Population Research

Home|| Population processes|| Population policy|| Population research|| Publications|| POP News

The following are lists of research done on population and population related areas. By clicking on the name of the Author you can get detail explanation about the Methodology used and Research results and lesson learned for each particular title listed in the table below.

Source: Demographic Training and Research center, Addis Ababa University

1.

Name: Assefa Hagos

Title: Infant and Early Childhood Mortality in Shewa Region and Investigation into the Levels and Differentials (1993)

Methodology:

• Source of data is Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia for Shewa Region conducted in 1984 Stratified Random Sampling was used with 11 stratum and the sample size is 5% or 80,528 women age between 15 and 49 Questionnaire was used The refined Brass method called the Trussell version (1975) was used as a method Multi Variety analytical technique mainly ordinary least squares regression method was used

Research Results and Lesson Learned:

• Infant mortality rate (IMR) is estimated as high as 101 deaths per 1000 live births for Shew region The corresponding child (A₁) and under five mortality (A_o) are 73 and 167 respectively. This means that one out of every six children in the region fails to reach his/her fifth birthday.

• Furthermore, no improvement in child mortality in the recent past is detected. The incidence of child death is much more frequent in the three Southern Awrajas of Haikoch-Butajira, Kembata-Hadiya and Chebo-Gurage than in the central Awrajas of Menagesha, Selale and Tegulet-Bulga It emerged from the study that acquiring more pertinent data, expanding educational opportunity for women, redressing the regional imbalance in child mortality will go a long way in reducing child mortality in this country.

2.

Name: Betemariam Berhanu

Title: Socio Economic Factors Influencing Fertility Levels and Differentials in Ethiopia: The case of Shew Region (1993)

Methodology:

• 5% stratified simple random sample of women aged 15 to 49 years is drawn from the 1984 Population and Housing Census of Shewa region

• The brass P/F ratio method and the Relational Gompertz model were used for indirect estimation techniques Unvariate and bivariate procedures were used for the analysis of fertility differentials Multiple classification Analysis (MCA) is used to measure the magnitude of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

Research Results and Lessons Learned:

• Women in total and rural Shewa bear, on the average, more than 7 children before the end of their reproductive period (i.e 25-49 years) while the corresponding figure in urban areas is about 6.5 The findings indicate a negative relationship between urban residence and fertility education and fertility economic activity and fertility and a positive relationship between duration of continuous residence of migrants and fertility Much of the fertility differentials could be accounted for by differences in the Socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the women under study. Among the selected predictor variables, mortality status, province of residence, migration and ethnicity are the most important factors accounting for the greatest proportion of the variance in fertility. Education, occupation, urban/rural residence and religion are also important but to a lesser extent.

3.

Name: Kedralah Idris

Title: Migrant -Non - Migrant Fertility Differentials: The case of Addis Ababa (1993)

Methodology:

• Data is based on 1984 census Using a multistage stratified sampling procedure a total of 1000 households were selected from 50 kebeles in Addis Ababa and a total of 1133 respondents were interviewed for this study. The eligible respondent were married women aged 15 to 49.

Research Results and Lessons Learned:

• At Macro level, there is not much differences in the fertility, performance of migrants and non-migrants in Addis Ababa At Micro level, the migrant, non-migrant differentials was virtually not in the expected direction, controlling for the proximate determinants, the higher migrant non-migrant fertility was observed. Among the former fertility was apparently higher among those of rural origin then their urban counterparts. In the area of mortality also, we observed that, migration tends to affect positively the survival of the children of migrants.

4.

