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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
Responsibility
is with the Ministries of: Economy and Reforms; Foreign Affairs; and
Environment and Territorial Development.
Governmental Action Program with the proposals from the Ministries of: Foreign Affairs; Environment and Territorial Development; Economy and Reforms; Internal Affairs; and Other ministries.
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes and Projects
Republic
of Moldova gets technical and financial assistance for environmental projects
and international conventions from the following international organizations:
United Nations Environmental Program
(UNEP)
United nations Development Program
(UNDP)
World Bank
GEF
European
International Cooperation
European Union
Ministry of Environment and Territorial Development participate actively
in the following programs:
The Government of Finland
gave assistance to the Republic of Moldova for several years in wood management.
Also, it was elaborated a Strategy of Sustainability Forest Development in the
Republic of Moldova.
The Netherlands supplied to the Republic of Moldova information and resources for agricultural program elaboration. A specialist in sustainability development came from Avalon Foundation to offer consultation at 3 seminars on the same theme, organized by State Ecological Inspectorate in common with Ministry of Agriculture. This process will continue with collaboration for elaboration of agricultural sustainable program in the future.
The Government of Denmark assist the Republic of Moldova in the implementation of Aarhus Convention, through the setting up of the Environmental Information Center and the Environmental library.
Status
The public information
campaign is conducted by the following methods: a range of TV programs,
ecological lessons in schools, introduction
of environmental disciplines in all Moldavian high education institutions,
publications: newspapers, bulletins etc., which reflect environment issues.
Ministry of Environment and Territorial Development maintains permanent relations with population through press conferences, round tables etc. Within the Ministry of Environment and Territorial Development was created the Division: Public Relation, Mass media and Ecological Education, which is responsible for Aarhus convention implementation. It includes such responsibilities as, public information, ecological education, and cooperation with NGO. In collaboration with NGO this division is responsible also for the drafting of the law on ecological education.
Challenges
No information is available.
Capacity-building, Education, Training
and Awareness-raising
NGOs’ contribution - there are about 70 active environmental NGO`s, 40 of them are working in ecological education field. These activities include TV programs, films about environment, ecological tourism oriented to sustainable development, training for local public authorities, expedition on scientific goals.
Information
Environmental Informational Center was created in October, 2000.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
International cooperation
at global and regional level based on International environmental conventions
ratified by the Republic of Moldova.
Republic of Moldova signed
16 and ratified 15 environmental conventions:
Convention on Biological
Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, June 5, 1992), ratified by Parliament Decision Nr.
457-XIII from March 16,1995;
Within this convention was
developed the first National Report, Strategy and Action Plan on biological
diversity conservation, which was approved by the Government and is submitted to
the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova. Ranges of new appropriate laws for
the period of transition to market economy were approved. These laws practically
regulate most aspects of utilization, protection and regeneration of biological
and human resources:
Protection of natural habitats;
Conservation of natural patrimony of single natural
objects, important zones for species reproduction, spontaneous flora and
fauna;
Regulation of use of biological resources;
Integration of biological conservation requirements
in national economy activities.
Convention on Control of
Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and Their Disposal (Basel, March 22
,1989), ratified by Parliament Decision Nr. 1599-XIII from
March 10, 1998;
There were concluded
materials and documents concerning the activity of respective institutions for
Convention's implementation, were accomplished coordination and prepared drafts
documents for adhesion to:
Protocol on damage compensation after possible
accidents during the waste transportation and their elimination.
The legislative base, which
regulates the order of waste administration, was improved by modifying some
clauses of following laws on:
industrial and municipal waste;
the management of toxic substances and products;
secondary material resources.
For a strategic
prospective, there was started the work on elaboration of "Regulation on
transboundary transportation of dangerous waste", which is supposed to be
concluded by the end of year 2000. In context of international collaboration in
the frame of Basel convention will be concluded several documents for
ratification:
Protocol on persistent organic pollutants on LRTAP
(signed in June 1998 at Aarhus);
Rotterdam convention on agreement of mandatory proceeding in international trade with certain chemical substances and pesticides.
Convention on Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern, September 19, 1997), ratified by Parliament Decision Nr. 1546-XII from June 23, 1993;
Report concerning invertebrate conservation in the
Republic of Moldova was prepared.
Republic of Moldova takes
active part in elaboration and establishments of Smarald Network, contributes to
the elaboration and establishment of Pan-European Ecological Network. There is a
plan to create the National Ecological Network.
At present moment the
general report for 2 years of activity regarding convention implementation is
under preparation.
