| United Nations | E/CN.17/1995/11 |
Economic and Social Council
Distr. GENERAL
29 March 1995
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
COMMISSION ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Third session
11-28 April 1995
Item 4 of the provisional agenda*
* E/CN.17/1995/1.
FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND MECHANISMS
Report of the Ad Hoc Inter-sessional Working Group on
Finance of the Commission on Sustainable Development
(New York, 6-9 March 1995)
CONTENTS
Paragraphs Page
INTRODUCTION ................................................ 1 - 4 3
I. INTERNATIONAL POLICY ENVIRONMENT AND FINANCIAL FLOWS .. 5 - 13 3
II. NATIONAL POLICIES AND RESOURCE MOBILIZATION ........... 14 - 25 5
III. INNOVATIVE INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS FOR RESOURCE
MOBILIZATION .......................................... 26 - 30 7
IV. FINANCING FOR SECTORAL AND CROSS-SECTORAL ISSUES OF
AGENDA 21 ............................................. 31 - 38 8
V. MATRIX OF POLICY OPTIONS AND INSTRUMENTS .............. 39 - 41 9
VI. KEY PROPOSALS FOR ACTION .............................. 42 10
VII. ORGANIZATIONAL MATTERS ................................ 43 - 50 11
A. Opening and duration of the session ............... 43 - 46 11
B. Attendance ........................................ 47 12
C. Election of officers .............................. 48 12
D. Agenda and organization of work ................... 49 12
E. Documentation ..................................... 50 12
Annexes
I. ATTENDANCE ...................................................... 13
II. PROVISIONAL AGENDA .............................................. 17
INTRODUCTION
1. The present report of the Ad Hoc Inter-sessional Working Group on
Finance of the Commission on Sustainable Development is not a negotiated text;
however, its contents have been thoroughly discussed. Consistent with the
terms of reference of the Working Group as determined by the Commission, this
report focuses on key issues and conclusions and suggests possible
recommendations and policy options for consideration by the Commission at its
third session.
2. In response to its mandate, the Working Group reviewed the financing of
sustainable development within the context of Agenda 21, 1/ with particular
emphasis on the international policy environment and financial flows, national
policies and resource mobilization, innovative financial mechanisms, and
financing for sectoral and cross-sectoral activities. In addition, the matrix
of policy options and instruments was discussed.
3. The discussion of the Working Group was based on the report of the
Secretary-General on financial resources and mechanisms for sustainable
development: overview of current issues and developments (E/CN.17/1995/8) and
background documents, including the report of the second Expert Group Meeting
on Financial Issues of Agenda 21 held in Glen Cove, New York (15-17 February
1995), and the Chairman's report of the Workshop on Economic Instruments for
Sustainable Development held in Pruhonice, Czech Republic (12-14 January
1995).
4. The Working Group took note of the detailed proposals for action
included in the report of the Secretary-General. It discussed those
proposals, welcoming some of them and expressing reservations on others, and
these have been taken into account in the drafting of this report.
I. INTERNATIONAL POLICY ENVIRONMENT AND FINANCIAL FLOWS
5. In evaluating recent trends as outlined in the report of the
Secretary-General, the Working Group emphasized the need to consider both
positive and negative developments surrounding the financing of sustainable
development, and highlighted the clearly disappointing performance with regard
to current official development assistance (ODA) flows relative to the
accepted target of 0.7 per cent of gross national product (GNP), as well as
compared with the rather encouraging picture concerning private capital flows.
6. The decline of ODA as a percentage of GNP remains a matter of grave
concern. For many developing countries, particularly the least developed
countries, ODA represents an important source of external funding.
Furthermore, ODA could play a significant role in addressing sustainable
development concerns in those areas of the world, as well as those social,
environmental and (certain) infrastructural sectors, that currently are not so
favourably placed as to attract private financial flows, including foreign
direct investment.
