
providing a concise presentation of progress made and constraints encountered
in implementing Agenda 21 at the national level, compiled on the basis of
national information received and in close cooperation with the Governments
concerned.
2. The structure of this report reflects the primary themes related to the
social, economic, and environmental dimensions of Agenda 21. Within those
themes, the country profiles are analysed, using a regional focus, grouped as
follows: Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, the
developed countries of Europe and North America, and countries with economies
in transition. Where appropriate, other groupings may be used, particularly
the differentiation between developed and developing countries. In such
cases, countries are classified according to the World Economic and Social
Survey 1996. 2/ That national and regional perspective complements the global
assessments of progress presented by other documents prepared for the special
session.
3. In reading this report, some consideration should be given to the
following limitations. First of all, the country profiles were biased towards
reporting progress; hence, there may be less attention to obstacles and
problems faced by countries than is warranted. Secondly, although 100 country
profiles is a large number, it is still not necessarily representative of all
countries. This is even truer in the case of regional assessments, where the
distribution of country profiles among regions was uneven. Thirdly, it is
inevitable that much of the richness and detail provided by the individual
profiles is submerged. Within the scope of this paper, it is obviously not
possible to represent progress for all reporting countries comprehensively or
to reflect completely the diversity of countries found within regions. The
experience of individual countries may well vary from the regional
generalizations given for each theme. 3/ For this reason, attention is also
drawn to the individual country profiles which are being provided to the
Commission at its fifth session in their entirety, in hard copy. In addition,
in order to enhance transparency and encourage exchange of information and
experience, the country profiles have been made available on the Internet
(http://www.un.org/dpcsd/earthsummit).
4. The conclusion of the report provides a synopsis of challenges and
priorities that require attention in order to build on the initial progress of
implementing Agenda 21 at the national level. This information, together with
the individual country profiles and other documentation prepared for the
special session, should assist the United Nations, international
organizations, and Governments to focus and reinforce their future efforts
towards the achievement of sustainable development.
I. ASSESSMENT OF IMPLEMENTATION AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL
A. Developing strategies for sustainable development
5. Above all, progress in the implementation of Agenda 21 requires political
will at national and local levels, and nowhere has measurable progress been so
visible over the past five years than in the structures and instruments that
guide decision-making. This is true in all regions of the world and in
countries at all levels of development.
6. There has been considerable effort at the country level to develop
strategies aimed at integrating social, economic, and environmental priorities
in the post-UNCED period. Much of this strategy development has been
accomplished through the involvement of major stakeholders. Many Governments
have established broad-based national councils or commissions to oversee the
development and implementation of strategies. Some of those structures are
more central to decision-making than others. Some appear to have the power to
enforce; others, to influence; and still others, only to suggest.
Nonetheless, in all cases, it would seem that the existence of a coordinating
mechanism has set into play a process of dialogue, awareness and broad
participation that should have an impact on implementation of Agenda 21 over
the medium- and long-term, if not immediately.
7. There is little consistency in the types of strategies that have been
established, reflecting the great diversity in national priorities and
circumstances. A few countries have produced fully integrated sustainable
development strategies. Others, with experience in state planning, have
broadened national multi-year economic development plans to incorporate social
and environmental considerations. Other models include the creation of
conservation strategies or sector plans related to, for example, health,
biodiversity, or desertification. The completion of environmental plans,
often including socio-economic considerations, currently represents the more
common approach to integration. There is, in addition, a pivotal movement
towards the development of integrated plans and strategies in some major
sectoral areas, particularly in the areas of forests, desertification and
drought, atmosphere and biodiversity. At the same time, there are other
areas, such as coastal zone management, freshwater, health and land
management, where more traditional sectoral approaches continue to prevail.
8. The geographical scope of strategy development also varies. In addition
to national strategies, many countries are contributing to regional strategies
for sustainable development, such as the Mediterranean Action Plan and the
Asia and Pacific Regional Action Programme for Environmentally Sound and
Sustainable Development. Finally, UNCED has stimulated the development of
local Agenda 21 action plans in over 2,000 local communities worldwide.
Moreover, even where formalistic local Agendas 21 do not exist, the country
profiles give evidence of an increasing devolution of authority to local
communities to take action for sustainable development.
9. Almost every country has established legislation or regulation that
requires environmental impact assessments, especially at the project and
programme level, but increasingly at the level of policy-making as well. In
approximately two thirds of the countries, major reviews have been undertaken
of the legislation relevant to sustainable development. This includes a
review both of what did and did not exist prior to UNCED, with the objective
of amending or drafting laws more consistent with Agenda 21 and, in some
cases, of making general legislation more specific, including the
establishment of specific targets. In no subregion have these reviews been
deeper and more pervasive than among the countries with economies in
transition, where overall restructuring has provided an opportunity to recast
both structure and process in conformity with Agenda 21.
10. Very few countries appear to be developing systems for "green
accounting". However, there is extensive use of eco-labelling and application
of the polluter-pays principle in the developed countries and, to a
significant extent, in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean and of
Asia and the Pacific. Eco-auditing as a voluntary instrument of the private
sector is also growing, particularly in developed countries.
11. In this initial period after UNCED, countries have been concentrating on
putting in place strategies, laws and regulations that relate to sustainable
development. Often this has involved a broadening of existing national
planning and a movement from centralized decision-making to broad
participation. At the same time, several developing countries have
difficulties with financing and supporting programmes and projects. Few
countries are well advanced with the implementation of integrated strategies,
and it is too early to expect strategy evaluation and assessments.
B. Poverty, population, human settlements and health
12. Poverty, population, health and human settlements are among the major
social issues addressed by Agenda 21. They are closely interlinked and have
significant economic, environmental and institutional implications. In these
four areas, and according to the country profiles, human health is the area
where the most progress has been achieved; poverty, the least.
13. For most countries, and particularly for most developing countries,
eradication of poverty is given greatest priority, but few countries have the
resources effectively to tackle such a pervasive issue over the short term.
As recommended by the World Social Summit, many have initiated or reinforced
strategies to combat poverty since UNCED by means of presidential commissions
and national task forces or within national socio-economic plans.
Implementation is usually directed towards both increasing economic
opportunity - for example, through land reform and land rehabilitation,
strengthening the agricultural sector, education and training, job creation,
and access to seed capital - and towards providing a social safety net,
through the provision of shelter and support to community groups and broad
participation in decision-making. However, it is too early to see widespread
positive results. A few countries have made significant progress, but overall
declines in poverty levels are not evident.
14. Poverty does not appear to be a significant national issue in developed
countries; unemployment and its economic and social costs, however, are. This
is even truer in countries with economies in transition, where both
unemployment rates and the cost of living have risen consistently since 1990.
15. In the area of demographics, it is clear that the 1994 United Nations
Conference on Population and Development has had a positive influence on
policies and planning in almost all countries. Family planning, the active
involvement of women in decision-making and regional settlement strategies are
common activities in this area. Most countries that have intended to decrease
birth rates have succeeded to some extent. Nonetheless, very few countries
appear completely satisfied with the results of their population policies and
programme interventions.
