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Economic Aspects | Natural Resource Aspects | Institutional Aspects | Social Aspects |Moldova
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Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
Legislation has been enacted to reduce the use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. The legislation relates to the production, sale and use of pesticides, mineral fertilizers, bio-stimulators of growth of plants in agriculture and forestry. A significant reduction has been achieved.
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes and Projects
No information is available.
Status
In 1991, the Parliament approved the Concept of the Agrarian Reform and Social
Development in Rural Areas which includes environmental protection demands to a great
extent. Legislation has been provided to implement the Concept which calls for
afforestation, maintaining natural pedologic processes, the introduction of crop rotation,
minimization of soil processing, optimal use of mineral nutrients and an integrated system
of plant protection. The extent of irrigation and land drying is to be reduced.
The privatization of land is the core of the reform. A land inventory has been carried
out, prices for land plots have been set and land distribution was initiated. The right to
land distribution and management was given to local authorities. By July 1996, local
authorities had received 53,000 applications for farming land; of this, land has already
been distributed to 36,000 persons. However, many farms have not been registered properly
and the established plans have not always been respected in the process of land
distribution. The reform process is also hindered through lack of technical, material and
financial support. Furthermore there are no consulting or training facilities, especially
for new and inexperienced farmers and there is a lack of technical equipment for
small-scale farming. Since then only urban plots have been subject to privatization. The
question of transforming agricultural land was discussed by Parliament in December 1996.
Moldova is considered to be one of the top-ranking agricultural nations in the world,
due to the chernozem soil which is rich in humus and constitutes 75% of the land. However,
the integrity of the soil has been compromised after years of intensive,
chemically-supported agriculture. Disregard for crop rotation and a high degree of
agricultural specialization and concentration resulted in the application of large amounts
of fertilizers and pesticides and in soil degradation. It is estimated that the quality of
the soils has declined by 25% to 30% during the last decades. Further problems result from
livestock production: there is a lack of technologies for waste water treatment and for
the treatment of offal.
Challenges
The effects of erosion cause additional problems. It is estimated that about 80% of the country's territory is affected by erosion and that the country loses 20 to 25 million tons of its most fertile top soil annually. Apart from natural causes, unsound agricultural practices are the main causes of soil erosion, e.g. the exploitation of low-productive areas.
Capacity-building, Education, Training
and Awareness-raising
No information is available.
Information
No information is available.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
No information is available.
* * *
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 5th Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, April 1997. Last update: April 1997.
For country reports on Plant Genetic
Resources, click here.
For general national information on the
agriculture sector in the Republic of Moldova, click here:
To access the FAOSTAT Data Base for
information by country, item, element and year, click here:
Click here to link to the Biosafety
Information Network and Advisory Service (BINAS), a service of the United Nations
Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), which monitors global developments in
regulatory issues in biotechnology.
Click here to link to Country and
Sub-regional Information on Plant Genetic Resources of the Food and Agricultural
Organization of the United Nations.
Click here to go
to Web Site of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, which includes information on the Codex
Alimentarius and the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme.
Click here to access the Web Site of the
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).
Click here to access the sixteen
international agricultural research centers that are members of the CGIAR.
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Responsibility is
the Ministries of: Environment and Territorial Development; and Health.
At
the District level there are established Environmental Protection and Natural
Resources Use Sections and Health Divisions (under the District Council).
The general objective of protection of environment in
our republic is defined by the Constitution of the Republic of Moldova (art. 37,
art. 46, art. 59 and etc.).
For example:
Art. 37 (1) requires that:
“ Each person has a right for the ecologically safe
environment as well as for safe food and other goods for house use”.
Art.
37 (2) requires that:
“ The country guarantees for each person the right
for free access to environmental information, conditions of life and labor,
quality of food and goods of house use and for distribution of this
information“.
