UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
with support from the UN Population Fund (UNFPA)
|
| UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, with support from the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) |
|
*****************************************************************
The electronic version of this newsletter is being made available
by the Population Information Network (POPIN) Gopher of the United
Nations Population Division, Department for Economic and Social
Information and Policy Analysis, in collaboration with the
Population Reference Bureau and with funding from the Andrew W.
Mellon Foundation.
*****************************************************************
Population Today
April 1995
Please note: The graphics that appeared in the printed copy of
Population Today have not been included here. For a complete copy
of Population Today, send $2.00 to Population Reference Bureau,
1875 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 520, Washington, D.C. 20009.
Multiracial Births Increase as U.S. Ponders Racial Definitions
By Susan Kalish
A few days after Hannah Spangler started the first grade at
Watkins Elementary School in the District of Columbia, she brought
home a school survey form that her mother had difficulty filling
out. The form asked parents to check off the race of the child.
The choices: 1) White; 2) Black; 3) Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut; or
4) Asian or Pacific Islander. The problem? Hannah fits none of
these categories. Her father is white. On her mother's side, her
grandfather is black and her grandmother is Japanese. "I just
checked off all of them," laughs Hannah's mother, Rika Clark,
"black, white, and oriental. No one has ever called me up to say,
`Hey! What does this mean?"
Schools have been collecting information on race and
ethnicity since the early 1970s, and combining it with other
information_such as data on participation in special education,
gifted and talented programs, high school graduation rates,
services to pregnant students, and advanced placement courses_in a
civil rights compliance report, which is sent to the federal
government.
As a multiracial child in America, Hannah's situation is
unusual, but not as anomalous as it used to be. An examination of
U.S. birth data from the National Center for Health Statistics
(NCHS) shows that interracial births more than doubled between
1978 and 1992, rising from about 63,700 to almost 133,200. Over
the same period, total births increased from about 3,333,300 to
4,065,000 in 1992, or by 22 percent.
During these years, interracial births increased from 2.1
percent to 3.9 percent of all births. These figures may understate
the number of
interracial births since the father's characteristics are not
recorded for about 16 percent of U.S. births.
Interracial births rose sharply between 1978 and 1992 for
almost every possible combination (see figure, next page). Births
with one white and one black parent, the largest group, more than
doubled, increasing from 21,400 to 55,900 per year. Births with
one white and one Asian parent doubled, to about 42,000. Births
with one white and one Native American parent (including Indian,
Eskimo, and Aleut) increased 70 percent to 21,800. As has been the
case since 1980, there were more births in which one parent was
white and the other Native American than those for which both
parents were Native American (about 14,600 in 1992). Although the
numbers involved for other racial combinations are considerably
smaller, the upward trend is similar.
Race concepts in flux
The current race and ethnicity classification system used
in U.S. statistics, formalized in OMB Directive 15, was adopted by
the Office of Management and the Budget (OMB) in 1977. Its purpose
was to create a uniform standard of racial and ethnic
classification in order to have "compatible, nonduplicated,
exchangable racial and ethnic data" among federal agencies. Since
the late 1970s, however, several trends have blurred U.S. ideas
about race.
The key trend probably has been immigration_between 500,000
and 800,000 legal immigrants per year since 1980. The composition
of these immigrants from many different countries in Latin
America, the Caribbean, and Asia has complicated the U.S. minority
picture. Hispanics now form nearly 10 percent of the U.S.
population and are expected to replace blacks as the largest
minority group by the year 2010. But since Hispanics may be of any
race, the U.S. "minority question" is less and less a "racial
question."
Another trend is economic. Although 27 percent of African-
American families and 46 percent of African-American children
remain in poverty, the growth of a black middle class has weakened
somewhat the stereotype of blacks in poverty. In 1989, nearly 1 in
7 black families had incomes of over $50,000, compared with just 1
in 17 in 1970 (in constant dollars). And, increasing public
disfavor toward affirmative action shows that a large segment of
the public no longer sees the need for leveling the playing
field_even through such measures as voluntary goal setting and
negotiated agreements.
On a social level, interracial marriage has become more
common in recent years. There were 1.2 million interracial couples
in the United States in 1992, according to the Census Bureau.
Since 1970, the number of black-white couples, the largest group,
quadrupled to 246,000. Although interracial dating is now a
subject for talk show chatter, as many as 38 states once had
statutes forbidding interracial marriage. The Supreme Court struck
down the last of these laws in 1967.