16. Progress in developing countries has been mixed. The most success in
reducing the rate of population growth has been achieved in a few Asian and
Latin American countries, as a result of institutional development, research
and information dissemination. Developed countries have generally stabilized
their rate of population growth rate, and in countries with economies in
transition, there is a concern that populations are declining below desirable
ranges.
17. All countries have undergone urbanization, and the Habitat II Conference
in Istanbul helped to define that issue and crystallize action in the area of
human settlements in all regions. The tradition of strong involvement by
local government, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector in
the development of settlements is reinforced by many country profiles.
Financial constraints are apparent in all regions, inhibiting the achievement
of sustainable communities with adequate housing, a desirable environment, and
a satisfactory quality of life. A few countries in all regions are attempting
to strengthen rural and village settlements in order to stem urban migration
and provide more balanced national development.
18. African countries are at an early stage of urbanization, with relatively
low urban proportions but high rates of urban population growth, leading to
severe strains on urban areas and resulting in environmental degradation and
urban sprawl. Priority is being given to the provision of housing,
infrastructure - particularly improved sanitation - and the protection of open
spaces.
19. Human settlement patterns are very diverse in the countries of Asia and
the Pacific. A few are highly urbanized (for example, Singapore and
Australia); others have recently experienced high rates of urbanization (for
example, the Republic of Korea); while others are essentially rural in
character (for example, Nepal). Consequently, there is considerable diversity
in settlement priorities. Many countries are focusing on the provision of
adequate housing and of water and sewer infrastructure. Others are
concentrating on the environmental interface, either through the provision of
green space, disaster prevention, or the encouragement of public and
non-vehicular transport.
20. Europe and North America have a longer history of urbanization, with
most people residing in an urban setting. The rate of growth of urban
populations has been relatively low (less than 1 per cent) over the past five
years. Emphasis is shifting to the development of sustainable cities where
urban form and the environment are in closer harmony through the economical
use of materials and space, the use of land for nature conservation and open
space, support to public transportation systems, disincentives for vehicular
traffic, noise abatement, and energy-efficient housing. This implies a high
degree of cooperation among various national agencies and local authorities.
21. Latin American and Caribbean countries also have an urban tradition,
with the proportion of urban population ranging from 47 per cent to
93 per cent. The rates of urban population growth tend to be slightly higher
than in Europe but have begun to decline over the past five years. This may
be due to a number of factors, but one which emerges from the country profiles
is the migration of people to smaller towns and cities, making demands for new
and improved infrastructure in additional areas dispersed throughout the
countries. Several countries report some progress in the recent development
of national settlement strategies focused on new and renovated housing and
urban infrastructure, particularly water and sanitation systems. More
efficient and less polluting transportation systems were also common themes in
several Latin American countries.
22. Urban systems are comparatively well developed in the countries with
economies in transition, but former policies tended to favour urbanization at
the expense of the environment, efficient resource use, and rural development.
Cities face the task of urban restructuring, pollution control, and
environmental rehabilitation under severe fiscal constraints.
23. The majority of countries in all regions, with the exception of
countries with economies in transition, report improvements in basic health
indicators, especially life expectancy and infant mortality. Child mortality
rates (i.e., of children under the age of five years), however, have increased
in some regions, a consequence, presumably, of both poverty and armed
conflict. Moreover, there appears to be movement towards integrated health
policies; countries speak of health policies in combination with policies not
only, for example, for poverty, education and human settlements but also, for
example, for freshwater and waste disposal. The link between health and the
environment has been established in many countries. Overall, the need for
multi-agency strategy development, integrated programmes, and partnerships
with major groups, including women, non-governmental organizations and the
private sector, is stressed.
24. A number of countries have established policies and targets based on the
"Health for All" strategy of the World Health Organization and have attained
successful results. The least developed countries, however, are still
struggling to achieve improvements. Several countries with economies in
transition have experienced increases in infant mortality in the 1990s and
stable or deteriorating rates of maternal mortality. This is the only region
where life expectancy is not increasing in all countries. Environmental
degradation is particularly chronic and has resulted in serious health
problems, including increases in child morbidity.
C. International cooperation and trade
25. There is general support for further liberalization and expansion of
world trade and the establishment of a common institutional framework under
the World Trade Organization. Regional trade agreements and bilateral
cooperation are important in all areas. The need to incorporate environmental
considerations in activities promoted through international cooperation is
raised by many countries. The issues of trade/environment linkages, debt
reduction, and access to markets for developing countries require continued
concerted action.
26. In Africa, reporting countries indicate that they are restructuring
their economies to encourage trade, fiscal reform, and a stronger private
sector. International cooperation has allowed these policies to be
implemented, but countries still face debt problems and difficult external
trading conditions. A number of countries are benefiting from subregional
cooperation, for example, through the Southern African Development Community.
27. The countries of Asia and the Pacific are taking action to improve trade
through structural adjustments, especially the removal or lowering of tariff
and non-tariff barriers. Countries are trying to become more competitive and
efficient. Several are contributing to environment/trade deliberations within
international organizations but stress the need for improved clarity on
environment/trade interactions. Others are working internationally to promote
better and improved trading conditions and prices for commodities. In the
region of Latin America and the Caribbean, the experience with trade
liberalization is very mixed, ranging from participation in international and
regional trade agreements to restricted access to world markets.
28. Developed countries are paying increasing attention to the need to
ensure that environment and trade are mutually supportive. Many countries are
trying to improve market access and reduce debt loads for developing
countries. International cooperation is very important for economic
restructuring within countries with economies in transition. New Pan-European
partnerships are replacing the former subregional markets, but the
liberalization of trade has yet to benefit the whole region.
D. Changing production and consumption patterns
29. Unsustainable consumption and production patterns are central to many
environmental and development issues. Consumption of energy and natural
resources tends to be very high in developed countries, while much of the
world has difficulty meeting basic needs related to food, shelter, health, and
education.
30. Since the initial impetus at UNCED, consumption and production issues
have clearly been placed on the policy-making agenda of many countries.
National debates have focused attention on the key tools to increase
efficiency and reduce waste, including public awareness, economic instruments
and pricing, and technology transfer. The mix of financial, social, and
environmental benefits has attracted the attention of a wide range of
stakeholders representing Governments, business, non-governmental
organizations, and the academic community. Non-governmental organizations,
for example, are playing a significant role in strategy development, raising
consumer awareness, and implementing recycling programmes.
31. Most countries have initiated some action to internalize costs and
change consumer behaviour. However, concrete gains in reducing consumption
are not yet evident. Energy consumption per capita, for example, continues to
rise in the vast majority of countries, except in the region with economies in
transition, due to their recent recession. Clearly, national efforts must
continue over the longer term before significant gains can be realized.