The legislative framework in place or planned: On a base of the Decision Concerning the Application in the
Republic of Moldova of the Vienna Convention and of the Montreal Protocol
provisions, no.300, March 03, 1998 was fulfilled: Organized both evidence of production, consumption,
import-export of ODS and products which contain these substances. For this:
§
Was elaborated and
approved the form to present annual statistics data “Production,
consumption, import-export of ODSs controlled by the Montreal Protocol and the products, which contain these
substances”; and
§ Ban import-export of the ODSs and the products, which contain these substances from the States not Party
On a base of the decision Concerning the Settlement of specified activity in the Republic of Moldova, no.859, August, 13, 1998 was fulfilled: §
Ban without a
license the production, import-export and consumption inside the republic of
the ODSs, controlled by the Montreal Protocol and the products, which
contain these substances;
§
licensing of production,
import and consumption inside the republic of the ODSs controlled by
the Montreal Protocol; and
\\On
a base of the Law on Licensing Certain Tips of Activities, no. 290, June 17,
1999, Ministry of Environment delivers licenses for:
§
production, import-export
and consumption inside the republic of the ODSs,
controlled by the Montreal Protocol, and the products, which contain these
substances.
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
Law on Change and Adding to the Law on Protection of
Environment (nr.1539 – XIII from 25.02.1998);
Law on the Payment for Environmental Pollution
(nr.1540 – XIII from 25.02.1998); and
Regulation on Ecological Fund (nr.988 from 21.09.1998).
The main goal of the Law on
the Payment for Environmental Pollution is the implementation of the “Polluter
pays” principle and stimulation of environmental activities at industrial
enterprises in the process of restructuring and privatization.
Also, strategic directions of environmental
protection, including atmospheric air protection were included in the following
documents:
Presently the following documents are under development:
-
Total exclusion of use of leaded petrol;
-
Supplying the auto vehicles with neutralizers and
catalysts;
-
Reduction
of sulphur in fuel; and
- Enhance the use of gaseous fuel for transport.
The proposals to introduce modifications in the Law on
payment for environmental pollution are under development and their goal is
in introducing the payment provisions for some goods that have environmental
impact. List of goods that are supposed to be regulated by some economic
instruments will include the following:
Substances depleting ozone layer and products containing
those substances;
Plastic packaging including PVC;
Heavy fuel oil medium-sulphur and high-sulphur;
Luminescent lamps;
Pesticides, including POPs pesticides and pesticides
contained Hg;
Cigarettes;
Auto vehicles accumulators;
Detergents;
Mineral oils;
Naphtaline and other products.
Greenhouse gas emissions - Presently the following document is under development:
First
National Communication in the framework of UNDP project “Enabling Moldova to
prepare its first National Communication in response to its commitments to the
UN FCCC”. Chapters “Inventory
of greenhouse gases” and “Diminishing of greenhouse gases” are included in
this communication, where the measures for reduction of priority greenhouse
gases and other gases such as Nox, NMVOCs, CO etc. were developed.
Substances
that deplete the ozone layer: The
Government of the Republic of Moldova started the implementation of the National
Program on gradual submission of substances depleting ozone layer in Republic of
Moldova, approved by Decision of the Government of the Republic of Moldova
(nr.1064 from 11.11.1999).
The strategic goals of the
Government are as follows:
Transboundary
air pollution: Republic of Moldova is a party of the international conventions: on
Long-range Transboundary Air
Pollution (Geneva, 1979). In
the framework of this Convention Republic of Moldova signed in 1998 two Aarhus
Protocols: on Heavy Metals and on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes and Projects
On
a base of the Provisional Agreement, July 13, 1999 closed between Ministry of
Environment and Department of Standards, Metrology and Technical Supervision:
§
Ministry of Environment
delivers licenses on a base of technical examination and certificates of
technical security, delivered by the Department of Standards, Metrology and
Technical Supervision.
According to
the Action Plan of the National Programmer on Gradual
Submission of Substances
Depleting
Ozone Layer in the Republic of
Moldova were fulfilled:
§
Elaborated Government
Decision regarding the Regulation on Commercial Regime and Settlement of Use of
Halogenated Hydrocarbons Depleted Ozone Layer;
§
Prepared Government and Parliament Decisions
regarding the ratifications of the London and Copenhagen Amendments to the Montreal
Protocol, both Decisions are sent to all interested ministries and departments
to be coordinated;
§
Delivered, in collaboration
with National Committee for Ozone Problems, the annual quotas for import of the
ODSs and products, which contain controlled substances.
Status
No information is available.
Challenges
Moldova also suffers from the effects of transboundary air pollution. It is estimated that air pollution resulting from other countries, particularly from Ukraine, Romania, Czech Republic and Slovakia, contributes four to five times more pollution to Moldova's air than national sources. It is quite evident that worldwide policy on the reduction of GHG emissions should be obligatory and uniform for all the states. Large majority of generally coordinated activities should exhibit favorable results.
