UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
with support from the UN Population Fund (UNFPA)
|
| UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, with support from the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) |
|
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This newsletter is being made available by the Population Information
Network (POPIN) Gopher/Web site of the United Nations Population
Division, Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy
Analysis, in collaboration with the Population Reference Bureau and with
funding from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.
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POPULATION TODAY
Monthly newsletter of the Population Reference Bureau
Vol 23, No. 11, November 1995
Please note: The graphics that appeared in the printed copy
of Population Today have not been included here. For a
complete copy of Population Today, send $2.00 to Population
Reference Bureau,1875 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 520,
Washington, D.C. 20009.
In this issue: ** Less Print, More Electrons Says Census
Bureau ** Malcolm Potts and Elaine Murphy debate... The Cairo
Conference: One Year Later ** Spotlight on Cuba
Japan's Foreign Assistance Surpasses U.S. As Population Aid Grows
By Machiko Yanagishita
While the United States pares back its foreign aid spending,
Japan's overseas development assistance keeps growing. Japan,
which distributed about $4.3 billion in aid in 1984, spent
$13.2 billion in 1994 (see figure, next page). During this
decade-long period, U.S. foreign aid has hovered between $8
billion and $10 billion, and stood at $9.9 billion in 1994.
Of the 21 countries that give foreign aid_including the
United States_Japan is now the world's number one donor
country in terms of total aid dollars. Japan's foreign
assistance first surpassed U.S. levels in 1989, when U.S. aid
dipped, and has held the top position every year since 1991.
In 1993, Japan was the biggest funder of 34 countries, more
than half in Asia.
Yet, Japan's direct involvement in population-related
activities remains limited, and is still often routed through
UN organizations. Although bilateral assistance in this area
is growing, it remains much smaller than that of the United
States. In 1993, Japan's population-related bilateral
assistance was $18.2 million, compared with more than $400
million from the United States.
In 1994, Japan accounted for one-fifth of all overseas
development assistance (almost 23 percent of the total for
all countries), outstripping other large donors such as the
United States (17 percent), France (about 15 percent), and
Germany (about 12 percent). In 1993, Japan was the largest
donor of the UN Population Fund (UNFPA, $67 million in 1994)
and the Asian Development Bank. Japan was the second-largest
funder of the World Bank, the IMF, the World Health
Organization, the UN Development Programme, and the UN High
Commissioner for Refugees.
Nor is there much sign of "aid fatigue" among the Japanese
public. In a recent public opinion poll, 78 percent of the
public supported the current level or more for development
assistance. Yet, public support may be reaching its limit:
the percentage who were willing to further increase levels
dipped from 41 percent in 1991 to 33 percent in 1993.
Changing styles
With the country's new prominence in the foreign assistance
community, the style of Japanese aid is changing.
Traditionally, Japan has tended to favor large infrastructure
projects, such as dams, roads, and airports; much of the
assistance that did go to basic human needs was provided
through sizable contributions to multilateral agencies, such
as UNFPA. This low-profile style of giving through third
parties was long criticized in Japan as kao-no-mienai-enjo,
"invisible aid." Now, it seems the country is ready to make
aid a stronger instrument of foreign policy through programs
designed to express Japan's own philosophy of aid. The core
of this philosophy is that aid should support self-help
efforts. Japan's aid is entirely nonmilitary and strives to
incorporate humanitarian, environmental, democratic, and
free-market values.
Other changes include a greater willingness to work in
partnership with NGOs, to fund grassroots organizations and
basic human needs projects, and to emphasize global issues.
MOFA and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA,
MOFA's operating arm) are striving to streamline their
bureaucracies, increase responsiveness, and improve
transparency concerning expenditures and program information.
In February 1994, after a meeting between President Clinton
and Japanese Prime Minister Hosakowa_and as part of Japan's
commitments in advance of the International Conference on
Population and Development held in Cairo later that
year_Japan announced a $3 billion program over seven years to
slow world population growth and combat AIDS. Japan made an
earlier global commitment of $9 to $10 billion at the UN
Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), held in
Rio in 1992. Two years before that, at the 1990 World Summit
for Children, Japan made the largest contribution of any
country to a worldwide children's vaccination project. These
high profile grants underscore Japan's desire to be seen as a
country that tackles issues important for the future of all
chikyushimin (earth citizens).