Official definitions under review
OMB is reviewing current racial definitions. The agency
published a Federal Register notice last June and held several
hearings. The federal government will pursue this inquiry with a
second OMB Federal Register notice this spring, special questions
on the May Current Population Survey, and the 1996 National
Content Test and other tests for the 2000 Census. No decision will
be made on changing_or not changing_OMB Directive 15 until 1997.
Advocacy groups for multiracial individuals and families
are actively pushing for adoption of a multiracial category on the
2000 Census. Critics point out, for example, that if significant
numbers of people who previously categorized themselves as African
American opted for the new multiracial check-off option, this
could have implications for congressional redistricting under the
Voting Rights Act and a number of federal program benefits.
Meanwhile, a February Newsweek poll found considerable
public support for adding a multiracial category to the statistical
system. When asked, "should the U.S. Census add a multiracial
category so people aren't forced to deny part of a family member's
heritage by choosing a single racial category," almost half (49
percent) of blacks and more than one-third (36 percent) of whites
said yes. But many people, 42 percent of blacks and 51 percent of
whites, opposed the move.
A large proportion, however, balked at collecting
statistics by racial categories at all. Almost half of blacks (48
percent) and whites (47 percent) said the census "should stop"
collecting information on race and ethnicity.
Juanita Tamayo Lott, a Washington, D.C.-based consultant on
diversity policy, disagrees. Although the United States has come a
long way since the days of legal segregation in schools, housing,
and public accommodations, racial statistics are still crucial for
tracking the effects of discrimination. "There are indications
that racial discrimination is not as blatant as in the past," she
commented. "But, race and color still matter, as evidenced by the
current anti-immigration sentiment, which is directed to Hispanics
and Asians but not to Canadians and Europeans."
*****
Women, Children, and AIDS
AIDS is taking a growing toll on the world's women,
according to the Global AIDS Policy Coalition. At the beginning of
this year, an estimated 17.6 million adults were infected with
HIV_the human immunodeficiency virus, which causes AIDS. During
1994, an estimated 3.6 million adults contracted HIV, 1.4 million
of them women. About 44 percent of these new infections (1.6
million) occurred in sub-Saharan Africa with an equal number (1.6
million) in Southeast Asia. The industrialized world accounted for
about 222,000 new adult infections.
Around the world, there are 73 women infected with HIV for
every 100 infected men. But different regions have very different
gender patterns of HIV infection. In the United States and Canada,
AIDS is primarily a disease of men, transmitted mainly by
homosexual contact and intravenous drug use, with 17 infected
women for every 100 infected men (see table). In South and
Southeast Asia, this ratio rises to 50 women per 100 men. In the
Caribbean, it is higher still: 67 women per 100 men. And, in sub-
Saharan Africa, more women than men have the disease. There are
110 infected women per every 100 infected men.
In 1994, out of a worldwide AIDS death toll of 1.5 million,
an estimated 500,000 were women. A comparison of patterns of AIDS
deaths shows the extent to which, in some regions of the world,
HIV/AIDS has become a disease of heterosexual transmission with a
heavy impact on women and children (see figure).
In sub-Saharan Africa, where about 1,268,000 people died of
AIDS in 1994, women accounted for a larger proportion of deaths
(40 percent) than men (37 percent), with child deaths adding
another 23 percent of all AIDS fatalities. In Southeast Asia,
where the epidemic is relatively new, fully 45 percent of the
115,000 AIDS deaths occurred to children. Thirty-seven percent
were to men and 18 percent to women. Adults infected with HIV
survive, on average, 10 years before succumbing to AIDS, whereas
children survive about 2 years. Since children primarily contract
HIV at birth from infected mothers, the large child death toll in
this region is probably an early indicator of a rising death rate
for women.
The epidemic is spreading at different rates in different
regions as well. The number of adults becoming newly infected with
HIV has (at least temporarily) reached a plateau in Western
Europe, the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa. In some areas_such
as North America and Oceania_it has declined. But in recently
affected areas of the world, such as Southeast Asia, HIV incidence
is rising sharply.
From: The World's Women: 1995, a PRB data sheet, containing
information on demographics, education, labor force participation,
participation in public life, and reproductive health. Cost:
$3.00, bulk discounts available. To order, contact PRB, 1-800-877-
9881. Source of basic data: Status of the HIV/AIDS Pandemic as of
January, 1995, by the Global AIDS Policy Coalition, Harvard School
of Public Health, Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and
Human Rights, 8 Story Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, 617-496-4380.