32. Present consumption in Africa is largely to meet basic needs, but steps
are being taken in individual countries to promote reduced energy consumption,
improve nutrition, and rationalize resource use. More sustainable consumption
patterns are being encouraged in the Asia and Pacific region, although the
level of consumption per capita is not high in most of the developing
countries there. Increased economic activity is accompanied by increased
energy use almost everywhere. At the same time, efforts are being made for
energy efficiency improvements. Many countries have introduced eco-labelling
schemes.
33. Most countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have held
multi-stakeholder national debates on consumption and production patterns,
often accompanied by education campaigns for consumers. Waste reduction and
recycling initiatives are prevalent, and several countries in the region are
studying energy-efficiency measures for transport and housing. The most
attention, however, is directed towards poverty assistance and social
programmes.
34. Developed countries are taking action based on economic and voluntary
instruments to change consumption and production patterns. The focus is
primarily on producers, transportation, and households, to increase energy
efficiency and to reduce waste. National debates have frequently led to new
legislation, and eco-labelling is almost universal. Several countries have
established targets related to packaging, recycling, waste reduction, and
energy efficiency.
35. In the region with economies in transition, recent changes in production
and consumption patterns have been primarily determined by economic recession
and the transition to a market economy. The general consumption of goods has
declined in most countries. Governments have introduced programmes aimed at
reducing energy and water consumption, encouraging waste reduction and
recycling, and introducing environmentally friendly technologies. Where
eco-labelling programmes exist, they have influenced consumer purchases.
E. Natural resource management
36. Natural resource management is the largest component of Agenda 21,
covering issues related to water, land, the atmosphere, biodiversity, and
waste. Many of the issues have general relevance for all countries, while
others apply to particular regions or countries. Freshwater resources,
biodiversity, the atmosphere and sustainable agriculture are universally
significant. Forests are significant in all regions and in the majority of
countries. Management issues that relate to coastal and ocean resources,
mountain ecosystems and deserts are more country-specific but nonetheless span
all continents. In a number of countries, and particularly with respect to
coastal areas and mountains, the impact of natural disasters on sustainable
development is an important issue.
37. In mountain areas, there is increased recognition of the importance of
conservation, social development, and disaster prevention, although little
attention appears yet to be given to sustainable tourism. For biodiversity,
forests, and oceans, it is too early to see widespread results. Significant
institutional development in these areas and increases in the amount of
protected terrestrial and marine areas have occurred, but there is little
evidence of countries adopting an integrated approach. Some progress on the
development of programmes to combat drought and desertification is evident in
Africa, although there is still a long way to go. Almost no information was
available on the integration of land management except in developed countries.
In the area of atmospheric protection, emissions in most countries are
increasing. Generally, developed countries have reduced the consumption of
ozone-depleting substances and emissions of SO x and NO11 x, but more
vigilance will be required for CO 2 emissions if targets are to be met.
38. Biodiversity and agricultural sustainability emerged from the country
profiles as among the most significant resource management issues facing
countries. Freshwater resources (especially in Africa and Asia and the
Pacific), desertification (especially in Africa), and deforestation
(especially in Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean) were also high
priorities.
1. Atmosphere
39. Pollution from transportation remains a major problem in most urban
areas. CO 2 emissions, which continue to increase, are relevant for all
countries, but special concern was expressed by small island developing
States, in view of their greater potential vulnerability to rising sea levels.
This issue is closely related to many Agenda 21 chapters, including
consumption patterns, human health, technology transfer, land and marine
resources, desertification, and deforestation.
40. Less action in this area was reported by African countries than
countries in other regions. Nonetheless, there are efforts being made in
Africa to develop strategies for the protection of the atmosphere and to
conduct studies on energy substitution, air pollution, and the impact of
climate change and adaptation to it. The most common concerns were related to
pollution from transportation and the terrestrial and marine impacts of
climate change.
41. In Asia and the Pacific, emphasis is placed on increasing energy
efficiency and tackling air pollution, particularly in countries with
considerable industry and increasing traffic. Countries are taking action by
setting emission and air quality standards; encouraging cleaner fuel use, more
efficient vehicles, and mass transport; promoting cleaner and more efficient
production processes; and favouring renewable or alternative energy sources.
Some countries have taken direct action to phase out ozone-depleting
substances. A few States, including Thailand and New Zealand, are taking
measures to increase or protect their forest sink capacity.
42. In the region of Latin America and the Caribbean, Governments are giving
high priority to the rehabilitation and modernization of power systems and to
the development of new and renewable energy sources. Clean fuel is being
promoted in several countries, and environmental impact assessments are a
common requirement for energy production and transportation systems. Nearly
half the countries have established targets to phase out ozone-depleting
substances.
43. In the developed countries of Europe and North America, a full range of
measures is being employed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve
energy efficiency, including the establishment of targets for phasing out
ozone-depleting substances and reductions in emissions. According to the
country profiles, significant progress has been made with respect to emissions
of SO x and NO x, but in several countries additional measures will be needed
to reach CO 2 emission targets. Voluntary agreements, economic instruments,
building construction codes, alternative energy sources and new vehicle
standards are frequently used to improve energy efficiency. Technical
capacity and the involvement of major groups are at a high level.
44. The countries with economies in transition are beginning to tackle their
serious air pollution problems, caused primarily by thermal power stations and
heavy industry. A universal reduction in emission levels and the consumption
of ozone-depleting substances has resulted largely because of economic
recession. Initiatives are being developed and implemented. For example,
some of the countries in the region have established energy taxes. Adequate
pollution control and energy efficiency are likely to be achieved only in the
longer term, however.
45. Many countries in all regions expressed the need for regional and
subregional agreements to control problems of transboundary air pollution. It
was also clear that, while emissions caused by transportation are being given
some attention almost everywhere, concrete action is largely lacking.
2. Land and ecosystems
(a) Integrated land management
46. A holistic approach to land resources is intrinsic to the achievement of
sustainable development and should provide an umbrella for discussions in more
specific land and land-related planning and management. However, progress in
this area appears to be below average, particularly in view of its ubiquitous
relevance.
47. In Africa, a few countries are making progress in strengthening
scientific knowledge and information systems on land resources as a prelude to
integrated planning. Implementation is limited, however, by the lack of
sufficient post-UNCED funding. With few exceptions, neither in Latin America
and the Caribbean nor in Asia and the Pacific is significant concrete action
reported in integrated land management. Note is taken in both regions of the
need to address issues of zoning and the wanton spread of peri-urban areas.
In the small island developing States, integrated land management is very much
linked to coastal zone management. Serious land conflicts and land
degradation are common. Almost everywhere, emphasis is placed on the role of
local governments in this area.
48. Integrated land-use planning processes are better established in many
developed countries. A hierarchical system provides the national policy and
legislative framework, with land-use planning decentralized to the local or
regional level. Programme priorities include the protection of special or
sensitive lands, land rehabilitation, and the sustainable accommodation of
increasing land demands.
49. In countries with economies in transition, the basis for a modern land
planning and management system is currently under development. Countries are
proceeding to establish land registry and planning systems; rehabilitate lands
degraded by mining, agriculture, and acidification; and manage soil, forests,
and protected areas.