Despite the changes, some criticisms linger. Not until 1994
did the proportion of nonloan aid rise to more than half (52
percent) of total assistance. In comparison, more than 90
percent of U.S. aid is nonloan, and the average for all
countries is about three-fourths. Japan ranks at the bottom.
Critics also point out that, despite its large contributions,
Japan ranks 14th out of 21 on the donor scale in terms of the
percent of GNP that goes to foreign aid. In 1994, Japan's
foreign aid equaled just 0.29 percent of its GNP. Japan
ranked higher in this regard than the United States (0.15
percent of GNP) but considerably lower than the leader,
Denmark (1.05 percent of GNP).
Population assistance
Since its first project in Indonesia in 1969, Japan's
approach to population assistance has been to address factors
related to population growth, such as maternal health, infant
mortality, sanitation, and education, along with family
planning assistance.
JICA's spending for population and family planning assistance
climbed threefold between FY1984 and FY1993_from about $3.4
million to about $10 million. By July 1994, JICA was funding
20 population projects in 14 countries. In addition, JICA
receives over 7,500 trainees and sends nearly 2,500 experts
and 700 volunteers to developing countries each year. JICA's
most prominent domestic NGO partner in this area is the
Japanese Organization for International Cooperation in Family
Planning (JOICFP), a $6.6 million organization established in
1968. JOICFP integrates family planning, nutrition, and
parasite control programs_an approach modeled on Japan's own
post-war experience with mother and child health programs.
With funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, PRB is carrying
out a project to increase collaboration between U.S. and
Japanese NGOs. A December 14-16, 1995 conference will bring
staff from Japanese NGOs to Washington, DC to discuss ways of
informing government, media, corporate leaders, and the
general public about population issues. Contact Machiko
Yanagishita at 202-939-5431
*****
Less Print, More Electrons Says Census Bureau
By Carl Haub
The double-edged sword of technology is hanging over that
traditional staple of demographers, sociologists, economists,
and researchers_the printed statistical report from the
Census Bureau. At the bureau, the new information technology
of the Internet and CD-ROM is not just supplementing printed
reports. To a growing extent, electronic media is beginning
to supplant print.
Fewer and shorter
The flight from print is occurring at rapid speed. True, the
Statistical Abstract and the printed P-20 Current Population
Reports on educational attainment, school enrollment,
households, marital status and living arrangements, and
geographic mobility will keep their current printed format.
But the number, length, and frequency of many other reports
in the series will change. The once-annual P-20 reports on
black, Hispanic, and Asian populations will now become
biennial and much smaller in size, with additional
information released electronically on the Internet and CD-
ROM. The fertility report will become biennial and the report
on voting will be available only on the Internet.
The first P-20 report issued under the new approach in
September_on the foreign-born population_consisted of only
four pages and one table. It exemplifies the trend to much
shorter, slicker reports, along the lines of the Statistical
Briefs.
In the P-23 series, the annual Population Profile will
continue, with three printed reports on special topics
scheduled for this year.
The P-25 series of population estimates and projections, the
demographer's standby, have already seen some radical
changes. The bureau put out 48 reports in the P-25 series in
a recent two-year period. In contrast, only seven are planned
in the next two-year period. The monthly P-25 estimate of
U.S. total population ceased its printed form in December
1994, and is now available only on the Internet.
The P-60 series on poverty, income, and related topics has
taken the hardest hit. Ten printed reports were issued in the
1992-1993 period. None were issued in 1994 and only two in
1995, with the balance on the Internet. The bureau is also
considering plans to rely heavily on electronic dissemination
to report the findings of the 2000 Census.
Pluses and minuses
Budget cuts have played a role in these decisions. However,
the bureau also reports a tremendous popularity of its
Internet services. Last year, the bureau received 40,000
requests for printed reports or products. In the week ending
September 23, the bureau received 475,000 "hits" on the
Internet_over 67,000 per day, or 3,000 per hour. In the month
of September, users downloaded 25,000 files through Internet
access.
Undoubtedly, access to data in computer-readable form offers
important advantages, for example, no need to enter data into
one's own spreadsheet or database program. For that reason,
Census Bureau data have long been available on computer
tapes, diskettes, and CD-ROM. But now it seems these
electronic media will soon become the primary means of
dissemination_replacing, not augmenting, printed reports.
"In losing the printed reports," commented Stephen Tordella,
president of Decision Demographics, a Northern Virginia
demographic consulting firm, "we are deprived of the
analysis, the reflection of people familiar with the data
that went into those presentations."