Moldova has only two hydroelectric power stations and is forced to import almost all its energy resources. Given this situation, the potential of renewable energy sources has been explored. It has been found that solar energy is particularly applicable to the country and that there is also a potential for the use of wind energy. Biogas is relatively unexplored in Moldova, but the agricultural base presents a strong potential for biogas production and utilization. Tax exemptions have been introduced for the installation of energy-saving technologies. The energy supply system also suffers from a high degree of energy losses due to inappropriate technologies and lack of control.
The economical blockade in
1990, organized by Russia, inevitably caused the necessity to find out new means
and unofficial ways of fuel supply for our industry, transport and population.
Not all the fuel resources imported have been registered, evaluated and
published. There are still a lot of doubts, concerning the reliability and
accuracy of the statistical data
for 1990.
It should be mentioned that unofficial fuel import resources that have appeared during the blockade remained, were perfected and became illegal resources of imported fuel. Such type of fuel is not included in the official statistical data and causes inadequacies in UN-DOWN calculation method for energy consumption. Especially it was obvious in recent years when statistical data do not coincide with the submitted data from the governmental institutions, consuming primary energy resources.
Capacity-building, Education, Training
and Awareness-raising
Moldova does not manufacture any substances under
Montreal protocol. The successful implementation of the various components of
the Refrigerant Management Plan (trainings, and implementation
of legislation, regulations and economic instruments) will lead to the effective
phase out of CFC in the refrigeration sector (approximately 49 ODP tons).
COMPONENT
!
EXPECTED IMPACT
_______________________________!___________________________________________
Institutional Strengthening
! Effective monitoring and coordination of all phase-out
! activities
Training
of Trainers in Good
! By 2000:
Refrigerant
Management Practicies !
– Elimination of 1.9 ODP tonnes CFC-11
! – Reduction of 12.5 ODP tonnes CFC-12
! – Reduction of 0.042 ODP tonnes CFC-113
! – Reduction of 0.028 ODP tonnes CFC- 22
! Further:
! – Containment of refrigerant during service
! and retrofitting.
Development
and application
! – Reduction of imports
of
economic and policy
! – Consumption controlled to the freeze level
instruments
! requirements
_____________________________________________________________________________
Training
on selection and
! – Effective development and implementation of
establishment
of economic and
! proposed legislation/regulations/economic
policy instruments
! instruments
Training
in Monitoring and Control
! – Appropriate implementation of revised harmonized
Of
CFC and CFC equipment
! customs code for better record keeping
! – Accurate data for reporting purposes
National
Recovery and Recycling
! – Termination of imports of refrigerants by 2008 or
Project
! earlier, through use of recovered
and recycled
! refrigerants, particularly for domestic equipment until
!
end of their economic life.
Information
No information is available.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
The Ministry of Environment and Territorial Development of
our country developed a draft of the New Concept of Environmental Policy of the
Republic of Moldova and one of the items of this concept is international
cooperation. The Republic of
Moldova is party of the international conventions:
-
on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (Geneva,
1979);
-
on
Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo,1991); and
-
on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal
Basel), - and other conventions.
The stipulations of the national legislation established the
procedure of international cooperation, exchange of the information, access to
information and other stipulations. Cooperation in the CIS framework:
§
The Republic of Moldova has ratified its accession to the Commonwealth
of Independent States (CIS), except for all political or military agreements.
Only the economic union agreements were accepted in April 1994, when Moldova
became a member of the Interstate Economic Commission. The Republic of Moldova
is also a member of the Interstate Ecological Council (IEC) of CIS. This
organization was created in 1992. Its main functions are:
Coordinating environmental policies;
Cooperation
with Ukraine:
The
Republic of Moldova signed the Cooperation Agreement between the Ministry of
Environment and Territorial Development of the Republic of Moldova and the
Ministry for Environmental Protection of Ukraine in the different fields of
environmental protection: air, soil, water, flora and fauna, chemical
contamination in soil, processing and utilization of industrial and household
waste and other fields.
Cooperation
with Romania:
In
March 1997 the cooperation agreement on environmental protection and the
sustainable use of natural resources was signed between Moldova’s Ministry of
Environment and Territorial Development and Romania’s Ministry of Water,
Forests and Environmental Protection. The
main areas of cooperation are:
Cooperation
with Belarussia: In December 1994,
an agreement was signed with the Belarussian Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection. The two partners committed themselves to coordinating
the drafting of legislation, methodologies, energy- and resource-saving
technologies, to protecting soils and fertility, to using mineral and forest
resources rationally, to protecting the genetic fund of rare animal and plant
species, as well as to sharing information and experiences.