There were organized seminars on transboundary cooperation regarding the role and objectives of local public authorities in natural conservation problems. It was elaborated the Agreement regarding establishment and mutual management of transboundary natural protected area in Danube river and Lower Prut between the Republic of Moldova, Romania and Ukraine.
Convention on Long-Range
Transboundary Air Pollution (Geneva, 1979), ratified by Parliament Decision Nr.
399-XIII from July 9,1995;
In the Republic of Moldova
were elaborated and applied many normative acts concerning pollution of
atmospheric air:
Law on environment protection (1993);
Law on ecological expertise and impact evaluation on
environment (1996);
Law on atmospheric air protection (1997);
Law on payment for pollution of the environment
(1998).
These normative acts
established the regulatory frameworks of atmosphere conservation, air on soil
level, stratospheric ozone and averting of clime changing. There were created
instruments of implementation of these laws:
Instruction on organization and effectuation of state
ecological expertise;
Regulation on evaluation of the impact on environment
of enterprises under privatizations.
To implement the
legislative and rate-setting, stipulating of above-mentioned convention, in the
Republic of Moldova take place general activities for air protection:
appreciation, registration and standardization of
harmful substances in atmospheric air;
determination of pollutants concentration in air;
control of fulfilling the EMA normative, standard
requirements, legislative and normative acts on air protection;
monitoring of air pollution;
expertise of air protection methods in project
documentation.
Taking into consideration
the special impact of transport on air pollution, in the Republic of Moldova
have been recommended several concrete measures for diminishing emission of
harmful substances, especially of lead, which is contained in exhaust gases.
In order to perfect the air
protection activity, will be elaborated and suggested for the examination and
adoption to the Colleague of the Ministry of Environment and Territorial
Development the perfected Concept of air protection.
In 1998 in Aarhus, Republic
of Moldova signed two protocols:
protocol regarding persistent organic pollution;
protocol regarding heavy metals;
In 1998, the Republic of
Moldova was involved in negotiation for protocol elaboration on control of
acidulation, eutrophycation and ozone at the soil level. In this protocol were
included dates concerning national emissions of ammoniac, sulfur, oxide of
nitrogen and persistent organic components for 1990 year, limiting the substance
emission for 2010 year in quality of principal obligations. Goal of this
protocol is to minimize the above mentioned emissions to atmospheric air,
control of acidulation, eutrophycation of environmental components and ozone
elaboration at the soil level, protection of people health, conservation of
flora and fauna.
Convention on Protection of
the Ozone Layer (Vienna, 23 March 1995), Montreal Protocol concerning substances
which are destroying the ozone layer (Montreal, 16 September 1979), ratified by
Parliament Decision Nr. 966-XII from 27 July 1996;
It was established the
National Committee for Ozone Problem through Decree of President of the Republic
of Moldova "On setting-up of a National Committee for Ozone problem"
(Nr.208 from 26.07.96).
Through Government Decision of the Republic of Moldova "Concerning application on territory of the Republic of Moldova provisions of Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol regarding protection of ozone layer" (Nr. 300 from 18.03.1998), were determined the principal directions of activity in our country for implementation of international documents precautions:
Organization of evidence of production, consume,
import-export of regular substances that destroy the ozone layer, products
which contains settlement substances through elaboration of annual statistic
forms and effectuation of statistic State evidence. Evidence of
import-export of these products and substances by the Customs Control
Department;
Organization and effectuation of licensed production,
consume, import-export of settlement production and substances, respecting
the utilization cote established through Montreal Protocol;
Elaboration and presentation to Government for
approbation, of the National Program for Settlement of utilization in
economy and substitution of substances that destroy the ozone layer;
Forbidding of import-export for substances that are
destroying the ozone layer and products which contain regulate substances
from countries that are not Part of Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol.
By Government Decision of
the Republic of Moldova "Regarding several regulating activities in
Republic of Moldova", (Nr. 859 from August 13, 1998), have been established
concrete precaution for licensing of several kinds of activities including
production import-export and consume of SDO and PDO. According to Montreal
Protocol and Vienna Convention, first of all article 5 (1), the Republic of
Moldova is considered as a developing country and have to reduce the use of
materials, which destroy the ozone layer. For implementation of these directives
and control measures, stipulated in Montreal Protocol and Vienna Convention
(art. 5.1), following laws were elaborated and approved:
-
Law regarding licenses granting for some kind of
activities (Nr. 332 from March 26, 1999);
-
National Program for suppression of phased substances
that destroy the ozone layer in the Republic of Moldova was approved by
Government Decision of the Republic of Moldova (Nr.1064 from November 11, 1999).