Electronic transmission is not new. The bureau has been
posting its data and news releases electronically on its
computer bulletin board system (BBS) for many years. Call
301- 457-2310 to try this service. However, without 800
number service, the BBS is a long-distance call to anyone
outside the Washington area.
The BBS never received the media hype accorded to the
Internet. In July, about 1,200 users downloaded data from the
BBS. Yet_for users who are accessing via a modem and Internet
provider, or who are experiencing a lot of traffic_its log-in
and download process is considerably faster than the
Internet's World Wide Web, with its color graphics.
While continuing the Bureau's practice of making more data
available electronically to a wider audience is an important
goal, many users have reservations about the new policy.
Downloading large files may pose serious time constraints.
Ironically, "on-line" could mean less convenient access for
some users.
There are also concerns about archiving printouts, which are
less durable than printed reports. We should also bear in
mind that today's hottest technology often becomes tomorrow's
museum piece. How long will CD-ROMs really be with us?
Remember eight-track tapes and LP records? Users are worried
that the heady rush to rely on the "information superhighway"
could lead to decisions that may be regretted later.
The Census Bureau invites public comment. Send e-mail to:
comments@census.gov. Call the Census-BEA Electronic Forum,
301-457-2310; or contact John Kavaliunas at the Office of the
Director, 301-457-4090.
****
The Cairo Consensus: One Year Later
At the International Conference on Population and
Development (ICPD) held in Cairo, Egypt in September 1994,
over 180 countries and delegations agreed to a program of
action that put human development at the center of efforts to
address global population and development challenges. The
program of action focussed on women, calling for a wide range
of actions to improve their health, education, and economic
and social well-being. In the year following the Cairo
meeting, the world community repeated its support for the
need to improve conditions of women as key to achieving
sustainable development at both the World Summit for Social
Development (Copenhagen, Denmark, March 1995) and the Fourth
World Conference on Women (Beijing, China, September 1995).
Despite the consensus, some members of the population
community have expressed concerns that a focus on women's
empowerment diverts attention from rapid population growth
and the resources needed to reduce it. Key is what will
happen to funding for family planning, which has played a
significant role in reducing fertility worldwide over the
last 30 years. Does Cairo's broad and ambitious agenda boost
family planning or bury it? In this special two-part
article, Malcom Potts of the University of California at
Berkeley and Elaine Murphy of PATH_two distinguished members
of the population community_examine the issues from
contrasting perspectives.
_Alene Gelbard, director of International Programs,
Population Reference Bureau
Cairo's Skewed Consensus
By Malcolm Potts
One year after Cairo, it is difficult to demonstrate by any
quantitative measure that the ICPD has helped improve the
lives of a significant number of women and their families.
Indeed, the reverse may be happening, as USAID_the largest
single donor to health and family planning_is discussing how
to cut budgets by 30 to 40 percent. True, Japan, Germany, and
Britain are increasing their contributions, but other
economies, such as Italy, Spain, and France, have yet to
offer the first penny to family planning. If UNFPA and the
other dedicated institutions producing this conference were
private companies who had launched a new product in September
1994, then, by real-world standards, they would be considered
failures.
Cairo was about the "theology" of population and development,
not the practice. On one side the Holy See struggled to make
a medieval philosophy that views sex as sin half palatable to
a 20th century audience. On the other side were certain
women's advocacy groups, with an explicit agenda to
"redefine" population to help solve the many painful problems
besetting women. These advocates were brilliantly organized,
seductively persuasive, and even more clever politically than
the Vatican. They were not as far to the left as the Pope was
to the right, but in establishing the compromises necessary
to build a consensus, the Cairo document swung further from
the mainstream than was prudent.
For a quarter of a century, there has been reasoned support
to provide for the poor the family planning services that the
rich already enjoy and to accelerate the trend toward smaller
families. At Cairo, those of us who had seen firsthand the
suffering of many women around the world understood the
women's advocates' attempts to encompass broader problems.
Nonetheless, the flaw in the Cairo process was to move from a
well-tested middle ground of supplying family planning to
adopting a much broader agenda.
During the run-up to Cairo, women's advocates rather
reluctantly accepted expressions of concern over population
growth into the Cairo document. But instead of drawing
attention to the remarkable success of family planning in
many countries, they often implied that success is impossible
without coercion. In the redefined language of population,
demographic concerns were called "narrow"; "numbers" became a
pejorative term.