-
on Heavy Metals;
-
on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
Also, the Republic of Moldova participated in
preparing of Gothenburg Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range
Transboundary Air Pollution to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and
Ground-level Ozone. In this Protocol Republic of Moldova included our
obligations regarding the emission ceilings for sulphur, nitrogen oxides,
ammonia and volatile organic compounds for year 2010. Our country signed this
Protocol in conformity with art. 14 of mentioned Protocol.
The plans regarding all the Protocols to Convention on
Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution:
The Republic of Moldova participates in the work of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for an International Legally Binding Instrument for Implementing International Action on Certain Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) – New Global Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. The Republic of Moldova plans to adopt and sign further documents of New Global Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
In 2000 The Gothenburg
Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone. In this
Protocol Republic of Moldova included its obligations regarding the emission
ceilings for sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds
for year 2010.
* * *
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 9th Session of the United
Nations Commission on Sustainable Development. Last update: March
2001.
Click here for national information from the
Web site of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
For the access to the Web Site of the Ozone
Secretariat, click here:
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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
The Convention on Biological Diversity was signed in 1992 and ratified in 1995. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora has not been ratified. Moldova ratified the Convention on Wildlife and Natural Habitats Conservation in Europe (Bern, 1979).
The elaboration of a strategy and policy for biodiversity conservation is the responsibility of the Department for Environmental Protection. The management of protected areas is carried out by the Association Moldsilva (State natural preservation, protected forest areas) and by local governments (natural monuments). A new and comprehensive draft of the Law on the Foundation of Protected Areas was elaborated and submitted to the Government in 1996. In 1996, the Department for Environmental Protection also prepared the "Concept on Biodiversity Protection in the Republic of Moldova".
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes
and Projects
No information is available.
Status
Several protected areas have been created through the past years (the number of State Natural Reservations increased from 1 in 1990 to 3 in 1993 and to 5 in 1995), and there are plans to establish some more national parks and reservations. Protected areas then would cover 2.7% of the national territory. Two hundred five species were included into the national red list for protected species.
Challenges
No information is available.
Capacity-building,
Education, Training and Awareness-raising
No information is available.
Information
No information is available.
Research
and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
No information is available.
* * *
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 5th Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, April 1997. Last update: April 1997
For access to the Web Site of the Convention on
Biological Diversity, click here:
For access to the Web Site of
the CITES Convention, click here:
For the Web Site of the CMS
Convention, click here:
For the Web Site of the Convention on the
Protection of the World's Cultural and Natural Heritage, click here:
For the country-by-country, Man in the Biosphere
On-Line Query System, click here:
Click here to link to the Biosafety
Information Network and Advisory Service (BINAS), a service of the United Nations
Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), which monitors global developments in
regulatory issues in biotechnology.
Click here to go to the Web Site of UNEP's
International Register on Biosafety.
Click here for the International
Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Biosafety WebPages
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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Legislation and RegulationsNo information is available.
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes and Projects
No information is available.
StatusIn 1994 and 1996, Moldova was subject to droughts affecting agricultural production. Scientists consider that drought might become an annual to biannual event in Moldova.
Challenges
No information is available.
Capacity-building, Education, Training and Awareness-raising
No information is available.
Information
No information is available.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
The International Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa has not been signed.
* * *
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 5th Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, April 1997. Last update: 1 April 1997
For access to the Web Site of the Convention to Combat Desertification and Drought, click here:
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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
The establishment of a Central Coordinating Mechanism for Sustainable Development is foreseen in the National Environmental Strategic Action Program. The Ministry of Environment and Territorial Development (METD) was created in 1999. Several specialized institutions and agencies are involved in the cooperation with the METD in the implementation of environmental policy. In the administrative structures for environmental management and in the structure of the METD nowadays is proposed to introduce the natural resources management.
Within the Ministry of Environment and Territorial Development, State Ecological Inspectorate has been established to examine violations of ecological legislation, control the ecological consequences of economic activities and put forward the polluter pays principle. Environmental quality standards have been developed. Several state associations have been established to control environmental protection and to monitor the use of resources. State Forest Service is responsible for the protection of fauna and forests, "Ageom" is monitoring mineral resources and underground waters, "Apele Moldovei" is controlling the water resources.