7. In this context, the Working Group underlined the need to fulfil all
financial recommendations and commitments of Agenda 21, especially those in
chapter 33, including the ones related to the provision of substantial and
predictable, new and additional financial resources to the developing
countries from all sources, as well as to the need to reach as soon as
possible the accepted United Nations target of 0.7 per cent of GNP for ODA, as
a means of supporting national efforts in developing countries to achieve
sustainable development.
8. The Commission, in its work in monitoring the implementation of
recommendations and commitments of Agenda 21 related to ODA, should promote:
(a) New approaches to ODA within relevant bilateral and multilateral
mechanisms with the objective of achieving the 0.7 per cent target as soon as
possible;
(b) Improved cooperation and coordination among national institutions in
recipient and donor countries, international organizations (including
financial institutions) and the private sector and the non-governmental
organizations, inter alia, through the elaboration of national sustainable
development strategies and plans, with a view to enhancing the effectiveness
of ODA delivery and use;
(c) Use of ODA to leverage additional domestic and external financial
resources, through various innovative schemes (such as co-financing and joint
ventures, underwriting of country risks, and venture capital funds) in order
to mobilize more efficiently new financial flows for sustainable development
from all potential sources. Within this context, the Commission could
initiate case-studies of national experiences in this area;
(d) Public and political support in donor countries for raising the
levels of ODA, including through highlighting its crucial role for sustainable
development.
9. While the magnitude of the recent increases in private flows is clearly
impressive, their concentration in a limited number of developing countries
and sectors and their stability and sustainability remain a cause for concern
and require monitoring and further study. Developed and developing countries
should adopt policies to encourage private foreign investment in developing
countries that can contribute to sustainable development.
10. Further progress is essential for the achievement of an effective,
equitable, development-oriented and durable solution to the external debt
problems of a large number of developing countries, particularly the poorest
and most heavily indebted among them. Pursuant to the recommendations of
General Assembly resolution 49/94, this suggests even more favourable terms of
debt relief measures, including a reduction of the stock of debt. In this
connection, the Assembly, in its resolution 49/94, encouraged the Paris Club
and its members to pursue vigorously efforts to improve the terms applied to
the poorest and heavily indebted developing countries, including, where
appropriate, a reduction in bilateral official debt sufficient to help them to
exit from the rescheduling process and thus contribute to the prospect of
those countries to resume growth and development. Recent decisions taken by
the Paris Club were also noted.
11. Efforts aimed at increasing the flow of financial resources to
developing countries including for the financing of sustainable development
should also include a closer and more critical look at the role of
international financial institutions (IFIs) and development agencies,
including regional development banks.
12. The Working Group emphasized that IFIs (in particular the Bretton Woods
institutions) and all relevant development agencies should be encouraged to
continue to energize their efforts in support of sustainable development.
Specifically, these institutions should further extend their recent efforts,
beyond incorporating environmental and social considerations in their projects
and activities, by integrating economic, social and environmental goals of
sustainability from the outset into their overall development policies,
strategy formulation and priority-setting.
13. The Commission and the policy-making bodies of the IFIs and development
agencies (in particular the interim and development committees) should be
encouraged to strengthen communication, interaction and partnership with a
view to promoting approaches and activities geared towards meeting the
objectives of sustainable development under Agenda 21.
II. NATIONAL POLICIES AND RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
14. The Working Group noted that in general the financing of the
implementation of Agenda 21 would come from countries' own public and private
sectors. A promising opportunity for mobilizing and redirecting domestic
financial resources for sustainable development was offered by relevant
national policies. In this context, the discussion focused on economic
instruments, national environmental funds, the mobilization of private
financing and possibilities of international cooperation and consultation in
connection with domestic policy reforms. The Working Group emphasized that
those measures should not be seen as a substitute for the need for increased
international financial flows, including ODA; rather, either channel of
financing should supplement and mutually reinforce the other.
15. The review of the use of economic instruments in developed countries,
countries with economies in transition and developing countries demonstrated
clearly that depending on their specific conditions, they had in varying
degrees attempted to achieve a less distortionary tax system by introducing
environmental taxes. In some cases, the "greening" of the tax system had been
undertaken while the total fiscal burden was kept unchanged (revenue
neutrality); in others, the introduction of green taxes had served the dual
purpose of raising additional revenues and providing incentives for reducing
pollution. In addition, valuable experience was being gained on the use of
the various other economic instruments.