Pushing a broad agenda and painting a negative picture of
family planning programs ended up endangering the politically
achievable. Noble words do not help a poor woman; larger
budgets would have. Cairo lost sight of the warnings given at
the New Delhi World Summit of Scientific Academies in
preparation for the ICPD, that "if current predictions of
population growth prove accurate and patterns of human
activity on the planet remain unchanged, science and
technology may not be able to prevent irreversible
degradation of the natural environment and continued poverty
for much of the world." These are sobering words.
Poignantly, the "theological" battles at Cairo were often
irrelevant to many programmatic decisions that need to be
made. Whatever rhetoric is adopted, in a poor country with a
weak medical infrastructure, the most immediate step that can
be taken to reduce maternal mortality, for example, is to
improve family planning.
Family planning is one highly specific component of modern
living. It is an essential but not sufficient component for
women's autonomy. Increasingly, couples want small families,
and fertility is falling wherever people have been given
realistic choices in a respectful framework of services. But,
one in six women of reproductive age (230 million) lacks
access to any form of modern family planning and far more
lack an adequate range of family planning choices.
Currently, about 2 percent of foreign aid goes to family
planning. Unmet need remains great and is growing fast. The
education of women is supremely important and, along with
health care, deserves at least 20 percent of foreign aid
investment. These costs must come from the 98 percent of aid
not devoted to family planning. The emphasis put on a
holistic approach to women's development at the ICPD is all
too easily read as implying that the limited population
budget should stretch to fund broader problems. But to
imagine that such vital issues would be greatly improved by
reassigning family planning's 2 percent of development
budgets would be to shortchange women's development in the
cruelest way possible.
Malcolm Potts is the Bixby Professor in the School of Public
Health, University of California at Berkeley, and president
of International Family Health, London.
Cairo: A Needed Course Correction
By Elaine Murphy
Despite broad acceptance of the ICPD agenda by women's
groups, donors, and practitioners around the world, as well
as the reinforcement it received at the Beijing women's
conference_a few recent articles by population experts have
expressed dissent. The authors contend that the Cairo
consensus, while espousing the worthy cause of improving
women's lives, represents a diversion from the main business
at hand: stabilizing population growth through family
planning. This reaction calls to mind W.C. Field's
observation: "For every complex problem, there is one simple,
obvious solution_and it is wrong."
In fact, those concerned about rapid population growth should
not be dismayed about the consequences of the Cairo
conference. The ICPD Program of Action, if implemented, will
advance not only women's health and status but the
achievement of demographic objectives as well.
Population and development have a complex but reciprocal
relationship. Population planners who see the sole answer in
availability and promotion of contraception argue only one
side of the equation: that lowering fertility through family
planning will relieve pressure on health systems, schools,
job creation, and the environment. Cairo advocates also point
out the other side: that development reduces fertility.
The Cairo agenda seeks to reap the fertility-reducing
synergies that could result from integrated projects that
improve people's economic, educational, and overall health
status as well as their ability to regulate their fertility.
Experience in Bangladesh and elsewhere shows that well-
designed family planning programs can indeed have an
independent effect but, throughout the world, fertility has
dropped farthest and fastest where family planning services
and broad-based improvements in economic development co-
exist.
Development efforts specifically benefiting women have the
greatest impact on fertility. When women have access to
education (particularly secondary school and more), when
their infants and toddlers survive, when they have options
and value beyond childbearing, women want and have fewer
children. This creates demand for family planning.
Of course, family planning is a great blessing in the lives
of millions of women and should be expanded and improved.
About 100 million women who want to delay or stop having
children are not using contraception. An estimated 25 million
women in developing countries have abortions each year. Many,
perhaps most of these women would adopt family planning if
services were convenient, trusted, and of decent quality. In
turn, meeting this "unmet need" would reduce fertility
significantly.
However, Cairo made it clear that the quality of family
planning services must improve in order to meet these unmet
needs. A growing body of research points to the need to
improve communication and services. Information and
counseling must be respectful, relevant, and clear to
clients, especially about side effects of contraceptives.
Dropout rates are highest among those without informed
choice. For certain methods, screening is essential. Quality
elements such as patient flow, clinical skills, privacy, and
cleanliness must improve.