Table: People Infected with HIV/AIDS, 1995
Men Women Gender
Region (1000s) (1000s) Ratio*
Sub-Saharan Africa 5,447 4,952 110
South & SE Asia 1,374 2,748 50
Latin America 197 791 25
North America 129 773 17
Western Europe 105 525 20
Caribbean 133 198 67
Northeast Asia 21 107 20
SE Mediterranean 10 50 20
Eastern Europe 2 27 7
Oceania 3 21 10
* Number of women per 100 men.
Source: The Global AIDS Policy Coalition.
*****
Chinese Youth Favor One-Child Families
By Ping Yu
Chinese teenagers show little of the traditional attitudes
regarding early marriage and a large family, according to a 1988
survey. High school students in China have apparently largely
embraced the concept of the one-child family, want to delay
marriage, and are eager to pursue higher education. Surprisingly,
there was not much difference in attitudes between rural and urban
teens. Most students expect to use birth control when they marry,
but their current knowledge about sexuality and contraceptive
methods tends to be low.
These are some of the findings of a random survey of 6,000
secondary school students (grades 7 through 12) in Sichuan
Province, People's Republic of China, in 1988. Sichuan, the
largest province in China, has 109 million people, more than 40
percent the population of the United States. More than two-thirds
(69 percent) of students in the survey were from rural villages or
small towns, with over one-third of the students' fathers and one-
half of their mothers engaged in agriculture. Most lived in
moderate circumstances by Chinese standards. Although more than
four-fifths of households owned bicycles and radios, fewer than
one-fourth had any of the more recently available consumer goods
such as a motorcycle, camera, or refrigerator. More than one-half
felt their families had "the necessities," though one-quarter
thought they lived "comfortably" and one-seventh said they were
"well-to-do." Four percent reported their families as "barely able
to make a living." Almost all the students, 92 percent, felt their
family economic well-being had improved over the past five years.
Student attitudes
Traditionally, marriage is considered extremely important
in Chinese culture. Yet, when asked "how important is it to you to
get married," only 1 in 10 responded "very important." Less than
one-half agreed with the statement, "everyone should get married."
Only 28 percent agreed that "married people are happier than those
who are unmarried."
Marriage age
When asked what would be the ideal age for their own
marriage, the responses averaged 24.3 years for young women and
25.4 for young men. Another gender difference was perceptible
here: men thought that, on average, women should get married at
age 22, about two years younger than the age reported by the
women. Ideal marriage ages rose as students grew older. Family
socioeconomic status had no relation to attitudes toward ideal age
at marriage. All these ideal ages are considerably older than the
legal minimum age at marriage stipulated in the 1980 Marriage Law,
which was 20 for women and 22 for men, suggesting that government
efforts have been successful in educating China's young people to
adopt a marriage age much older than traditional norms.
The ideal age at marriage of Chinese teens was higher than
the ideal age for Costa Rica (23.1 years) and Iran (22.4), but
somewhat lower than that found in Japan (25.5), Korea (26.2), and
Thailand (25.3).
Family size
Attitudes about family size also suggest a fast pace of
social change. Although 90 percent of the surveyed teens in this
largely rural province had at least one brother or sister, there
was overwhelming consensus that the one-child family would be
ideal for their own future families. More than three-fourths (78
percent) considered one child as their ideal family size. About
the same proportion (74 percent) thought that this number was
desired by their friends. Older students, however, reported
somewhat less enthusiasm for the one-child family. While 43
percent of those in 7th grade said they would feel "very happy"
about having one child, only 31 percent of those in 12th grade
thought so. Similarly, 65 percent of the 7th graders but only 43
percent of 12th graders saw the one-child family as ideal for the
nation.
Rural-urban differences were minimal and in the opposite
direction than would be expected. On average, the desired family
size for "self" was higher for urban teens than for rural teens:
1.2 compared with 1.0 children. About nine-tenths agreed with the
statement that "in this province there is really a problem of
population growth" and felt that China's population should be
smaller.
When asked "would it matter very much if you had two
children more than you want" 92 percent responded affirmatively (54
percent said "yes, very much" and 38 percent, "yes, but not much").
Students were also asked "if you were married, how would you feel
about having one child only?" Over 90 percent chose "very happy"
or "happy." Questions that probed student attitudes toward large
families reinforced this picture. More than nine-tenths of the
students in the survey disagreed with the statement that "having
many children is a sign of a man's manliness." More than four-
fifths disagreed that "more children mean more happiness," and
over one-half disagreed that "children provide old age security."
Three-fifths did not feel it was "important to have a son."