(b) Deserts and drought
50. Desertification and drought are closely related to poverty, food
security, and land degradation, particularly in Africa. The United Nations
Convention to Combat Desertification 4/ has stimulated an early national
response, especially the preparation of action plans, but much remains to be
done. Solid information, especially on trends, is generally lacking, and
there is evidence of concrete results in only a few countries. Certainly,
from the evidence of the country profiles, no country with serious land
degradation has yet managed to control it. Lack of trained staff (especially
at the field level) and inadequate information, monitoring networks, and
funding represent the major constraints.
51. The response in the country profiles illustrates the widespread, high-
priority nature of this issue for Africa. Desertification is exacerbated by
fuel-wood collection, overgrazing, and poor land-use practices. The majority
of countries have moved quickly to ratify the Convention and prepare action
plans. Some implementation has occurred in most countries, especially in the
areas of resource development and conservation, awareness-raising, domestic
energy supply, alternative job opportunities, and use of indigenous knowledge.
52. In Asia and the Pacific, the management of dryland areas is an important
issue, affecting specific areas in a limited number of countries. Drought and
land degradation stemming from an uncertain climate, overgrazing, and poor
agricultural practices are more typical than actual desertification. Action
taken is both regionally and nationally focused and directed at the
preparation of action plans for combating desertification, drought forecasting
and aversion, rehabilitation of overgrazed and eroded areas, sand dune
stabilization, afforestation and water resources development.
53. Desertification and drought are concerns also for several Latin American
and Caribbean countries, as they relate particularly to soil erosion, fuel-
wood collection and overgrazing. The majority of reporting countries have or
are preparing desertification action plans, with implementation to date
focusing on early warning programmes, disaster preparation, reforestation,
soil conservation, and awareness-raising.
54. In the countries with economies in transition, drought has had adverse
consequences on agricultural production. Within other parts of Europe,
desertification appears to be a problem largely for the area around the
Mediterranean, and, in North America, in the central plains and along the west
coast, where soil conservation programmes and rural economic diversification
are particularly relevant. Many countries of these regions emphasize their
support for the Convention and their provision of bilateral aid for its
implementation.
(c) Mountains
55. Mountains are fragile environments which support various intensities of
human settlement and land use. Sustainable development in mountains is based
on an integrated strategy of disaster prevention, conservation and protection,
appropriate land-use practices, and social development for isolated
populations. As a consequence, reporting countries also discussed mountain
development under other chapter headings, especially in reporting progress in
land management, agriculture, and forests.
56. In Africa, sustainable mountain development is a high priority for only
a few countries, but several African countries have taken action to protect
biodiversity, improve agricultural land-use practices, and manage water
resources in mountainous areas. The absence of surveys and plans is a major
constraint. In Asia and the Pacific, a similar situation exists, with the
response focusing on strategy development, catchment protection, eco-tourism,
and forest conservation.
57. All reporting countries in Latin America recognize sustainable mountain
development as a significant priority. The high potential for natural
disasters, soil erosion, and forest damage is being actively addressed by
watershed development plans focusing on sustainable agriculture and social
programmes. Conservation achieved by "debt for nature swaps" is important.
58. In the developed countries of Europe and North America, countries are
pursuing mountain resource strategies that try to balance the use of mountains
for parks, ecosystem conservation, forestry, grazing, and tourism. In Alpine
countries, land-use pressure, particularly from tourism, is being met with
controls to protect the sensitive environment, and countries effectively
cooperate under the Alpine Protection Convention.
(d) Agriculture and rural development
59. Agriculture contributes to the economic and social fabric of most
countries, despite the widespread decline in agricultural land per capita. In
developing countries, emphasis is largely on food security and increasing
productivity. The economic role of agriculture has declined in relative terms
in developed countries but remains significant. Progress is evident in all
regions, although the blending of the sustainable development goals of
increased agricultural production and environmental protection is not always
easy for countries to achieve. There is a pervasive awareness of the need to
reduce chemical inputs to the soil and to adopt integrated pest management,
and in some countries, the use of fertilizers has been significantly reduced.
However, there is still more evidence of policies in this area than of actual
implementation.
60. Recent initiatives in Africa have generally been related to land
rehabilitation, the use of improved plant and animal stock, and water
development. Slight increases in both agricultural area and fertilizer use
are common within the region. In the face of population growth, weak prices
for export crops and land degradation, the challenge of meeting sustainability
objectives is formidable. Typically in Latin America and the Caribbean, the
area of agricultural land has recently increased, and programme activities
focus on rural development, land-tenure reform, and food security.
Strengthened communication between Governments, farmers, and rural communities
is also apparent.
61. In the majority of the developing countries of Asia and the Pacific,
agriculture is a very significant economic sector. Increasing efficiency and
productivity in a sustainable manner is a common focus, and more judicious use
of pesticides and fertilizers, soil and water conservation, and animal waste
recycling are some of the techniques being promoted to protect the
environment. Agricultural research has contributed to meeting Agenda 21
objectives in several countries.
62. In the developed countries of Europe and North America, legislation and
policy are generally consistent with sustainability requirements and focus on
improving agricultural productivity in a sustainable manner in order to reduce
the impact on the environment caused by production, to protect the healthy
rural landscape, and to preserve the preconditions for production in the long
run. The use of production methods is often regulated. The link between
water protection and sustainable agriculture is clearly recognized. This is
generally achieved through close collaboration between agriculture and
environment ministries, farmers, and local communities. Substantial progress
has been made with the adoption of good land-use practices, reduced reliance
on fertilizers and pesticides, livestock pollution control, and the
introduction of "ecological" farming.
63. In countries with economies in transition, a fundamental change from
large-scale intensive farming systems to private land holdings is under way.
In many countries of this region, the integrity of the soil has been
compromised, but recent progress has been made with land reclamation,
reduction of pesticide and fertilizer use, and improved food safety.
(e) Forests
64. Sustainable forest management is significant at the national level in
all regions. Forest degradation, conservation, multi-use, and greater
community involvement in decision-making are widespread issues. The
acceptance of a set of principles at UNCED for the sustainable development of
forests has had a catalytic influence on international collaboration and
assistance. There is substantial reporting on this issue by virtually all
countries, and it is clear that the perception of forest management and a
number of actions stemming from that perception have changed dramatically
since 1992. At the regional level, much has been achieved in developing
criteria and indicators for sustainable forestry.
65. Deforestation in Africa is generally the result of fuel-wood collection,
conversion to agricultural land, charcoal-burning, and logging. The majority
of countries would like to expand their efforts to address the deforestation
issue through improved inventories and management. A few countries have
increased forestry staff, but adequate staff complements, especially at the
field level, remain a common constraint. In this region, scattered progress
is evident in forest management and conservation, improved fire protection,
industry efficiency, and increased reforestation rates. Despite general
deforestation, a few countries have been able to increase their forest area.