Name: Yacob Zewoldi

Title: Fertility Behavior of Elite's and Their perception of the population problem in Ethiopia (1993)

Methodology:

• The elite sub-groups covered in the study were artists, high school teachers, lawyers, medical doctors, orthodox Christian and Muslim religious leaders, senior government officials, university lecturers and women=s group Sample size 1200 members Multi stage sampling with random sampling technique was used Questionnaire was used to collect data SPSS/PC⁺ soft ware and used to process the data

Research Results and Lessons Learned:

• The study has shown that knowledge and practice of family planning among elite's is widespread, with the exception of the religious leaders. Knowledge of modern methods was found to be high. The pill was the most commonly used modern method followed by the IUD. Among the traditional methods the most commonly used were periodic abstinence and the rhythm methods. Variations in knowledge and practice of family planning were also observed. A negative attitude towards abortion as a family planning method among all elite sub-groups was revealed by the study.

• This attitude persisted even when most background variables were held constant Marriages were found to be stable in the study population with only less than 4 percent married more than once. The men age at marriage of women was found to be 21.2 years and that of men 28.8 years. Adjusted mean children ever born per woman was 3.7 for the study population, but it ranged from 3.12 children per woman among Muslim religious leaders. The no. of children desired was about 4 children per woman. The no. Of children desired was lowest (3.57 per woman) among lawyers and highest among Muslim religious leaders (8.43 per woman) A high level of awareness of the population problems in Ethiopia was observed among the elite sub-groups, with the exception of the religious leaders.

• Most of the respondents who perceived the current population growth to be bad for the country, considered the creation of public awareness as one of the immediate solutions that could be taken by the government A considerable level of awareness of the relationships between high population growth and environmental deterioration was evident among the elite sub-groups with the notable exception of the religious leaders. The predisposition of respondents towards the idea of introducing population and family life education in high school curricula was also observed to be high.

5.

Name: Zubeida Abdulahi

Title: The Reproductive Behavior of unmarried Adolescent Women in Urban Ethiopia (1993)

Methodology:

• Data are from the a Survey of Adolescent Fertility Reproductive Behavior and Employment status of the Youth Population in Urban Ethiopia@, undertaken by the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, in 1990 Multi-stage stratified sampling technique was used 4110 households were selected from 195 kebeles of which 4094 (99.6%) were successfully interviewed. From 4094 households, a total of 4673 eligible persons (i.e those aged 15-49) were identified and 4216 were interviewed (having 89.8% response rate) To analyze the data both bivariate and multivariate analysis were used SPSS software package were used to process the data Logit regression model was used

Research Results and Lesson Learned:

• Although many adolescents were found to have conservative attitudes towards pre-marital sexual behavior, about 19% of the adolescents have admitted that they are sexually active. And many of these adolescents engage in any protection. Unprotected sex was among the adolescents who claim to have used contraceptives. After initiating sexual intercourse, many adolescents, who reported ever use or current use of contraceptives, were found to have taken some years before they start using contraceptives.

• In addition, the results of mean ages at first sexual intercourse and first contraceptive use reveal that there are considerable variation between mean ages by different socio-demographic variables. Differences between mean ages at first sexual intercourse and at first contraceptive use among the ever users of contraceptives were also found to be rather high Employment status was found to be the most powerful predicator of sexual intercourse but not so powerful predictor of contraceptive use. Both the Employed and unemployed were found to be more likely to have premarital sexual intercourse than the non-active.

• For the unemployment, the extent of unprotected sex appears to be higher Living arrangement, an important predictor of premarital sexual intercourse, had a strong negative effect on sexual intercourse but a positive effect on current use of contraception. Religion has also shown similar relationships, i.e., Muslim relation was found to have a negative relationship with pre-marital sexual activity but a strong positive effect on current contraceptive use. Adolescents living in metropolitan towns were found to be less likely to use contraceptives than those adolescent living in non-metropolitan towns. Migration had a weak relationship both with pre-marital sexual behavior and contraceptive use

6.

Name: Eshetu Gurmu

Title: Female Labor Force status and Fertility in Akaki, a sub-Urban Industrial Town in Ethiopia (1994)

Methodology:

• Sample size 1475 eligible women (aged 15-49) belonging to the three female labor force status categories, namely, formal, informal and no work categories. Bi-variate and multi-variate statistical techniques of data analysis was used to show the interrelationship between fertility and female labor force Multiple classification analysis (MCA) and the log linear models were used in the multivariate analyses. The Bongaarts model was also employed in order to show the interrelationship between female labor force status, fertility and some of the proximate variables.