The Cairo Program of Action also calls for services to meet a
wider range of women's reproductive health needs_among them
safe motherhood, treatment of reproductive tract infections,
and protection from sexually transmitted diseases, including
HIV/AIDS. These programs are not a diversion from population
planning. They meet real reproductive needs and encourage
women to trust and use family planning services.
Over the past 30 years, fertility has fallen in developing
countries from an average of six children per woman to less
than four children. John Bongaarts of the Population Council
estimates that 43 percent of this fertility drop was due to
family planning programs. However, he points out that as
family planning programs have become generally available and
fertility has declined, future population growth will be
mostly due to the demographic impact of the great numbers of
people in their reproductive years. He estimates that about
75 percent of Egypt's population growth after this year will
be due to population momentum; only about 20 percent will be
due to unwanted fertility. Reducing fertility in this
scenario calls for greater emphasis on delaying marriage and
childbearing by, for example, addressing the educational,
social, and reproductive health needs of adolescent girls.
The Cairo agenda, emphasizing development and reproductive
health, will improve the lives of millions of individuals
while reducing fertility.
Elaine Murphy is senior program advisor at PATH.
*****
Cuba
Population: 11.2 million
Land area: 42,400 square miles
Births: 14 per 1,000
Deaths: 7 per 1,000
Natural increase: 0.7 percent
Total fertility: 1.8 births per woman
Infant deaths: 9.4 per 1,000 live births
Life expectancy: 72(male)/78(female)
Capital: Havana
By Karen Semkow
Located in the Caribbean, at the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico,
Cuba is 90 miles south of the Florida peninsula. The Cuban
archipelago is made up of the island of Cuba, the Isle of
Youth, and 1,600 small islets. It is larger than all but four
countries in and around the Caribbean: the United States,
Mexico, Colombia, and Venezuela. Today, a little over 11
million people live in Cuba. Mulattos represent 51 percent
of the population, followed by whites (37 percent), blacks
(11 percent), and Chinese (1 percent). As of 1992, 39
percent of the population was Catholic.
Cuba, discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492, was one of
the last countries in Latin America to gain its independence
from Spain. The impetus for development came from the
British, who occupied Cuba from 1762 to 1763, encouraged the
cultivation of sugar cane, and provided the necessary source
of labor by supplying African slaves. By 1790, Havana (which
was founded in the 1620s) was the second-largest city in the
Americas, and Cuba's exports equaled those of Mexico. In the
early 1820s, the United States became Cuba's most important
trading partner and two American presidents made formal
offers to purchase the Spanish colony. In 1898, U.S. forces
occupied Cuba, remaining there until 1902. But before
granting Cuba its independence, the United States established
a naval base at GuantƯnamo Bay, which it holds to this day.
In 1959, Fidel Castro Ruz took over the country in a popular
rebellion against dictator Fulgencio Batista Zaldivar, and
has remained in power for 36 years. As a Marxist, Castro
aligned himself with the Soviet Union, which became Cuba's
main trading partner. Following the unsuccessful, U.S.-
sponsored Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961, the United States
broke off all ties with Cuba.
The recent collapse of the USSR cut Cuba off from the large
amounts of foreign aid on which its economy depended. Between
1989 and 1993, Cuba's GDP declined by about 40 percent and
its import capability fell by about 80 percent. The 1991
collapse of the Soviet Bloc's trade alliance, Comecon
(Council for Mutual Economic Assistance), struck another
blow to Cuba's economy, since 84 percent of Cuban trade was
with the USSR. Cuba has imposed a series of austerity
measures that include steep price increases.
Despite the U.S. embargo on Cuba, many countries have
invested in the island. Last year, for the first time since
1989, the economy showed improvement, and the country has
plans to establish free trade zones.
Beginning in 1966, U.S. refugee policy provided an open door
to all Cubans fleeing Cuba. In 1994, after increasing waves
of Cuban refugees entered the U.S., the U.S. and Cuba signed
an agreement to limit entrants to 20,000 per year. An accord
signed last May further tightened this policy, treating
Cubans just like any other immigrants. However, thousands of
Cuban refugees being housed in the U.S. naval base in
Guantanamo are to be allowed into the United States.
Cubans have an average life expectancy of 75 years, only one
year less than that of the United States. Infant mortality is
just 13 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, compared with a
Caribbean average of 50. The current rate of natural increase
is 0.7 percent per year, slower than the 1991 annual rate of
1.1 percent. Between 1991 and 1995, birth rates dropped from
18 to 14 per 1,000 population, the lowest figure in the
region.