1.
National Agency for Energy Conservation:
-
energy production licenses
-
establishment of the energy tariffs
2.
Ministry of Environment and Territorial
Development
-
sets up admissible emission levels.
3.
Department of Energy and Energy Resources
-
co-ordinate activities in the field of
energy with environment and transport authorities.
Energy divisions in the District (Judet) level; District Offices of the National Agency for Energy Conservation; and Territorial Ecological Agencies (in the Districts).
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
Law on Energy Conservation (1998).
Law on Air Protection (1997).
Law on Payment for Environmental
Pollution (1998).
Governmental Decision “On Strict Energy
Saving” (1993).
Electricity Act (1998).
Law on Transportation through Magistral Pipeline (Nr.
592-XIII from 26.09.1995);
Gas Act (1998).
Energetic Act (1999).
The following legislation regarding atmospheric air protection is in
force:
Law
on Energy Conservation (draft law in Parliament); and National Programme of
Energy Conservation (in preparation).
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
National Program of Energy Conservation
Energy sector development Programme
(1994):
- Stabilizing the supply of energy;
-
Increasing the use of electricity and heat;
-
Increasing the use of non-conventional energy;
-
Reducing energy consumption per unit of production;
Plan for the demonopolization of the
energy sector (1997):
-
Creating of independent joint stock companies;
National Environmental Action
Plan (1996):
-
Energy conservation, reduce pollution from energy sector;
Energy Efficiency Programme (1998).
Programme of Actions for the Diminution
of the negative impact of Power Production on the Environment (1998).
By 2005 to reducing with 10% the energy intensity of the GDP (2-3% per
year) and use of renewable sources of energy 2,5-3% of total energy amounts.
Strategic goals of the energy policy for the Republic of
Moldova for 2000-2010:
-
Increasing of the energy efficiency and energy
conservation;
-
Supporting of the energy safety;
-
Protecting of the environment.
In the Indicative Plan of Activities in Energy Sector
(Section V “Energy conservation”) of the National Strategy of the Republic
of Moldova for 2000-2010 as activities for 2000-2001 were include:
-
Establishment of the National Fund on energy conservation;
-
Elaboration and implementation of the national programs on management of
the energy consumption and its monitoring;
-
Increasing of the efficiency of the activity of the National Agency on
Energy Conservation.
Between 2000-2005, Republic of Moldova will elaborate
on:
-
The standards of the energy consumption in the buildings, traffic and per
unit of production, etc. and
-
The programs on education and awareness of population in the field of
energy.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
Trade-unions (proposals); National Council for Energy (proposals for
placement of energy enterprises, new equipment, etc, use mass-media for the
promotion of their position in Government and Parliament) and consumer
groups, scientists.
2/3 from the distribution lines are private; 1/3 in the process of privatization;
Production (TEP-1 TEP-2, TEP-B from Chisinau) are
in the process of privatization (till the end of 2000).
Programmes and Projects
Plan
for the demonopolisation of the
electricity sector:
Regional distribution lines (04 to 10
KW);
Privatization retail distributors;
Transfer social activities to public
institutions.
Energy Sector Development Programmed and Energy Saving Programmed.
There are nominal compensations for energy supply to low-income
households.
Main
programmes undertaken to cut down emission of greenhouse gases and reduce GHG
concentration in the atmosphere include:
National Environmental Strategic Action
Program for 1995-2010-2020 period (1995);
National Environmental Action
Plan (1996);
Environmental Performance Review (1999);
National Environment and Health Action
Plan;
Programme for air pollution diminution
from transport (1999);
National Strategy for Sustainable Development
“Moldova 21”;
First National Communication in the
framework of UNDP project “Enabling Moldova to prepare its first National
Communication in response to its commitments to the UN FCCC”.
Chapter “Diminishing of greenhouse gases” is included in
this communication, where
the measures for reduction of priority greenhouse gases and other gases such as Nox, NMVOCs, CO etc. were
developed.
Programme for Air pollution diminution
from transport (1999): According
to this Programmed, a range of measures for reduction of toxic emissions into
air is foreseen:
Status
98-99% of energy resources
are imported (4758th tons/year):
oil – 1326th tons
gas – 2436th tons
coal – 427th tons
electricity energy – 569th tons
100% access in urban and rural households
– energy consumption by population 39%;
100% access in industry – consumption
in industry 16%;
consumption in agriculture 12%;
consumption in construction 1%;
100% access in transportation – consumption in transport – 17%.