Research Results and Lessons Learned:

• The findings indicate that fertility is inversely related to work of women in the formal labor force status category where as it is positively associated to work of women in the informal labor force status group. No definite relationship between female labor force status and fertility was observed in the case of women in the no work category. Longer birth interval, higher contraceptive use, shorter duration of breast feeding and lower desired family size were observed for women in the formal sector while for women in the informal sector, shorter birth interval, longer lactational period, lower contraceptive use and higher desired family size were observed. Results were not consistent for non-working women.

7.

Name: Tilaye Negwo

Title: The Effects of Selected Proximate Determinants and Socio-Economic Factors on Fertility rates of Rural Women in North Shewa: the case of Two Districts (1994)

Methodology:

• Data was collected on 2063 women in mafund and Kewet districts, and used various techniques including one way analysis, multiple classification analysis and the Bongaarts model to look at the relative effects of the selected variables.

Research Results and Lessons Learned:

• The findings show that land-holding, literacy program, livestock value, marital disruptions, infant-child mortality and spontaneous miscarriages had positive effect on fertility. On the other hand, formal education, contraceptive use, breast feeding and age at first marriage showed negative effects on fertility in the studied rural areas of Ethiopia. The results also indicated that among the rural areas studied, fertility levels varied by the rate of infant-child mortality, the levels of infecundity and contraceptive prevalence.

8.

Name: Yohannes Hilawi

Thesis Title: Economic Value of Children and some correlates and determinant of the demand for children: an Empirical Study from North-Western Ethiopia

Methodology:

• Source of data is using sample survey in Gonder region, specifically Gonder town, Dabat town of Wegera Awraja and some 10 peasant associations of Wegera Wereda. The survey design was a two stage closer sampling Descriptive as well as inferential statistical techniques wee employed Data were collected using questionnaire interview method Analysis of variance is used to explore the presence of significant variation in the dependent variables sue to the different independent factors or variables. MCA is used to indicate the direction and measure the magnitude of the effect of independent variables on the value of children. Regression analysis is used to examine the determinants of the demand for children version 4.0.1 of SPSS/PC⁺ is employed to document and analyze the data

Research Results and Lessons Learned:

• The results of the study revealed that parents perception of economic value of children vary significantly with socio-economic and demographic variables. It is found that socio-economic and demographic variables have similar effect both on the economic value of children variables and indicators of the demand for children. It is indicated that taking measures to lower the value of children will create conducive situation to alter the attitude towards high fertility.

9.

Name: Dilensaw Asrat

Title: Determinants of women's contraceptive use in Nazareth Town (1995)

Methodology:

• Two stage random sampling technique, 1500 eligible women (aged 15-49) were selected from 7 kebeles Questionnaire was also used SPSS/PC⁺ were also used for data processing Bi-variate analysis logistic regression were also used

Research Results and Lessons learned:

• Out of the respondents 44.5% have ever used contraceptive methods, 35.5% were found to be current users and 48.1% of the women expressed their desire to use contraception in the near future The findings indicate that there is an urgency for an organized and integrated family planning information, education and communication programs and strategies aiming at encouraging husband wife family planning communication, changing husband=s attitude and their active involvement in the programme, and providing accurate information about side effects associated with modern contraceptives.

10.

Name: Melaku Eshetu

Title: Maternal Mortality in Northern Shoa: An Investigation in Rural Villages of afud district (1994)

Methodology:

• Indirect method, viz the Sisterhood Method was used Sample size is 3300 women aged 15 and above Questionnaire and interview were used to collect data The data was analyzed using SPSS/PC Sources of data were vital registration, health service statistics, and community based surveys

Research Results and Lessons Learned:

• The findings of the study indicate a life time risk of maternal mortality of 0.0487 or 1 in 21 women. This approximates a maternal mortality rate of 725 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. Although it is difficult to ascertain the correlates maternal mortality from the available data, the background information on the study area suggests that risk factors such as delivery before age 18 and over 35, high fertility, home delivery with help of untrained traditional birth attendants, inaccessibility and lack of equipment in health facilities might have contributed to the observed high level maternal mortality in the study area The study indicates that there is a need for expansion of family planning, adequate training for traditional birth attendants, and strengthening the capacity of the existing health facilities.