In the third chapter of
mentioned program "Starting of the process of suppression of phased
substances that destroy the ozone layer", are included the principal Strategy in field of ozone layer protection and the
Action Plan in the Republic of Moldova. According to above-mentioned plan,
several activities are planed till 2005.This plan includes legislative-normative
mater, institutional mater, researches and monitoring, public training and
information. Activity concerning recovering and recycling of refrigeration
agents, is regulated with precaution of fourth chapter "Implementation of
recovering and recycling program of refrigeration agents". According with
article 1 of fourth chapter is stipulate suppression of phasing SDO for the year
of 2000.
"Ozone" office of
the Ministry of Environment and Territorial Development, created in accordance
with action plan mentioned above, is responsible for a number of activities for
the implementation of the Montreal Protocol and Vienna Convention.
Project started in the
Republic of Moldova to implement the Montreal Protocol.
Following projects were
launched in the Republic of Moldova as support for the implementation of
Montreal Protocol.
Convention on Access to
Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in
Environmental Matters (Aarhus, 1998), ratified by Parliament Decision Nr.
346-XIV from April 7, 1999;
The Republic of Moldova is
the first country, which ratified this convention. The first steps for
implementation of Aarhus convention have been done already:
-
In October 2000 was created the Environmental
Information Center;
-
Organization and holding seminars, supported by REC-Moldova
concerning Aarhus convention implementation: access to information, public
participation in decision-making and access to justice in environmental matters
in all districts.
-
Ministry of Environment and Territorial Development
in common with Pronatura Foundation and National Institute of Ecology organized
two conferences on theme: public participation on problems of environmental
protection for local authorities in two commune: Carpineni and Lapusna;
-
Ministry of Environment and Territorial Development
maintains permanent relations with population through press conferences, round
tables etc. Within the Ministry of Environment and Territorial Development is
the division: Public Relation, Mass media and Ecological Education, which are
responsible for Arhus convention implementation. It includes such
responsibilities as, public information, ecological education, and cooperation
with NGO.
Convention on Environmental
Impact Assessment in Transboundary Context
(Espoo, 1991), ratified by Parliament Decision Nr. 1546-XII on
June 23, 1993;
The Republic of Moldova participated at working group
activity for reporting arrangements of countries part to the Convention, for the
second meeting of Environmental Ministries in Sofia in February 2001.
United Nations Convention
to Combat Desertification in countries affected by dryness, ratified by
Parliament Decision Nr. 257-XIV from December
24, 1998;
-
In 2000, Government of the Republic of Moldova
adopted the National Action Plan (decision Nr. 367, April 13, 2000);
-
In May 2000, Ministry of Environment and Territorial
Development approved the National report, which have been presented to the
Secretary of UN convention to combat desertification;
-
Was organized the workshop "Social-economic
development of regions that are under desertification process";
-
Was published the popular-scientific monograph named:
"Droughts and territory degradation in the Republic of Moldova";
-
Maps publishing on territories with desertification
problem;
-
Organizing a database concerning on droughts,
territory degradation and water resources;
-
Preparing the draft for the regional project
"Sector monitoring (Hungary, Romania and the Republic of Moldova";
Other Conventions that were
signed and ratified by the Republic of Moldova:
1.
Convention on the Transboundary
Effets of Industrial
Accidents (Helsinki, 1992), ratified by Parliament Decision No. 1546-XII from June23, 1993;
2.
Convention on Protection and Use of Transboundary Water Courses and
International Lakes (Helsinki, 1992), ratified by Parliament Decision No.
1546-XII from June 23, 1993;
3.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Rio de
Janeiro1992), ratified by Parliament Decision No. 404-XII from
June12, 1995;
4.
Convention on Cooperation for the Protection and Sustainable Use of the
Danube River (Sofia, 1994), ratified by Parliament Decision No. 323-XIV from
March 17, 1999;
5.
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as a
habitat of aquatic birds (Ramsar, 1971), ratified by Parliament Decision Nr.
504-XIV from July 14, 1999.
6.
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
(CMS), Bonn, 1979; Agreement on the Conservation of the Bats in Europe (EUROBATS);
African-Eurasian Water Birds Agreement (AEWA), ratified by Parliament Decision
No 1244-XIV from September 28, 2000.
7.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES), Washington, March 3, 1973, ratified by Parliament Decision No.
1246-XIV from September 28, 2000.
8.
European Landscape Convention, Florence, Italy. Signed on 20.10.2000
Collaboration within
the bilateral cooperation agreements:
* * *
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 9th Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development. Last update: March 2001.
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There is no information available on this topic.