66. In Asia and the Pacific, forests are a very important socio-economic
resource. There is a widespread increase in forest conservation efforts,
although forest losses and degradation remain severe in a few countries.
Improved conservation is being achieved through better legislation and policy,
improved monitoring and assessment, forest management agreements and plans,
forestry codes of practice, and afforestation and protection. Special
programmes to increase local community participation and benefits are common.
Many countries have adopted the UNCED Forest Principles and are contributing
to follow-up initiatives.
67. Combating deforestation is a high priority issue in Latin America and
the Caribbean. Most countries have strengthened their forestry programmes
with recent management plans, improved forestry extension services, and both
forestry staff and reforestation programmes. A positive reforestation-to-
deforestation rate, or a balance between use and protection, has been achieved
in a few countries of the region.
68. Forest degradation is a serious problem in the developed countries of
Europe and North America, and most countries report that they are moving
towards sustainability and participatory decision-making. Forest area
(primarily afforestation of agricultural land) and production are increasing
in the majority of countries. Denmark, for example, has a target to double
its woodland area within one tree generation. An increasing number of
countries require that their timber imports originate from sustainably managed
forests.
69. The countries with economies in transition are characterized by
increasing forest area but lower production. The major problem is the
degraded quality of the forest resources, caused primarily by industrial
emissions. Countries are responding with legislative, policy, and programme
initiatives, but fiscal constraints are severe.
3. Freshwater resources
70. Countries are aware of the key role that is played by freshwater
resources for future economic and social development. There is considerable
activity to develop national freshwater strategies, basin plans, and demand
studies. However, knowledge of water resources, especially groundwater,
appears to be a limiting constraint; and sustainability, including integrated
and efficient use, and dependable water quality, have not generally been
attained. Insufficient attention appears to be given to the link between
water and sanitation and to water and pollution more generally. Overall,
there appears to be a fragmentation of responsibilities at the ministerial
level which makes integrated water management extremely difficult.
71. In Africa, policy-setting focuses on water assessment, integrated
watershed management and development, water supply and sanitation,
agricultural development, and water protection. Several countries have
recently established transboundary water commissions, and economic instruments
are being used to encourage conservation in some countries. Problems occur in
a number of countries in Asia and the Pacific from high water demand,
pollution, and water leakage. In order to improve water conservation and its
sustainable use, countries are developing national plans and strategies;
establishing guidelines and standards; and planning major structural projects.
To a large extent, however, integrated management, conservation, and
sustainable use have only been achieved in the developed countries of the
region. In a few countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, progress has
been achieved with the development of national water studies and water use
guidelines, and the implementation of improved water supply systems. However,
residual problems relate to domestic, industrial, and agricultural pollution
and their adverse effects on water quality. There is also concern over issues
of equitable access to water systems, whether provided by public or private
services.
72. In the developed countries of Europe and North America, water supply and
wastewater treatment systems are usually satisfactory, and countries are
generally moving towards integrated, sustainable use, relying, for example, on
user charges, integrated basin management (including transboundary
watersheds), and the establishment of protection zones. Agricultural
pollution of surface water and groundwater remains the most serious
sustainability question. The majority of the countries with economies in
transition, assisted by international investment, are making progress
controlling water pollution through wastewater treatment. Water consumption
levels have generally dropped, primarily due to lower economic activity.
Countries are trying to satisfy the obligations of transboundary water
agreements.
4. Oceans, seas, and coastal areas
73. Countries are cooperating at the international and regional levels to
protect ocean and coastal resources and improve their sustainable use. This
includes the ratification of international conventions and regional sea
agreements. Nevertheless, commercial fish stocks continue to decline in most
regions. Governments have widely endorsed the precautionary principle for
coastal areas, and they have achieved higher levels of sewage treatment.
However, resource conflicts and degradation continue, as a result of higher
coastal populations and development pressure.
74. In Africa, there is activity to prepare ocean or coastal management
plans; at the same time, coastal erosion and pollution, urban development, and
the lack of coordination mitigate against substantial progress. In Asia and
the Pacific, regional agencies play an important role in facilitating
integrated planning. Individual countries are implementing coastal management
plans, protecting marine areas, and improving fisheries management. A few
countries are taking steps to protect or replant mangrove areas.
Nevertheless, oil spills, over-fishing, pollution, and a potential rise in sea
level in general are major problems for many countries. Small island
developing States face many of these same issues and are concentrating
significant attention on strategies for sustainable tourism.
75. The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean generally have national
ocean and integrated coastal management plans. Fish catch is increasing in
the region, but most countries find it difficult to comply with international
conventions. In the developed countries of Europe and North America, the
level of integrated management, based on adequate surveillance and monitoring,
is usually satisfactory. Progress is being achieved with wastewater
treatment, coastal discharge, and reductions of phosphate and nitrate
releases. In the countries with economies in transition, the major concern
appears to be declining fish catches.
5. Biodiversity and biotechnology
76. The national response to the Biodiversity Convention is high in all
regions, although it is too early to expect substantial results. It is
clearly very difficult for many countries to rationalize biodiversity needs
with more immediate development priorities; consequently, ecosystems continue
to degrade at a serious rate. Losses are primarily due to habitat destruction
and over-exploitation of species, with pollution and the introduction of
exotic species as secondary causes. The key factors for improved response
include closer cooperation between governmental agencies, the international
community, and non-governmental organizations; better harmonization between
resource use and protection; and greater financial commitment. There is a
relatively low level of reporting for biotechnology. Overall, few countries
have yet been able to achieve a balance between encouraging research and
development, on the one hand, and safeguarding public concerns over potential
adverse health and environmental effects, on the other.
77. In Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean, legislation is being
improved and national assessments and strategies developed. Several countries
are strengthening protected areas and establishing gene banks, especially in
relation to forest areas. A number of countries are working effectively with
their university and research institutions on biodiversity research. There is
growing concern about the impact of intellectual property rights on
biodiversity and access to and transfer of related technology. In Asia and
the Pacific, there is widespread concern over the serious threats to the
integrity of the region's rich biodiversity. Countries are completing
strategies and baseline studies, protecting terrestrial and marine areas,
protecting and breeding endangered species, and conserving genetic resources.
Some countries are attempting to protect a network of areas representative of
their ecosystem diversity. In others, advisory councils and public awareness
campaigns have been effective mobilizing forces.
78. There is a long tradition of in-situ and ex-situ conservation of species
and protected areas in the developed countries of Europe and North America.
The majority of countries have recently developed biodiversity strategies,
usually with widespread stakeholder involvement. The integration of
biodiversity into resource-sector strategies and management plans, especially
forestry, is receiving considerable attention. In most of the countries with
economies in transition, biodiversity protection requires a significant
long-term investment in the renewal of land and land-related resources. The
process began with legislative and strategy development, monitoring, and
improvements to systems in protected areas.