11.

Name: Negussie Tesfamichael

Title: Demographic and Socio-Economic Determinants of Nutritional Status of Children in Ethiopia: The case of Bale Region (1995)

Methodology:

• Source of data is National Rural Nutrition Survey of Central Statistical Authority Nutritional Status was measured using Nutritional Anthropometry Sample size is 813 children aged between 6 to 59 months Bivariate and multivariate analysis were used

Research Results and Lessons Learned:

• Life time fertility is negatively related with permanent and relative household economic status indicators contraceptive use and survival prospect of children, and positively related with economic value of children, age of the mother and economic value of children, age of the mother and current household economic status indicator

12.

Name: Yeshewamebrat Ejigsemahu

Title: Breast-feeding determinants and Birth Interval Effects in Addis Ababa: A case of Zone (1995)

Methodology:

• Two stage sampling technique was used Sample size 839 women Questionnaire and interview was employed Data was entered using ISSA (Integrated System for Survey Analysis) MCA was used to examine the variables which affect the duration of breast-feeding Multi-variate regression approach was also used One way analysis of variance was used Further Proportional Hazards model was employed to estimate the relative effective of variables on the chance of conception in the multi variate context

Research Results and Lessons Learned:

• Differentials in the duration of breast-feeding due to religion, Ethnicity, sex of the child and parity are not statistically significant. On the other hand, differentials, due to education, work status contraceptive use and household income are statistically significant. Moreover, the application of MCA to the breast-feeding data by selected socio-economic variables points out that education is the most important variable that determine the duration of breast-feeding and the shortest duration is reported by women with at least seven years of schooling Examination of birth interval components shows positive relationship between breast-feeding duration and post partum amenorrhea.

• Specially the duration of full breast-feeding lengthening the period of amenorrhea. The waiting time to conception is also found to be longer for those women who were nursing their children at the time of return of menses. Moreover, women ministration, resumed and continued to do so were about 34% less likely to conceive than those who discontinued breast-feeding before return of menses within 12 months.

13.

Name: Abeje Teffera

Title: Nuptiality Differentials in Addis Ababa (1995)

Methodology:

• Data source of the study is the 1990 Family and Fertility Survey conducted by the Central Statistics Authority (C.S.A) Coal Nuptiality Model and Nuptiality decrement Tables were used to determine the level and pattern of marriage To find out the determinants of age at first marriage and marital instability, multivariate analysis were used after examining and testing the relationship between dependent and independent variables based on univariate and bivariate techniques.

Researches Results Lessons Learned:

• The relationship of age at first marriage and fertility clearly shows that an increase of age at first marriage by one year (15 -16 to 17-18) can approximately decreases CEB by 0.5. The mulitvariate analysis, on the other hand indicates that choices of marriage is single most determining factor of age at first marriage by 3.1 years than arranged marriages. More than half of the variance of age at first marriage in this model is explained by choice of marriage. The expected strong negative relationship between education and age at first marriage is also evident in the study. On the other hand, Oromo, Tigre and Guraghe ethnic groups have a positive effect on age at first marriage than Amhara.

• The correlates of marital instability presents inverse relationship with education. Moreover, those women working since their first marriage are estimated to increase the odd of being divorced by a factor 3.5 times than not working women. An increase of duration of marriage and age at first marriage also reduces the likelihood of first marriage duration The findings clearly indicate that social and economic factors are the major determinants of nuptialit characteristics.

This home Page is maintained by Kibruyisfa Achamyeleh
© 1997