* * *
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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
The State Department for Energy Resources and the organisation Apele Moldovei (Moldovan Waters) are responsible for activities concerning consumption and production patterns.
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
Legislation was adopted to reduce water, legislation on energy saving was drafted and a concept for industry development was prepared which provides for the reduction of raw material consumption.
In 1988, legislation was introduced to reduce water consumption. It promotes closed water circuits and low-water-consuming technologies in industry, reduced water consumption through irrigation in agriculture, and the reduction of water losses in the sewerage system. The Government also introduced taxes for water utilization in agriculture, for the use of underground water and for water pollution. Due to these measures and the economic situation, water consumption and discharges of waste water have been reduced in recent years.
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
Academic institutions are involved in the development of non-traditional energy sources, and NGOs are involved in policy-making for energy conservation.
Programmes and Projects
The Ministry of Architecture and Construction was assigned to develop energy-saving projects and do research on the installation of individual gas thermogenerators for heating systems. The Government Program 1994 - 1997 also gives special attention to the reduction of energy consumption. It envisages restructuring of the energy sector, research on energy efficiency and the implementation of new energy sources. Energy consumption audits were carried out in several factories in order to estimate energy conservation opportunities.
Status
The Government has set as a national priority attaining energy costs of production which are characteristic for developed countries and reducing the raw material consumption in industry to the level possible through best available technology. At present, changes in production and consumption patterns are primarily a result of the economic crisis. But the Government also initiated some activities to reduce the consumption of energy and natural resources, to recycle waste and to introduce environmentally-friendly technologies. Tax reductions and exemptions are in place for investments in environmentally sound technologies. An increase of prices for water and energy also resulted in reduced consumption of natural resources.
In the energy sector, the economic crisis resulted in a decrease of energy production. The Government decided to take measures to promote energy saving. In 1993, in the process of industrial conversion, enterprises begun to produce electric, thermic, gas and water meters to enable people to better control their use of natural resources.
Challenges
No information is available.
Capacity-building, Education, Training
and Awareness-raising
No information is available.
Information
No information is available.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
The EBRD has provided a loan for the improvement of heating systems in Chisinau-City. Through the TACIS programme, the EU supports activities of the National Agency for the Efficient Use of Energy.
* * *
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 5th Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, April 1997. Last update: April 1997.
For national information on trade, click here:
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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
Charges have been introduced for the use of natural resources such as water, forest resources, soil, fauna and flora and for environmental pollution. Tax reductions have been introduced for environmentally sound and non-polluting technologies, especially in the field of waste and waste water management and the production of environmentally sound energy, for new technologies and ecological equipment. A pricing policy has been introduced to promote "clean products".
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes and Projects
No information is available.
Status
In 1990, 0.59% of GNP was spent for environmental protection measures. Due to the economic and financial crisis, investments in ecological projects have decreased over the last years. An extrabudgetary fund coordinates environmental protection expenditures. Forty to fifty percent of all capital investment from the State budget is related to drinking water supply and the pipeline for natural gas supply. In 1992 and 1993, practically all subsidies for energy resources were eliminated.
Challenges
No information is available.
Capacity-building, Education, Training
and Awareness-raising
No information is available.
Information
No information is available.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
Financial assistance from the international community has been provided primarily to stabilize the economy and the financial system and to purchase food products, medicines and fuel. The GEF supports projects to develop the basins of the rivers Prut and Danube. USAID provided technical assistance amounting to US$ 2.5 million for environmental policies and technologies. Switzerland sponsored Moldova's participation in the European Environmental Ministers Conference in Lucerne, in 1993. UNDP, UNEP and the EU have also supported the participation of governmental experts in several seminars and have organized training courses on Improving Project Preparation Capacity and Harmonisation of the Legal Basis of Environmental Protection of EU and Moldova.
Cooperation
Further assistance is needed in many fields, inter alia, in the energy sector to develop a rational system for the use of fuels, to reduce releases of nitrogen oxides, sulphur and carbon dioxide and to develop new energy sources, especially from biomass. International assistance is also needed to control environmental pollution resulting from the excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, to establish a system for environmental monitoring, for the reform of the legislative system and for training of personnel.
* * *
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 5th Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, April 1997. Last update: April 1997.
For a general economic overview of the
Republic of Moldova, click here:
For information on
participating States in the Global Environment Facility, click here:
For information about issues
and projects in Eastern Europe and Central Asia from the World Bank, click here:
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Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology
The National Institute of Ecology is the national focal point of INFOTERRA.
Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
Legislation has been enacted and tax reductions and exemptions have been introduced to promote the implementation of environmentally sound technologies, especially low-waste producing and low water-consuming technologies, energy-saving technologies and alternative energy technologies (see Changing Consumption and Production Patterns).
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
No information is available.
Programmes and Projects
No information is available.
Status
As a result of the former industrialization process, Moldova has a pool of highly trained specialists, e.g. in the fields of microelectronics, production of electronic equipment and computers, agriculture and food processing, physics and biotechnology. This is an important basis for the implementation of sustainable development, and the Government has created funds to consolidate this potential. Due to the economic crisis, there is a serious lack of investments and, consequently, a lack of modern technologies. Most technologies in Moldova are on a level of the years 1970-80 and new, environmentally sound technologies are urgently needed. The Government is addressing these constraints with the program on "Conversion" that foresees the establishment of computer networks and the modernization of all technologies, including improvements in telecommunications. Plans include attracting foreign capital and the transfer of modern technologies. Environmentally sound technologies are only affordable with the support of the international community.
Challenges
No information is available.
Capacity-building, Education, Training
and Awareness-raising
No information is available.
Information
No information is available.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
No information is available.
* * *
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 5th Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, April 1997. Last update: April 1997.
Biotechnology
No information is available on this topic.
* * *
For general national information about
science and technology, click here:
Click here to link to the Biosafety
Information Network and Advisory Service (BINAS), a service of the United Nations
Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), which monitors global developments in
regulatory issues in biotechnology.
Click here to go to the Web Site of UNEP's
International Register on Biosafety.
Click here for the International Centre
for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Biosafety WebPages
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No information is available on this topic
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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
Ministry
of Transports and Communication and Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Regional bodies from local authority of Ministry of Transport and Communication deal with problems of regional and local interest.
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
·
Law
on transport (1997);
·
Law
on Air Protection (1997);
·
Law
on Payment for Environmental Pollution (1998);
·
Code on Auto Transport (1998);
·
Law on Entreprenerial Patent (1998);
·
Law
on Environmental protection (1993);
·
Law on Ecological Expertise and Environmental Impact
Assessment (1996);
·
Law on Sanitary-Epidemiological Protection of the
Population (1993);
·
Law
on Licensing Certain Tips of
Activities (1999);
·
Regulation
on auto-transportation of traveler and luggage;
·
Regulation
on auto-transportation of goods;
·
Regulation
on transportation of perishable goods;
·
Regulation
on transport service and expedition;
·
Regulation
on auto-station
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
Conception on development of national and urban
transport.
Short-term
(2-3 years) goals:
Long-term
(5-10 years) goals:
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
90% from transport enterprises are private; public
transport (trolleybuses and auto buses) is only available in the urban areas.
Programmes and Projects
Reducing
emissions from transportation, such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen
oxides, particulate matter and volatile organic compounds.
Program for
emissions reduction from mobile sources.
According to this Program, a range of measures for reduction of toxic
emissions into air are foreseen. Total
exclusion of use of leaded petrol:
·
Supplying the auto vehicles with neutralizers and
catalysts;
·
Reduction of sulphur in fuel;
·
Enhance the usage of gaseous fuel for transport.
Status
Average availability is of 100% for all kinds of transportation means.
Diesel-fuelled – 54,6%
Diesel-fuelled – 61,3%
Trailer – 17,0%
(Department of Statistic, 1997)
Kg per kg of fuel
Carbon
monoxide (CO)
0.4440
0.1250
0.440
0.220
Hydrocarbons
(HC)
0.0800
0.0550
0.085
0.050
Nitrogen
oxides (as NO2)
0.0250
0.0350
0.025
0.025
Particulates
0.0006
0.0200
-------
------
SO2
0.0020
0.0200
-------
------
Pb
0.0003
--------
-------
------
PAH,
Benzo(a)pyrene
0.232x10-6
0.312x10-6
-------
------
Emissions from road vehicles in 1999 was 111,5 thousands
tons of which:
Carbon
monoxide (CO)
74.75th tons
Hydrocarbons
(HC)
19.58th tons
Nitrogen
oxides (as NO2)
9.43th tons
Particulates
3.78th tons
SO2
3.94th tons
Pb
0.035th tons
PAH,
Benzo(a)pyrene
1x10-4 tons
Emissions from road vehicles in 1998 was 190 thousands tons.
Challenges
No information is available.
Capacity-building, Education, Training and Awareness-raising
No information is available.
Information
No information is available.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
There
are signed bilateral agreement with European states and with a number of states
from Asia.
Republic
of Moldova is member of international transport organizations:
***
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 9th Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development. Last update: March 2001.
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No information is available on this topic
* * *
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