16. The underlying philosophy surrounding the use of economic instruments in
contrast to that of the traditional regulatory approach, is that economic
instruments based on implementing the Polluter Pays Principle use market
signals for influencing the behaviour of economic agents, and are efficient in
achieving environmental targets, in particular when they are used to
complement systems of environmental standards and regulations. Their
efficiency and effectiveness depend, however, on the availability to these
economic agents - particularly when they are small, dispersed producers - of
information, knowledge and technology.
17. The discussions on economic instruments focused on ways and means of
overcoming obstacles to their implementation, such as insufficient political
acceptability, difficulties in design and lack of administrative capacity. In
addition, conflicts between environmental and other policy considerations
(including equity), possible repercussions on international competitiveness,
and the economic and structural conditions inviting their application were
discussed. The use of new instruments must also be consistent with overall
tax reform objectives.
18. The Working Group underscored the importance of strengthening national
capacities and capabilities in the use of economic instruments within the
context of national strategies and policies for sustainable development. It
recommended that capacity-building be supported by Governments and
international organizations, in particular the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the World Bank and the
regional commissions.
19. The Working Group recommends to the Commission that it promote further
work on ways and means of applying economic instruments, through studies
building on experiences gained, including those of the Organisation for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). These studies should also pay
attention to the preconditions for introducing economic instruments in
accordance with specific country situations.
20. It was agreed that the phasing out of environmentally unfriendly
economic practices, in particular input subsidies, needed careful examination,
with special attention being paid to distributive problems, especially that of
the negative impact on the poor.
21. The review of the usefulness of national environment funds showed that
in developed countries, countries with economies in transition and the
developing countries, there was a great variety of different types of funds at
work. In many countries, those funds play an important and constructive role
as effective financial mechanisms. Their role should be evaluated from the
perspective of the search for optimal solutions. In this context, particular
attention should be given to general concerns with regard to the earmarking of
funds.
22. The discussion of mobilizing private financing for sustainable
development emphasized the importance of well-functioning domestic and global
financial markets. Special attention should be given to the particular
problems faced by small- and medium-sized enterprises in raising financial
resources for investment in pollution abatement.
23. Further studies are also required to assess the use of tax incentives to
promote private investment for sustainable development, in particular in
countries with economies in transition and in developing countries.
24. The Working Group recognized that joint studies on some form of
international cooperation, keeping in mind the principle of common but
differentiated responsibilities, could help overcome concerns about
international competitiveness as a result of unilateral implementation of
domestic policy reforms aimed at promoting sustainable development. Such
studies might be reviewed through flexible, step-by-step consultations that
could initially attend to sectors and policies with the most promising
opportunities and specific needs for cooperation. Such studies should take
place on a voluntary basis and could be organized on a subregional, regional
or global level, as appropriate.
25. The Working Group suggests that the Commission provide leadership in
developing further proposals for promoting joint studies on the appropriate
form of international cooperation in the implementation of policy reforms for
sustainable development.
III. INNOVATIVE INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS FOR RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
26. The discussion on innovative mechanisms for resource mobilization
focused on an environmental-user charge on air transport, internationally
tradable carbon dioxide (CO2) permits, joint implementation and
debt-for-sustainable-development swaps.
27. It was recognized that the air transport of passengers and cargo
represented a source of environmentally damaging emissions. The Working Group
would consider it worthwhile to examine in detail a properly designed
environmental-user charge on air transport if an in-depth study demonstrated
its feasibility. The Working Group recommends that such a study be undertaken
in cooperation with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and
other relevant bodies.
28. The Working Group also recommends that the study should address
environmental, economic, legal, administrative and political aspects of such a
mechanism. Particular attention should be given to the need for applying the
environmental-user charge on air transport to all countries and all air
carriers in order to ensure universality, taking into account that any
particular charge should not impose an undue burden on developing countries.