Increased use of contraceptives has reduced the TFR (total
fertility rate, or average lifetime births per woman) to 1.8
children. This is the second-lowest rate in the Caribbean
region; only Antigua and Barbada is lower at 1.7 children per
woman.
*****
Major immigration changes proposed
The recommendations of Barbara Jordan's Commission on
Immigration entail setting first-ever caps on refugees,
eliminating "diversity visas" (which mainly benefited
Europeans), tightening standards for skilled labor visas, and
eliminating nonskilled labor visas. The commission urged
giving priority to the 1 million person backlog of spouses
and minor children of U.S. citizens waiting to be admitted
and eliminating "family reunification" applications of adult
children and brothers and sisters (see Speaking Graphically,
page 6).
Both the U.S. House and Senate are considering reform
packages that would place new restrictions and limits on
immigration. The House bill (HR 2202) would lower the legal
immigration cap from 675,000 to 535,000, cut refugee flows in
half, restrict immigrants' access to public benefits, and
repatriate illegal immigrants.
Race categories for U.S. statistics
The Office of Management and Budget has produced a new report
on issues and options concerning U.S. race and ethnic
standards for federal statistics and administrative
reporting. Decisions on whether or not to change current U.S.
race/ethnic categories will be made in the spring of 1997.
[For more information contact Suzann Evinger, 202-385- 3093;
or download the document from the Internet:
http://www.fedworld.gov/ftp.htm#omb.]
Call for papers
The IUSSP Committee on Gender and Population invites research
papers for a fall 1996 seminar on "Female Empowerment and
Demographic Processes: Moving Beyond Cairo." Fax a one-page
abstract to Harriet Presser, 301-405- 6422, with a copy to
Bruno Remiche, Belgium, 32-41-22-38-47, by the end of
November. For details, contact Harriet Presser, 301-405-6422;
e-mail: presser@bssl.umd.edu.
World growth rate slows, says UN
By mid-1994, the population of the world was growing at an
annual rate of 1.57 percent, according to the UN Population
Division. This is down from the 1.73 percent rates that
prevailed from the mid-1970s to the late 1980s. However, the
number of people added each year to the world population will
remain between 86 and 88 million until 2015. About 95 percent
of the growth will occur in the less developed countries.
[Concise Report on the World Population Situation in
1994, UN Population Division. Contact Virginia Aquino for
price, availability, 212-963-3186.]
New books
How Many People Can the Earth Support? Joel E. Cohen. New
York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1995. 416 pages. $27.50 paper.
ISBN: 0-393-03862-9.
Who Will Feed China? Wake-Up Call for a Small Planet. Lester
R. Brown. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1995. 163 pages.
$8.95 paper. ISBN: 0-393-31409-X.
The Decline in Marriage Among African Americans. M. Belinda
Tucker and C. Mitchell-Kernan, eds. New York: Russell Sage
Foundation, 1995. 397 pages. $49.95 cloth. ISBN: 0-87154-887-9.
The Political Economy of Hunger: Selected Essays. Jean Dreze,
Amartya Sen, and Athan Hussain. New York: Oxford University
Press, 1995. 626 pages. $24.00 paper. ISBN: 0-19-828883-2.
Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial
Inequality. Melvin L. Oliver and Thomas M. Shapiro. New York:
Routledge, 1995. 242 pages. $22.95 cloth. ISBN: 0-415-91375-6.
The True State of the Planet: Ten of the World's Premier
Environmental Researchers in a Major Challenge to the
Environmental Movement. Ronald Bailey, ed. New York: The Free
Press, 1995. 472 pages. $15.00 paper. ISBN: 0-02-874010-6.
Poverty, Inequality, and the Future of Social Policy: Western
States in the New World Order. Katherine McFate, R. Lawson,
and W.J. Wilson, eds. New York: Russell Sage Foundation,
1995. 754 pages. $70.00. ISBN: 0-87154-510-1.
The Hour of Departure: Forces That Create Refugees and
Migrants. Hal Kane. Washington, DC: The Worldwatch Institute,
1995. 56 pages. Worldwatch Paper Number 125. $5.00 paper.
ISBN: 1-878071-26-2.
Healthy People 2000, Review 1994. National Center for Health
Statistics. Hyattsville, MD: Public Health Service, 1995.
DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 95-1256-1. 171 pages. Paper. Free.