79. In Africa, there is relatively little work being done in biotechnology
except in the area of agriculture. Most of the biotechnology projects
reported in the country profiles of Latin America and the Caribbean are also
focused on agriculture. In the region of Asia and the Pacific biotechnology
research, development, and application appear to be concentrated in only a few
countries and are primarily directed towards agricultural, health, and
environmental applications. Guidelines or legislation for biosafety are
available or under development in most of the countries with biotechnology
programmes. Some countries rely on a broad spectrum of stakeholder
involvement, while others limit participation to research, university, and
industry groups. The majority take account of the traditional methods and
knowledge of indigenous peoples.
80. In the developed countries of Europe and North America, the development
of biotechnology by government and the private sector is widely regulated, for
safety reasons. Legislation, commissions and advisory bodies, risk
assessment, and information exchange are the most frequently listed tools.
Considerable research capability exists in many countries, with projects most
frequently related to agriculture and waste management.
F. Addressing the risks associated with wastes and
hazardous materials
81. The management of solid waste and sewage is closely related to the
management of toxic chemicals, hazardous wastes and radioactive waste. This
is an area where progress in the past five years is palpable, if not
necessarily measurable. Almost every country has recognized the importance of
dealing with wastes and hazardous materials, and most of them have programmes
in the planning stage, if not actually already under way. Constraints are
generally related to issues of urban and integrated land planning and costs.
However, particularly in the case of hazardous wastes, the appropriate
technologies for storage may simply not yet be available.
82. There is considerable public interest in these issues because of the
implications to human health and the environment. Governments, business, and
non-governmental organizations are trying to shift to preventive strategies
that emphasize waste minimization, cleaner production processes, and
coordinated chemical assessments. The search for safe management and storage
dominates the responses on radioactive waste. Nevertheless, domestic and
industrial waste production continues to increase in both absolute and per
capita terms in all regions. In addition, developing countries still face the
expensive task of putting modern waste management collection and treatment
facilities in place.
83. Overall, the technical capacity to manage waste in the African countries
is low, but there is an indication in some countries of an effort to control
the use of agricultural chemicals and develop information systems for
hazardous waste. In addition, individual municipalities in a few countries
have conducted solid waste and sewage treatment pilot projects and are
encouraging recycling.
84. In Asia and the Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean, the
response is focusing on new waste management systems. Handling guidelines,
better inventories, and improved treatment are typical preventive strategies
for the management of hazardous waste; reduction strategies and enhanced
treatment are used for solid wastes, with reduction targets established in
some countries. In the case of toxic chemicals, improved legislation,
increased risk assessment, control of the use of agricultural chemicals, and
voluntary industry programmes are cited.
85. Developed countries use economic instruments in their approach to solid
waste management. Many developing countries, however, lack sufficient
institutional and technical capacity and the resources adequately to assess
risk, make substantial progress on collection and treatment, and establish
comprehensive waste management systems. In several countries, for example,
the majority of solid waste is deposited in sanitary landfills, with
considerable amounts indiscriminately dumped in and around urban areas. In
addition, adequate sewage treatment is lacking in many developing countries.
86. In the developed countries of Europe and North America, it is generally
accepted that the producers of waste, whether communities or industries, must
bear the full responsibility for ensuring public safety. The overall
programme emphasis is prevention through the use of replacement technologies
and substances, waste minimization, reuse, and recycling. A few countries
report downward trends in the amount of solid waste generated. Hazardous,
radioactive, solid and sewage waste management are priority areas for the
countries with economies in transition. The backlog of hazardous wastes
represents a critical danger to human and environmental health. National
needs are generally known, but progress with implementation has been severely
hampered by limited institutional and technical capacity, lack of fiscal
resources, and outdated plants and equipment. However, some progress is being
made, for example, with waste management programmes that include treatment of
hazardous waste, packaging legislation and economic incentives employed to
minimize waste. Some countries - for instance, Finland - have adopted new
waste legislation following the international developments in this field.
G. Role of major groups
87. At UNCED it was generally agreed that the achievement of sustainable
development required active participation and decision-making by all segments
of society. This partnership approach, emphasizing transparency and shared
accountability, has been widely accepted in principle. For some countries, it
has been relatively easy to accommodate meaningful group involvement. For
others, it has meant a radical change from traditional centralized decision-
making, and the process of change has been less rapid.
88. Nevertheless, the role of major groups in the achievement of sustainable
development has increased in all regions. This contribution can be recognized
at the community level through local Agenda 21 initiatives; nationally by the
advice provided on action plans and strategies; and globally through
participation in international forums. Governments are working more closely
with all groups on sustainable development problems, policy development, and
implementation. To date, this interaction has been particularly strong with
non-governmental organizations, business, and local communities. In addition,
initiatives to increase the participation of women and youth are common.
89. Action on gender issues is high in all regions. In many countries,
national women's bureaux have been established, and representatives of women's
groups are included on national sustainable development bodies. Wage rate
differences and under-representation in key areas remain problems in most
countries, however. Several countries have established national youth bodies
or held youth forums to improve consultation and programme delivery. Typical
programmes focus on leadership training, employment, including the promotion
of youth entrepreneurship, environmental education, and community
participation. Youth are often involved in environmental conservation and
recycling projects. Self-determination and the empowerment of indigenous
people are furthered in some countries through special agencies, and progress
is being made with consultation, self-government, and access to natural
resources and markets.
90. Non-governmental organizations play a significant role in raising
awareness and mobilizing people at local, national, and international levels.
Their interaction with government is regarded as helpful, and they are
frequently included as members of national sustainable development bodies and
international delegations. Agencies of many Governments have established
partnerships with non-governmental organizations to implement sustainability
projects. In all regions, countries are encouraging sustainable development
at the community level by strengthening the role of local government in
environmental, natural resource, and infrastructure planning and development.
Communities in countries as diverse as China, Germany, India, Mexico, Poland,
South Africa and Uruguay are developing local Agenda 21 initiatives. In
Finland, for example, 88 communities covering half the national population are
producing local versions of Agenda 21.
91. Several countries have established tripartite dialogue among unions,
Governments, and industry to discuss the workplace environment, training,
social services, and environmental protection. Frequently, unions and their
workers contribute to sustainable development by participating in advisory
councils and being active on workplace health and safety committees. The
private sector is broadening its perspective so as to incorporate sustainable
development. Business representatives are frequently included on national
sustainable development bodies. Environmental industries and their
associations are growing, due to the emphasis on material efficiency, waste
reduction, and recycling. Some sectors, notably the chemical industry, have
established voluntary programmes to assess and improve their environmental
performance. Individual firms, especially in Europe and North America, have
adopted sustainable development management tools, such as life-cycle analysis
and environmental audits.
92. In many countries, farmers' associations are well placed to influence
sustainable development at local and national levels. Both government and
farmers' groups cooperate to encourage the adoption of sustainable
agricultural practices. The full integration of science in sustainable
development decision-making is only evident in developed countries. Here,
scientists participate in national policy development; sustainability
principles are incorporated into science policy; and efforts are made to
communicate science to the broader community. In developing countries, the
link between science and decision-making is less comprehensive. However,
individual countries have established programmes to disseminate scientific
knowledge and are preparing national science and technology strategies.