29. The discussion on internationally tradable CO2 permits and joint
implementation reflected concerns about their complexity in terms of
implementation and clarified the fact that work undertaken in this regard
should be coordinated with future developments within the context of the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (A/AC.237/18
(Part II)/Add.1 and Corr.1, annex I). The Working Group recommends that
interested private parties, encouraged by Governments as appropriate, possibly
launch a pilot scheme to gain practical experiences. It could involve
developed and developing countries and countries with economies in transition
on a voluntary basis in order to create opportunities for higher gains from
trade.
30. The Working Group noted successful examples of debt-for-sustainable-
development swaps and recommends their further promotion, as appropriate.
IV. FINANCING FOR SECTORAL AND CROSS-SECTORAL ISSUES OF AGENDA 21
31. The Working Group recognized that many of the sources of finance,
economic instruments and innovative mechanisms considered in the report of the
Secretary-General on financial resources and mechanisms for sustainable
development (E/CN.17/1995/8) were also applicable to financing the sectors,
transfer of technology and biotechnology. Nevertheless, detailed study is
required to apply the "matrix approach" to identifying the most appropriate
mix of instruments and mechanisms (see section V below).
32. The transfer of environmentally sound technology (EST), including on
concessional and preferential terms, in accordance with chapter 34 of Agenda
21, was highlighted by the Working Group as having a particularly important
role to play in realizing the goals of sustainable development. It was
recognized, however, that technology by itself is not enough. There must be a
corresponding commitment to capacity-building and to creating the
institutional climate and developing the human capabilities required to
implement the technology transfer process as a whole.
33. Within this context, future discussions on financing the transfer of
ESTs and biotechnology should consider the availability of external financial
resources, the adequacy of national policies with regard to creating an
appropriate financial infrastructure, fiscal incentives, and the availability
of resources from innovative mechanisms, such as co-financing and venture
capital funds.
34. Fostering investments in ESTs requires the adoption of favourable
policies for business development and the creation of a wider framework to
encourage investments in the technology development process, including
research, development and adaptation of technology. The particular problems
of small- and medium-sized enterprises were emphasized.
35. An effective way to accelerate the financing of EST transfer could be by
partnerships between the private and public sector, for example, through
publicly funded intermediaries for EST transfer and publicly sponsored
investment funds with a focus on ESTs. Venture capital funds were
particularly noted. The practical feasibility of establishing EST rights
banks should be further studied.
36. The Working Group recommends that the Commission encourage the use of
the most effective technologies, as well as the conduct of pilot projects on
the practicability of Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) arrangements for promoting
EST transfer, including the building of the capacities of developing countries
and countries with economies in transition to negotiate BOT contracts.
37. In addressing the financing of biotechnology, the Working Group
considered several funding support mechanisms such as (a) the establishment of
an international biosafety trust fund, (b) the establishment of an
international venture capital fund for biotechnology, (c) the creation of an
expert volunteer corps in biotechnology and (d) increases in ODA. These
options require further study and consultation among interested Governments
before concrete proposals can be made to the Commission.
38. In this context, the Working Group welcomed the decision of the
Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity to include
in its medium-term programme consideration of the knowledge, innovations and
practices of indigenous and local communities; to take note of the statement
of the Conference of the Parties to the effect that it would also be desirable
for future work on the protection of traditional knowledge and practices of
indigenous and local communities relevant to conservation and sustainable use
to be coordinated with the relevant bodies; and to welcome the progress made
in revising the International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources for food
and agriculture which related to outstanding matters concerning plant genetic
resources, including access to ex situ collections and the question of
farmers' rights.
V. MATRIX OF POLICY OPTIONS AND INSTRUMENTS
39. The Working Group took note of an expert's presentation on the
application of the matrix included in the report of the Secretary-General on
financial resources and mechanisms for sustainable development
(E/CN.17/1995/8) as a transparent conceptual framework for structuring
discussions on the financing aspects of Agenda 21. It examined the use of
economic instruments and the implementation of alternative policy options
associated with sectoral studies in an integrated manner. There was general
agreement that the analytical framework presented by the matrix was
illustrative, would help in integrating the application of the range of
financial instruments and policy options with individual sectors and
cross-sectoral activities, and could prove valuable in identifying the
appropriate and most promising options, as well as their complementarity,
taking into account the principle of common but differentiated
responsibilities.
