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Economic Aspects | Natural Resource Aspects | Institutional Aspects | Social Aspects |Ethiopia
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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
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Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
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Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
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Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
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Programmes and Projects
Environmental projects are a prominent part of international cooperation
with Ethiopia. Wildlife, biodiversity, forest conservation, pollution control
and waste management are some of the areas presently receiving donor support in
the country. But the inflow of resource was twenty-five percent less than what
had initially been envisaged by the government. Weak project implementation
capacity, lengthy donor disbursement procedures, and conditionalities that lack
sufficient flexibility are among the major problems that can account for this.
The
assistance programme by the World Bank is
very wide ranging, but it has increased its focus on economic reform, food
security, economic infrastructure (roads, energy), and the social sectors.
The African Development Bank is
also active in a range of sectors, including health, education, water and roads,
but has an increasing focus on economic reform and food security and
agriculture.
USAID concentrates its support in food security and agriculture, education, health, HIV/AIDS and population/gender issues. Japan has a clear focus on a limited number of sectors: food security and agriculture, roads, water and sanitation, and education.
Status
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Challenges
See under Programmes and Projects.
Capacity-building, Education, Training
and Awareness-raising
No information available.
Information
No information available.
Research and Technologies
No information available.
Financing
The
country's desired fast growth requires a significant amount of resources that
the economy may not be able to generate. External
finance would, therefore, enable the economy to make up for the saving and
foreign exchange gaps. Foreign financing plays a large-scale resource role to
meet the short-term transitional costs of reform and to introduce economic
liberalization and stabilization measures. These foreign financial requirements
are expected to be covered from bilateral and multilateral sources in the form
of grants and loans. However, this
is uncertain since, in Agenda 21, developed countries were committed to
contribute 0.7% of their GDP annually for sustainable development, and in
practice, this target was never achieved and aid to least developing countries (LDCs)
is now less than 0.25%.
As long as efforts in increasing absorption capacity are improved, the country can continue to enjoy significant assistance from overseas development assistance (ODA) and credit from international financial institutions. For the four-year period of 1995–1998, Ethiopia received development assistance averaging 13.4 percent of GNP. See also under Programmes and Projects.
Cooperation
No information is available.
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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
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Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
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Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
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Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information available.
Programmes and Projects
No information available.
Status
The
majority of Ethiopians do not consume resources even at the level that meets
their basic needs. There have been
some achievements in the delivery of safe water, the provision of energy for
lighting and cooking, and the improvement of sanitation and waste management.
However, much more can also be done to improve the efficiency of the delivery
and use of the resources available.
The
households using unclean or unsafe sources of drinking water take it from
rivers, lakes, and unprotected wells and springs. Safe drinking water comes from
protected wells, whether piped or not, and from treated water supply system.
With respect to energy for lighting, most of the households use kerosene, and
electricity accounts for a very small percentage of the overall energy use. In
1996, kerosene was predominantly used for lighting (68percent) and electricity
served to light only 9.3 percent of the households. Other sources comprised 23
percent. In 1998, the situation changed only slightly. For cooking, 76 percent
of the households used firewood, kerosene accounted for 2.6 percent, while
charcoal, butane, gas, and electricity constituted 0.8, 0.4, and 0.5 percent,
respectively. Other sources of fuel
for cooking served 1.7 percent of the households
In urban centres, a large proportion of the households use pit latrine toilets while a very small proportion use flush toilets. Members of the vast majority of the rural households defecate directly in fields or forests; some use pit latrines and a very few use flush toilets.
Challenges
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Capacity-building, Education, Training
and Awareness-raising
No information available.
Information
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Research and Technologies
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Financing
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Cooperation
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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
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Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
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Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
Based on the new economic policy, the government has formulated a long-term economic development strategy - Agricultural Development Led Industrialization (ADLI) - that is geared towards the transformation of the poor economic structure. Moreover, Ethiopia is trying to promote sustainable development by fund allocations from the government revenue, by loans and grants through multilateral and bilateral international co-operation, and by encouraging the involvement of the private sector in various development endeavours of the country. But neither donor aid nor private investment has been available in amounts related to the promises made in Agenda 21 in 1992.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
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Programmes and Projects
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Status
No information available.
Challenges
Sustainable development is as much the conservation and regeneration of scarce resources as their judicious use. The lack of food security (resulting in bouts of famine and malnutrition), lack of alternative energy sources, failure to sustain economic growth, scarcity of productive employment and hence lack of improvement in the quality of life and habitat constitute Ethiopia’s priority concerns requiring immediate financing towards sustainable development.
Capacity-building, Education, Training
and Awareness-raising
No information available.
Information
No information available.
Research and Technologies
No information available.
Financing
No information available.
Cooperation
See under Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans.
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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
See under Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations and Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans.
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) played a leading role in the negotiations of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The EPA also assisted the Organization of African Unity/African Union to prepare an ‘African Model Law on Safety in Biotechnology’ that has been approved to be domesticated into national laws by its member countries. Ethiopia is now preparing its domestic biosafety law based on the African Model Law and is being assisted through the UNEP GEF Biosafety Project to set up an institutional framework for biosafety.
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
Modern
Biotechnology is seen as a new development that could bring benefits to
agriculture, medicine, industry, etc. But, the impacts of its applications on
human health and natural and agricultural ecological systems, and their
attendant socio-economic changes have first to be carefully studied and
assessed. There should, therefore, be a biosafety system established to regulate
activities in modern biotechnology.
The
Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission has assessed the national
capacities, opportunities and needs in biotechnology, and determined feasible
and appropriate ways that would both strengthen existing national efforts in
biotechnology and related fields, and help develop national capability for the
development and utilization of appropriate applications of modern biotechnology.
Ethiopia has drafted a National Biotechnology Policy, which is awaiting
government approval.
EARO recently developed a twenty-year Strategic Agricultural Biotechnology Research Plan and is implementing national programmes on agricultural biotechnology.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information available.
Programmes and Projects
No information available.
Status
Ethiopia is particularly rich in agricultural biodiversity – see under Biodiversity – and is globally recognized as one of the Vavilov centres for the domestication and diversification of crops.
Challenges
Great care has to be taken to protect this genetic wealth from contamination by genetically modified organisms. See also under Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans.
Capacity-building, Education, Training
and Awareness-raising
No information available.
Information
No information available.
Research and Technologies
Alemaya University of Agriculture is investing in strengthening its agricultural biotechnology research capacity. The East African Regional Programme and Research Network for Biotechnology, Biosafety and Biotechnology Policy Development (BIO-EARN) aims at building national research capacities in Biotechnology, Biosafety and Biotechnology Policy in four East African Countries (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda).
Financing
No information available.
Cooperation
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Aspects | Social Aspects |
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