Other major demands – consumption 15%.
98% fuel are imported;
hydro – max. 2%;
solar, wind energy – practice 0%;
nuclear energy – we did not have.
National
Agency for Energy Regulation allows the distributors to buy electric resources
from the market.
Challenges
Air
pollution caused by energy production: emissions
from TEP-Chisinau – 59,2%;
Investments are needed (no investments in the state budget for this
purpose).
Capacity-building, Education, Training
and Awareness-raising
National Agency for Energy Conservation – information works with
population concerning energy conservation (using mass-media),
energy audit industry, agriculture, pilot-projects for energy
conservation.
Special courses on energy saving and energy resources
are offered in Primary and Secondary school, Colleges, Technical University, and Pedagogic University.
Permanent
work programmes
Availability
of National Center of Training in the field of Energy (staff, workers, high
level personnel).
Permanent
training in NIS countries and Romania.
Information
Energy enterprises reports, Statistical data, and Customs control.
Once in 3 months the information is
submitted to ministries.
Government (every day).
Public access – periodic publications.
Mass-media
Research and Technologies
Hydro-power;
-
28 000 tons conventional
fuel
Biomass;
- no
progress
Wind/solar energy;
-
practice 0%
Nuclear energy;
- no
progress
Biogás; Solar energy; Wind energy; Coal – only in private use and small heating plants are
being developed in Moldova.
Rail road transportation, Gas pipe lines, Oil terminal (Danube river, construction works are temporary stopped).
Financing
Hydro-power;
-
28 000 tons conventional
fuel
Biomass;
- no
progress
Wind/solar energy;
-
practice 0%
Nuclear energy;
- no
progress
Biogás; Solar energy; Wind energy; Coal – only in private use and small heating plants are
being developed in Moldova.
Rail road transportation, Gas pipe lines, Oil terminal (Danube river, construction works are temporary stopped).
Cooperation
Secretariat of Energy Charter; Bilateral cooperation (NIS, Europe); and Collaboration with private companies in energy.
UNDP UN FCCC Project funded by GEF
Agreement with Secretariat of Energy Charter and Agreement with Black Sea Regional Energy Center.
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 9th Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development. Last update: March 2001.
No information was available under this topic.
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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
The state association, Moldsilva, is responsible for forest management. Legislation was
enacted to address the issue of illegal logging and to establish prices for forest
resources utilization. A new Forest Code was approved in 1996. A non-governmental
organization - Forest Progress - was created in 1995 to ensure public participation in
decision-making concerning forest policy.
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes and Projects
Reforestation and afforestation programs have been developed, but due to financial constraints, only part of the programs have been implemented so far. Illegal logging is increasing, due to rising prices for fuel and other energy raw materials, and has destroyed many protection belts in recent years, increasing the area in danger of erosion. Legislation was enacted in order to
In 1995, an annual National Day of the Green Tree was established to be held on the first
Saturday of April. On this day, the whole nation is called to plant trees.
Status
No information is available.
Challenges
No information is available.
Capacity-building, Education, Training and Awareness-raising
No information is available.
Information
No information is available.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
The Ministry of Forests, Water and the Environment of Romania provided technical assistance to the association Moldsilva in the field of forest management.
* * *
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 5th Session of the United
Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, April 1997. Last update: April
1997.
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The Department for Environmental Protection and the State-Association Acva are responsible for water management and water protection. The organization, Hidrometeo, and the Sanitary-Epidemiologic Division of the Ministry of Health carry out water quality analysis of surface waters. The state association Acva carries out construction work on water pipelines, sewerage systems and irrigation systems, undertakes water protection and decontamination measures and is assigned to develop water saving technologies. The state association AGEOM carries out the cadaster of underground waters and geological surveys and is responsible for the monitoring, use and protection of underground waters.
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
The Government adopted several decisions on fresh water protection and on the management and use of mineral water sources. Legislation has also been adopted to resolve water pollution resulting from military facilities of the former Soviet Union.