40. In applying the matrix, the discussion stressed that it would be
necessary to take into account specific national, regional and subregional
conditions. It emphasized that the social, economic and distributive effects
arising from the application of different policy options needed to be
carefully evaluated. In this regard, the Commission should encourage the
launching of pilot projects for specific countries or groups of countries as
well as for selected sectoral and cross-sectoral activities.
41. The Working Group agreed that the matrix approach deserved further
detailed studies, including efforts at making the analysis more pragmatic and
comprehensive, and at quantifying the potential resources generated through
the use of different economic instruments as well as from policy reform
measures. These studies should exploit the full potential of the matrix as an
analytical tool to assist policy makers, inter alia, in examining the
appropriate role of public and private actors, and ways and means of promoting
interaction and cooperation between them. The Commission should encourage
Governments, United Nations organizations, international finance institutions,
academic and research communities and other actors, including the private
sector, to support, and participate in, these efforts.
VI. KEY PROPOSALS FOR ACTION
42. The Working Group recommends that the Commission act, inter alia, on the
key proposals set forth below, taking into account the more detailed
considerations contained in the paragraphs above. Their elements are as
follows:
(a) To monitor, review and promote the implementation of all financial
recommendations and commitments of Agenda 21, including the reaching as soon
as possible of the accepted target of 0.7 per cent of GNP for ODA. In
particular, new approaches to ODA should be explored, including through
improved cooperation and coordination aimed at raising the levels and
effectiveness of ODA delivery and use; using ODA to leverage financial
resources from all potential sources; and mobilizing public and political
support in donor countries for raising the levels of ODA;
(b) To urge developed countries, taking fully into account the
provisions of General Assembly resolution 49/94, to take appropriate new steps
towards a durable solution to the external debt problem of developing
countries, taking note, inter alia, of the recent decisions taken by the Paris
Club;
(c) To further promote the use of debt-for-sustainable-development swaps
as appropriate;
(d) To encourage international financial institutions and development
agencies, in particular the Bretton Woods institutions, to continue to
energize and expand their efforts in support of sustainable development. The
Commission and the policy-making bodies of the IFIs and development agencies
should cooperate in meeting the objectives of sustainable development;
(e) To encourage Governments, relevant international organizations and
the private sector to undertake further work with regard to the application of
economic instruments, including tax reforms and the phasing out of
environmentally unfriendly economic practices, in accordance with the
conditions, needs and priorities of each country and giving full consideration
to their potential environmental, economic and social impacts. Such actions
could be carried forward by way of workshops for sharing national experiences;
(f) To promote capacity-building in the development and implementation
of national strategies and policies for sustainable development including in
the use of economic instruments, with the support of Governments and relevant
international organizations;
(g) To provide leadership in undertaking joint studies to develop
further proposals to promote cooperation (keeping in mind the principle of
common but differentiated responsibilities) in the implementation of
nationally determined policy reforms through some form of voluntary
consultative process that is flexible, and would proceed in stages and address
the sectors and policies that offer the most promising opportunities for
environmental, social and economic gains;
(h) To recommend the preparation, in cooperation with ICAO and other
appropriate bodies, of a detailed study on an environmental-user charge on air