H. Means of implementation
93. Adequate means of implementation are central to the successful
implementation of Agenda 21. Partnerships, collaboration, holistic thinking,
and cross-sectoral linkages will be essential if the socio-economic and
environmental challenges are to be met. Currently, the mechanisms are
insufficient for a rapid change to sustainable paths, especially in developing
countries. The increasing inequity between wealthy nations and the least
developed countries is particularly disturbing.
94. Financial resources are scarce, and technology transfer has yet to bring
widespread benefits. General awareness has been raised, but technical and
institutional capacity and access to sound information remain at sub-optimal
levels. Considerable progress has been made with international institutional
arrangements and legal instruments, but in many cases countries face
implementation difficulties.
1. Financing sustainable development
95. Governments have responded to Agenda 21 by increasing funding for
economic reform and social and environmental priorities. New sustainable
development assistance funds have materialized in the 1990s but are not
sufficient to meet the requirements of Agenda 21 in most countries.
Assistance from developed countries may have increased, but most are failing
to meet commitments made at UNCED. Both developed and developing countries
call for renewed efforts to identify and pursue alternatives to traditional
financial mechanisms.
96. For African countries, it is a struggle to find the financial resources
to put sustainable development into practice, making external funding
critical. Budget priorities are tied to poverty reduction, including basic
health care and education. In Asia and the Pacific, many countries report an
improved fiscal situation, with lower deficits, while others remain under
severe economic constraints. Countries are using economic instruments and
natural resource accounts to increase revenues and establish fair prices.
These additional revenues are frequently used to establish special
environmental funds. More action still needs to be taken to lessen the
adverse impacts of environmentally unfriendly subsidies.
97. Most Latin American and Caribbean countries have received new external
funding since UNCED. However, countries are frustrated over the scarcity of
funds for project implementation. Several have adopted new economic
instruments and have eliminated unsound subsidies. Others have benefited from
"debt for nature" swaps. The developed countries of Europe and North America
focus primarily on development assistance and the introduction of new economic
instruments. Many countries have increased development assistance, especially
for multilateral purposes, particularly in the fields of human resource
development, good governance, natural resource management, and environmental
protection. Numerous countries have participated in debt relief schemes.
However, few countries have met official development assistance (ODA) targets
set at UNCED. Internally, countries are increasingly using various taxes and
incentives more fully to reflect environmental costs but are only at an early
phase in the study of environmentally unsound subsidies.
98. Budgets for environmental protection generally increased in countries
with economies in transition, especially at the beginning of the transition
period. Revenues from fees and permits are used to replenish environmental
funds. Environmental expenditures are primarily allocated to water and air
pollution control and waste management. Legal liability for past
environmental damage is a difficult issue, discouraging new investment. A few
countries have benefited from "debt for nature" swaps.
2. Transferring technology
99. In developed countries, there is increased emphasis on the development
and use of environmentally sound technology, including efforts to transfer the
technology to developing countries and those with economies in transition.
Despite this, developing countries express strong dissatisfaction over access
to this technology.
100. In Africa, most countries are not benefiting extensively from technology
transfer. National centres for technology have been established in four of
the reporting African countries, and several are in the process of assessing
technology requirements. Technology transfer is occurring in Asia and the
Pacific through bilateral and multilateral initiatives. Various mechanisms
are used to encourage the adoption of efficient and clean technologies,
including fiscal incentives, institutional development, training, and
partnerships. Developing countries in all regions feel, however, that access
to information on environmentally sound technologies (especially on sources
and assessments) needs to be strengthened. Similarly, countries are concerned
over the high cost of acquiring technology.
101. In Latin America and the Caribbean, collaboration on training, and
information and experience-sharing is widespread. The introduction of new
technology is apparent in the oil industry and for chloroflurocarbon
substitution. Most of the developed countries of Europe and North America
have established environmentally sound technology centres. Governments are
forming partnerships with the private sector to encourage the use of
technology in both domestic and foreign markets. Most development assistance
programmes emphasize capacity-building to facilitate technology transfer.
102. Various elements conducive to modernizing technology are being
implemented in individual countries with economies in transition, including
the use of international standards, training, and credits for clean
technology. Human and institutional capacity generally exists, but there is a
need for investment in efficient and clean technologies, especially related to
energy, water, and industrial waste.
3. Capacity-building, education, and science
(a) Capacity-building
103. National mechanisms and international cooperation that mobilize human,
financial, and technical resources are important for maximizing sustainable
development opportunities. Capacity-building support from the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP), the World Bank, and other international and
national institutions has benefited developing countries since UNCED. This is
primarily in areas related to policy and strategy development, information
enhancement, and participation. However, an additional capacity-building
response is required in science, technology, and management in order to enable
countries to implement sustainable development programmes and projects.
104. Reporting on capacity occurs throughout all chapters of Agenda 21. The
primary message is simple: lack of institutional and human resource capacity
represents a major constraint to the successful implementation of Agenda 21.
This is particularly true in - but certainly not unique to - Africa.
(b) Education, public awareness, and training
105. Governments recognize the fundamental contribution education makes in
increasing people's capacity to address sustainable development priorities,
such as poverty reduction and health care. Often education for sustainable
development or environmental education is incorporated as a key element in
national strategies and in curricula. Considerable progress has been made in
all reporting countries in raising public awareness and in incorporating a
sustainable development perspective in primary education. This has been a
result not only of governmental policy but also of major contributions from
non-governmental organizations and other major groups. In all regions,
training, particularly for teachers and officials, and science education
represent priorities for the immediate future.
(c) Science
106. Science provides better knowledge and technology for sustainable
development. In many of the reporting countries, scientists have also been
actively involved in helping to develop integrative strategies. In order to
fulfil these functions, it is essential to enhance scientific understanding,
improve long-term scientific assessments, strengthen capacities, and ensure
that science is responsive to emerging needs. This is difficult in the
climate of the science budget cuts being made by both developing and developed
countries. As a consequence, the pool of trained scientists is eroding in
many countries, particularly in Africa and Asia.
4. Information for decision-making
107. There has been considerable progress in this area since UNCED,
particularly in the development and use of indicators and in the electronic
access to information. Geographic information systems (GIS) are more
widespread; however data gaps, data standards, and time series weaknesses
persist at the national level, while data harmonization remains a critical
challenge. Interpretation and assessment of data to provide quality
information for decision-making has progressed but requires further
development. Access to adequate and affordable telecommunications systems
remains a priority need for developing countries.
108. In Africa, constraints to improving data and information limit progress.
Most countries face difficulty accessing data due to inadequate and costly
telecommunications infrastructure, lack of electronic capability, and
insufficient trained staff. Available information is usually rated "good but
with many gaps" for the vast majority of areas. "Poor" information is common
in four areas - poverty, biotechnology, solid wastes, and radioactive wastes.