In the light of these difficulties, the Government approved the Waters Code in 1993 and established a water preservation policy calling for the following measures to ensure sustainable use of waters:
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes and Projects
Several programs have been developed in recent years aiming to improve the water supply,
but due to financial restrictions, they have not been fully implemented. Charges have been
introduced for water consumption and payments for water pollution. Tax reductions have
been introduced for water-saving technologies. In 1991, a system of payments was
introduced for all types of water uses and for waste water discharges.
Status
The total water resources of Moldova constitute 13,156 million m3, of which 12,910
million m3 are terrestrial waters and 246 million m3 are underground waters. The quality
of Moldova's water resources is considered the poorest in Europe, primarily due to
residues from agricultural chemicals. Most potable water resources are contaminated to
some extent, with nitrites, nitrates, fluor and residues of pesticides. There are about
120,000 water wells in use, 60% of which show high nitrite concentrations. Another local
source of water pollution, especially through fuels, are the military facilities of the
former Soviet Union.
Moldova has more than 650 water treatment plants, including 35 complex systems in urban areas. In 1993, only 40% of them were in operation. About 70% of the population is connected to waste water treatment plants. In 1994, over 1.81 billion m3 of waste water, including 16 million m3 of unpurified residuals, and approximately 15 million m3 of insufficiently purified water were dumped into the water system. Industrial and agro-industrial plants sometimes do not operate their existing waste water treatment plants due both to high operation costs and to lack of resources for repairs and maintenance. Currently, 120 water purification systems are seriously deteriorated of which only 46 can be repaired. Broken waste water drainage systems are also a serious threat to water resources. In 1992, 294 cases of broken drainage systems were known.
Challenges
Moldova was subject to agriculturally devastating droughts in 1994 and 1996 and meteorologists consider that drought will become an annual to biannual event in Moldova. The situation is worsening because of the large amount of water consumed in industry and agriculture and the high rate of domestic water use.
Capacity-building, Education, Training
and Awareness-raising
No information is available.
Information
No information is available.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
The Republic of Moldova signed an agreement with Ukraine concerning the rational use and protection of transboundary waters. The Republic of Moldova also signed the Danube Convention (1994) and the Action Plan for Environmental Protection in the Danube Basin (1995) and ratified the UN/ECE Convention on Protection and Use of Transboundary River Courses and International Lakes (Helsinki, 1992).
* * *
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 5th Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, April 1997. Last update: April 1997 .
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Within the Ministry of Agriculture and Food the Department for Land Resources is responsible for the planning and management of land resources. Many rights have been delegated to local government.
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
A legal basis has been approved in the Land Code, the Law on Land Monitoring and
Cadastre, the Law on Land Taxes, and others. With support from the European Union's
TACIS
programme, the National Association of Private Agricultural Farmers has been established.
In the near future a special non-governmental Agency for Assistance in the Agricultural
Private Sector will be established.
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
Recent political and socio-economic conditions require both new plans for local land use and the reform of the administrative-territorial division of the Republic. A new land use policy is needed which will allow the local public administration to benefit from municipal property taxes and fees. One of the first steps in this direction is reform of the system for land registration, which has already begun with the help of the World Bank.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes and Projects
Under the National Program for Strategic Action in the Environment, the Government introduced new environmentally-conscious schemes for natural resources utilization (particularly the use of forests and land), fertilizer and pesticide control, and water, air and soil protection.
Status
No information is available.
Challenges
The agricultural development policies of the former Soviet Union contributed to the environmental degradation of Moldova. The specialization of farms, the excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers and poor irrigation practices played havoc with soils and water. Poor economic policies in the industrial and agro industry sector resulted in further damage.
Capacity-building, Education, Training
and Awareness-raising
No information is available.
Information
No information is available.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
No information is available.
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 5th Session of the United
Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, April 1997. Last update:
April
1997
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No information is available.
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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Legislation and RegulationsNo information is available.
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes and Projects
No information is available.
Status
No information is available.
Challenges
No information is available.
Capacity-building, Education, Training and Awareness-raising
No information is available.
Information
No information is available.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
Moldova is a land-locked country and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea has not been ratified.
* * *
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 5th Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, April 1997. Last update: 1 April 1997
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The Department of Environment and the Ministry of Health are responsible for the
control of toxic substances and have the authority to issue licenses for their production,
transport and use. The Department of Civil Defense is involved in the prevention of
possible accidents and the accounting of dangerous substances. The Ministry of Agriculture
is in charge of the import, storage and use of fertilizers and pesticides. There is a lack
of scientific capacity to deal with dangerous substances, except radioactive waste
disposal.