transport to assess its practical feasibility;
(i) To encourage interested private parties, facilitated by Governments
as appropriate, to launch on a voluntary basis a pilot scheme on
internationally tradable CO2 permits in order to acquire practical experience,
without prejudice to the outcome of the sessions of the Conference of the
Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;
(j) To promote the implementation of all the recommendations and
commitments of Agenda 21 for the transfer of environmentally sustainable
technology. Future discussions on financial aspects of environmentally sound
technologies and biotechnology should consider the need for external financial
resources, the adequacy of national policies with regard to creating an
appropriate financial infrastructure, fiscal incentives and the potential
availability of resources from innovative mechanisms, such as co-financing and
venture capital funds;
(k) To strengthen capacities, in particular of developing countries, to
assess, develop, apply and manage environmentally sound technologies tailored
to the countries' own needs and priorities. In this connection, the
Commission should promote a detailed study on the practical feasibility of
establishing environmentally sound technology rights banks and further examine
the practicability of BOT approaches for promoting environmentally sound
technologies transfer;
(l) To promote a detailed study of the matrix approach, including
quantification and potential resource mobilization for sustainable development
of developing countries, taking into account the social, economic and
distributive impacts of instruments and policy options;
(m) To continue to provide leadership in encouraging Governments and
organizations to launch specific initiatives aimed at supporting and enriching
its work in connection with the financing of sustainable development;
(n) To encourage, so as to enhance the effectiveness of its work
programme, the Working Group to involve IFIs and development agencies and, as
far as is practicable, private enterprise, research organizations, and
non-governmental organizations, in the seeking out of valuable national
experiences as case-studies, the encouraging of informal technical group
meetings and the conduct of pilot projects.
VII. ORGANIZATIONAL MATTERS
A. Opening and duration of the session
43. The Working Group met at United Nations Headquarters from 6 to
9 March 1995, in accordance with Economic and Social Council decision 1993/314
of 29 July 1993. The Working Group held 8 meetings (1st to 8th).
44. The session was opened by the Vice-Chairman of the Commission on
Sustainable Development, Mr. Se'rgio Florenc'io (Brazil).
45. The Chairman of the Working Group, Dr. Lin See-Yan (Malaysia), made an
opening statement.
46. An introductory statement was made by the Director of the Division for
Sustainable Development of the Department for Policy Coordination and
Sustainable Development of the United Nations Secretariat.
B. Attendance
47. Representatives of 36 States members of the Commission on Sustainable
Development attended the session. Observers for other States Members of the
United Nations and for non-member States and the European Community,
representatives of organizations of the United Nations system and observers
for intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations also attended. The
list of participants is contained in annex I to this report.
C. Election of officers
48. At the 1st meeting, on 6 March 1995, the Working Group re-elected by
acclamation Dr. Lin See-Yan (Malaysia) as Chairman.
D. Agenda and organization of work
49. At the 1st meeting, on 6 March 1995, the Working Group adopted its
provisional agenda (contained in annex II to this report) as set forth in
document E/CN.17/ISWG.II/1995/1.
E. Documentation
50. The Working Group had before it the report of the Secretary-General on
financial resources and mechanisms for sustainable development: overview of
current issues and developments (E/CN.17/1995/8), as well as a number of
background papers.
Notes
1/ Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992, vol. I, Resolutions Adopted by
the Conference (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.93.I.8 and
corrigendum), resolution 1, annex II.