A few countries have made significant advances, for example, in developing
information systems based on GIS and remotely sensed data to assist decision-
making and in establishing national information centres. In addition, several
countries are starting to improve information by developing priority
indicators.
109. Overall, in the majority of Asia and Pacific countries, data available
is assessed as either "good" or "good but with many gaps" for all Agenda 21
themes. A few countries are starting to make use of database inventories and
networks, remote-sensing and GIS, natural resource accounts, and information
centres for information dissemination. The developed countries of the region
use a range of information tools, such as indicators, state of the environment
assessments, and resource valuation methods. There is considerable interest
in improving information in Latin America and the Caribbean through data
inventories, indicator development, and environmental information systems.
Computer facilities are adequate in several countries. For about two thirds
of the Agenda 21 themes, data are generally rated as "good but with many
gaps". In other areas, such as integrated decision-making, desertification,
waste, environmentally sound technology, and international institutional
arrangements, the data tend to be "poor".
110. In the developed countries of Europe and North America, the availability
of data and information tends to be "good" to "very good", facilitating
regular dissemination in the form of statistical compendia, indicators, green
accounts, and state of the environment reports. This capability is supported
by electronic information systems and networks. A few countries, however,
note difficulties with data standardization. Most countries are in the
process of developing indicators. The countries with economies in transition
are trying to move towards integrated monitoring and information systems.
Available data are rated mostly "good" or "good but with many gaps", but for
biotechnology and environmentally sound technology, data appear to be weak.
5. International institutional arrangements and
legal instruments
111. Information on country-by-country ratification of key international
instruments related to the implementation of Agenda 21 is available in
"Assessment of progress in the implementation of Agenda 21 at the national
level: summary tables and graphs" (Background paper No. 7).
II. CHALLENGES AND PRIORITIES AHEAD
112. The Agenda 21 action plan provides the framework for putting sustainable
development beyond a conceptual paradigm into the mainstream of decision-
making. During the first five-year period since UNCED, there have been signs
of progress, but - not unexpectedly - countries have a considerable distance
to go before sustainability is achieved. This first period has emphasized the
establishment of structures and processes to guide the implementation of
sustainable development and put critical issues on national agendas. It is
still too early to see widespread quantitative results.
113. Governments have risen to the challenge of sustainable development by
establishing national and regional strategies that define problems and
priorities, determine budget requirements, and outline implementation
programmes. While few countries have produced fully integrated national
strategies, there is widespread evidence of a broader perspective which
considers the interrelationships between social, economic, and environmental
factors. In concert with this activity, nations have endorsed the principle
of wide participation in sustainable development decision-making. In general,
major groups have increased their effective involvement, which ranges from
participation in international conferences to being the key force behind many
sustainability projects. They have been particularly effective at the local
community level. As a consequence, overall awareness of sustainable
development issues has increased in all regions.
114. Within the sectoral themes of Agenda 21, Governments have been focusing
on major sustainable development priorities, such as poverty, consumption,
biodiversity, and desertification. Nevertheless, widespread national progress
in terms of results is more difficult to find. Poverty remains significant,
and pervasive, and is increasing. Gains have been made to slow population
growth rates, but many countries still face rates that they consider to be
unsustainable. Improvements in linking health and the environment are
widespread, but major health care inequities remain between developed and
developing countries. Aspects of sustainable development are being reflected
in school curricula, but greater support for basic education and training in
the least developed countries is urgently required.
115. The financial resources required by developing countries, particularly
the least developed countries, are still far from adequate and short of the
targets established by Agenda 21. Some assistance has been made available for
planning and strategy development, but for programme and project
implementation, available resources are far below requirements. Economic
instruments are being introduced to improve efficiency and pricing, but the
uncoupling of economic growth from energy use remains a distant prospect for
most countries. Consequently, the global community has still not effectively
addressed the issue of global warming. In transport, fuel efficiencies have
been achieved, but they are far outweighed by the growth in the number of
vehicles, resulting in severe health and congestion problems in most urban
settlements.
116. The consideration of the environment within development has been
reinforced since UNCED. Major conventions have been ratified, the amount of
protected area has increased, and integrative decision-making tools, such as
environmental impact assessment, have been widely adopted. Despite this
increased attention, the magnitude of the major environmental issues has
probably increased over the past five years. Biodiversity and forest cover
continue to decline; commercial fish stocks are under increasing pressure;
waste and pollution remain major threats; and land degradation continues to
erode productive capacity.
117. Building on the strategic and participatory frameworks that are now in
place, the primary challenge for the immediate future lies in moving from the
policy development phase to implementation. This will not be easy, but is
essential if the momentum already created is to bring concrete results.
During the next five-year period, it will be necessary to continue to evaluate
progress towards sustainable development.
III. NEXT STEPS
118. The country profiles have contributed to two separate and important
processes. The first has resulted in this report - that is, the outward-
looking reporting process, which permits countries to establish baseline data,
monitor their own progress, provide transparency and share experiences and
information with others, and indicate areas of priority, progress and
constraint.
119. The second is the internal, inward-looking process that brings together
an array of stakeholders at the national level to review their progress,
interact, and work towards a common assessment and common purpose. In some
cases, the preparation of country profiles has initiated or furthered national
strategies for sustainable development; in others, it has strengthened
internal dialogue; and in others, it has spurred the effort to collect,
organize and coordinate the collection of information.
120. To strengthen these processes, it is recommended that
(a) National reporting to the Commission continue, without prejudice to the
Commission's future agenda;
(b) Rather than preparing new comprehensive reports on an annual basis,
countries be requested to update the country profiles on an annual basis, as
appropriate;
(c) Countries that have not yet done so prepare a comprehensive country
profile; and
(d) Consistent with the proposals for streamlining national reporting
requirements (see E/CN.17/1997/6), countries need to report separately to the
Commission only on those issues on which they do not have to report to
conferences of parties of international conventions and other
intergovernmental bodies.
Notes
1/ Approximately half of them were final country profiles submitted by
national Governments in time to be reflected in this report. The other half
were draft country profiles, compiled by the Secretariat on the basis of
reports provided by Governments to the Commission in 1994, 1995 and 1996 and
awaiting finalization by the respective Governments.
2/ United Nations publication, Sales No. E.96.II.C.1.
3/ Readers are encouraged to refer to two companion background documents
which will be made available to the Commission at its fifth session and which
provide much fuller country-by-country and, in some cases, sector-by-sector
information. They are "Assessment of progress in the implementation of
Agenda 21 at the national level: summary tables and graphs" (Background paper
No. 7) and "Assessment of progress in the implementation of Agenda 21 at the
national level: table of key coordination mechanisms and actions" (Background
paper No. 8). In addition, the "List of official sustainable development
contacts" (Background paper No. 9) provides a reference for obtaining further
information. It should be noted that, because the background documents will
be completed only immediately before the commencement of the fifth session of
the Commission, there are likely to be some countries included in them which
have not been represented in the present report.
4/ ... in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification,
particularly in Africa. See A/50/218.
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Date last posted: 10 December 1999 17:25:35
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