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
The Law on the Protection of the Environment, the Law on the Protection of
the Consumer, the Law on Noxious Substances and some general legislation refer to the
production and utilization of toxic substances. Provision is made for the storage, usage
and transport of dangerous substances, and the import of wastes is forbidden. But there is
still a need for more specific regulations. At present, the legislation of the former USSR
is being used until local standards and legislation is approved. Legislation needed to
join the Basel Convention has been prepared. A Law on Wastes was drafted and
submitted to the Government in 1996.
The Government is committed to cleaning up waste sites, particularly toxic ones remaining
from the Soviet era, and establishing regulations to create and enforce waste management
schemes, particularly in the fields of industry and agriculture. The Government is
promoting the establishment of both recycling and waste minimization programmes and a
national database to monitor waste sites and toxic substances. Moldova seeks to coordinate
and implement programmes in accordance with European Union standards.
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes and Projects
No information is available.
Status
Dangerous substances result from 67 production facilities which do not all have the
possibilities to reuse this waste. In 1993, more than 30,000 tons of toxic wastes were
stored in 69 storage facilities around cities and towns and in more than 1,300 places in
rural areas. The total surface of these storage areas in 1993 was about 750 ha. Dangerous
substances are often illegally deposited on these dump sites.
According to the Law on Environmental Protection (1993) the import of any type of waste
into the Republic of Moldova is forbidden. A special waste dump was constructed for the
safe storage of radioactive wastes for 15-20 years.
Challenges
The Government decided to build facilities to destroy dangerous substances and pesticides and to establish an institution for research and management of dangerous substances. Neither of these have been implemented due to the lack of financial resources. Funds for combating environmental pollution from wastes have been reduced over the last years, due to financial constraints and the economic crisis. The Government now seeks international assistance in this field.
Capacity-building, Education, Training
and Awareness-raising
No information is available.
Information
No information is available.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
No information is available.
* * *
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 5th Session of the United
Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, April 1997. Last update: April
1997
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Solid Waste and Sanitation
Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes and Projects
No information is available.
StatusApproximately three million tons of solid wastes are accumulated annually in Moldova. Centralized and systematic collection of household wastes is only done in towns. There are no specialized agencies for waste recycling in Moldova. In 1987, construction plans were proposed for central waste incineration in Chisinau. Due to lack of funds, however, the construction was postponed (the cost of this project at the time was estimated at approximately 20 million US dollars). Thus, the issue of waste incineration is still pending.
Challenges
No information is available.
Capacity-building, Education, Training and Awareness-raising
No information is available.
Information
No information is available.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
No information is available.
* * *
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 5th Session of the United
Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, April 1997. Last update: 1 April
1997.
Hazardous Wastes
Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Legislation and RegulationsThe Customs Department is responsible for the prevention of waste import. According to the Law on Environmental Protection (1993) the import of any type of waste into the Republic of Moldova is forbidden. See discussion under Toxic Chemicals.
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes and Projects
No information is available.
Status
No information is available.
Challenges
No information is available.
Capacity-building, Education, Training and Awareness-raising
No information is available.
Information
No information is available.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal has not been ratified.
* * *
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 5th Session of the United
Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, April 1997. Last update: 1 April
1997.
Radioactive Wastes
Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
The Ministry of Health, the Department of Standardization, Metrology and Technical Supervision, the Department for Environmental Protection and the Department of Civil Defense are in charge of the management of radioactive substances.
The Law on the Protection of the Population from Radiation was drafted and submitted to the Parliament.
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
Legislation has been prepared on the monitoring of radioactive substances and on nuclear safety.
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes and Projects
No information is available.
Status
Technical equipment is needed for measuring radiation.
Some 342 enterprises in Moldova are working with radioactive substances. A center
for the
storage of radioactive wastes nis in operation east of Chisinau City. The Ministry of
Health is responsible for the control of radioactivity and for the storage of radioactive
waste. As the equipment of the Ministry is not up to date, the National Committee for
Radiation Protection has been established.
Challenges
No information is available.
Capacity-building, Education, Training
and Awareness-raising
The International Atomic Energy Agency provided equipment for radiological monitoring and training courses.
Information
No information is available.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
No information is available.
* * *
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 5th Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, April 1997. Last update: April 1997
For direct link to the Web Site of the Basel Convention, click here:
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