Annex I
ATTENDANCE
Members
Antigua and Barbuda:
Australia: Joanne Disano, Alison Russell-French,
Tony Kelloway, Mark Gray, Michael Rae
Bahamas:
Bangladesh: Masud Bin Momen
Barbados:
Belarus:
Belgium:
Bolivia: Alejandro Mercado, Gustavo Pedraza
Brazil: Henrique Valle, Adhemar Gabriel Bahadian,
Se'rgio A. Florenc'io, Antonio Fernando
Crujz de Mello
Bulgaria: Evdokia Ivanova Maneva
Burkina Faso: Gae"tan Rimwanguiya Oue'draogo, Prosper Sawadogo
Burundi: Nuni Bonaventure
Canada: Claude Baillargeon, Alain Tellier, Craig
Ferguson, Ross Noble
Chile: Juan Larrain, Miguel Angel Gonzalez
China: Zhong ShuKong, Wang Xiaolong
Ethiopia:
Finland: Markku Aho
France:
Gabon: Guy-Marcel Eboumy
Germany: Hans Peter Schipulle, Rainald H. Roesch,
Knujt Beyer, Ulrich Hoenisch, Uwe Taeger
Ghana:
Guinea:
Hungary:
Iceland:
India: Arvind Virmani
Indonesia: I. G. Ngurah Swetja, Triyono Wibowo
Iran (Islamic Republic of): Majid Takht-Ravanchi, Hossein Kamalian,
Mohammad Reza H. K. Jabbary
Italy: Francesco Paolo Fulci, Alberto Colella,
Paola Pettinari
Japan: Takao Shibata, Hikaru Kobayashi, Ainosuke
Kojima, Nobuaki Ito, Masanori Kobayashi
Malawi: N. M. Mwaungulu, F. D. J. Matupa
Malaysia: Ting Wen Lian, Lin See Yan, Hussein Haniff,
Saw Ching Hong, Lim Eng Siang, Singh Himmat,
Mamit James
Mexico: Gerardo Lozano, Rafael Martinez Blanco,
Ulises Canchola
Morocco: Ahmed Amaziane
Namibia:
Netherlands: C. W. M. Lander, A. P. Hamburger, V. P. A. Vrij
Pakistan: Jamsheed K. A. Marker, Kazi Asad Abid, Mansur
Raza
Papua New Guinea:
Peru: Mario Lo'pez-Chavarri, Italo Acha
Philippines: Jose' Lino B. Guerrero, Eugenio Inocentes,
Wilfrido Pollisco
Poland: Maciej Nowicki, Piotr Sikorski, Marek Sobiecki,
Barbara Mahler
Republic of Korea:
Russian Federation: Vassily A. Nebenzia
Senegal: Ke'ba Birane Cisse, Seydina Oman Diop,
Alioune Ndiouck, Mamadou Yaya Sy
Spain: Alicia Montalvo, Miguel Aguirre de Carcer
Tunisia: Khalil Attia, Abderrazak Azaiez, Ghazi Jomaa
Turkey: Hayati Gu"ven, L. Murat Burhan, H. Avni
Karslioglu, Erdal A. Onursal, Sedat Yamak
Uganda: Odyek Agona
Ukraine: Yuri G. Ruban, Anatoliy P. Dembitskiy,
Kostyantyn P. Elisseev
United Kingdom of Great Peter Landymore, Victoria Harris
Britain and Northern
Ireland:
United Republic of Tanzania:
United States of America: Mark Hambley, John McGuinness, David Ogden
Uruguay:
Venezuela:
States Members of the United Nations represented by observers
Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Benin, Costa Rica, Co^te d'Ivoire, Cuba,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Guatemala, Ireland, Israel, Kenya,
Lebanon, Mauritania, New Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Portugal, Romania, Samoa,
Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic and
Yemen.
Non-member States represented by an observer
Switzerland and the European Community.
United Nations Secretariat
United Nations Children's Fund, United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development, United Nations Development Programme.
Specialized agencies and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, International Civil
Aviation Organization, World Health Organization, World Bank, International
Monetary Fund.
International organizations
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Non-governmental organizations
National Wildlife Federation (in consultative status with the Economic
and Social Council, category II); Population Communications-International (in
consultative status with the Economic and Social Council, Roster); World
Citizens Assembly and Society for Conservation and Protection of the
Environment (organizations accredited to the Commission on Sustainable
Development).
Annex II
PROVISIONAL AGENDA
1. Adoption of the agenda and other organizational matters.
2. International policy environment and financial flows:
(a) Changes in the external environment;
(b) Trends in resource flows and debt;
(c) The Bretton Woods institutions and the financing of sustainable
development.
3. National policies and resource mobilization:
(a) Applying economic instruments;
(b) Improving the operation of national environmental funds;
(c) Promoting the role of the private sector in the financing of
sustainable development;
(d) Aiming at international coordination of national sustainable
development.
4. Innovative international mechanisms for resource mobilization.
5. Financing for sectoral and cross-sectoral issues of Agenda 21.
6. Matrix of policy options and instruments.
7. Other matters.
8. Adoption of the report of the Working Group.
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