Chinese students' ideas about gender roles within marriage also
suggested a high degree of modernity. Almost 9 in 10 disagreed
with the statements "a man has the right to be in command and the
woman must obey," and "a woman's place is at home." In contrast,
fewer than two-thirds of Costa Rican students disagreed with these
two statements.
The remarkable consensus on the desirability of the
one-child family among Chinese adolescents demonstrates that
government campaigns and school education have had a strong effect
on students' attitudes. It is possible that student attitudes could
change as marriage and family become real life issues, rather than
abstractions learned in a school setting. However, it is also
possible that these responses suggest a real revolution underway
in attitudes toward family size: small families might become a
desired norm for this generation. In fact, the average ideal
family size for Chinese teenagers was the smallest compared with
surveys of teens in many other countries, including Costa Rica
(2.8 children), Iran (4.1), Japan (2.3), Korea (1.8), Thailand
(2.1), and the United States (2.1).
Sexuality and family planning
Teenagers' attitudes toward family planning were quite
positive: more than three-quarters said they would use
contraception, and about the same proportion approved of married
couples who did. About one-fifth said they would never use
contraception and about 1 in 10 disapproved of married couples
doing so. One in twenty thought no one had the right to use family
planning methods.
On the whole, the attitudes of Chinese teenagers with
regard to premarital sex tend to be conservative and traditional.
Almost three-quarters (71 percent ) were opposed to sexual
relations before marriage. A much greater range of opinion,
however, was expressed regarding the statement "no decent man can
respect a woman who has had sexual relations before marriage." Only
29 percent of the students agreed and 49 percent disagreed. These
responses suggest that this generation of young students may not
ascribe to virginity the importance it has traditionally carried
in Chinese society.
Contraception
Despite the strong attitudes toward later age at marriage
and small family size, Chinese teenagers had little knowledge of
human sexuality or of family planning. For example, only about 18
percent of students could identify the woman's fertile period.
Books and magazines were cited as the most important source of
information on sexuality and reproduction: close to 40 percent
used these printed materials as their primary resource. Less than
one-tenth had received information on sexuality or reproduction
from their parents or talked to their parents about having
children. A relatively small proportion (18 percent) reported
learning something about sexual matters from their peers.
A high proportion (62 percent) knew almost nothing about
family planning. They not only knew little about contraception but
they also learned about it at a relatively older age: less than 10
percent of Chinese 11-year-olds, but close to one-half of Costa
Rican students, knew of at least one method of contraception. Only
one-tenth of Chinese students, but 40 percent of Costa Rican
students, said they could offer a friend some information on
family planning.
The amount of knowledge increased with grade, from a little
over 3 percent who knew three or more methods in 7th grade to more
than 16 percent in 12th grade. By contrast, 70 percent of Costa
Rican 12th graders said they knew three methods. Chinese teenage
boys knew more about avoiding pregnancy than did girls, and this
gender gap got wider by grade (see figure).
No data were collected on the sexual behavior of these
teenagers, however. At the insistence of school authorities,
direct questions on sexual relations were excluded.
Students with more formal education (not just students who
were older) and those with a more modern outlook generally were
most likely to have greater knowledge of sexual matters and more
positive attitudes toward delayed marriage, smaller family size,
and the use of family planning. The influences of these
characteristics persist even controlling for family socioeconomic
status, rural-urban status, and other background characteristics.
Population education in school was found to have a
significant impact on knowledge about contraception and attitudes
favorable to small family size and the use of family planning. The
effect was strongest on students from the rural and poorer areas
of the province. However, the curriculum of population education
in China tends to emphasize the social aspects of population,
rather than sexuality and reproductive content.
Notes
Data on Costa Rica and Thailand are from surveys of
adolescents conducted between 1982 and 1987 by the Population and
Development Program, Cornell University. Data on Iran are from A.
Tashakkori, V.D. Thompson, and A.H. Mehryar, "Iranian Adolescents'
Intended Age of Marriage and Desired Family Size," Journal of
Marriage and the Family, 49:917-27, 1987. Data on Japan are from
The Eighth National Fertility Survey, 1982: Views About Marriage
and Children Among Single Young People, Tokyo, Japan: Institute of
Population Problems, 1983. Data on Korea are from Knowledge and
Attitudes on Population and Sex Among Unmarried Females in Korea:
A Research Report to WHO, Seoul, Korea: Korea Institute for
Population and Health, 1984. For more information on the survey of
Chinese adolescents, contact Ping Yu, CSR Incorporated, 1400 Eye
Street, N.W., Suite 300, Washington, DC 20005, 202-842-7600
*****
Morocco
Population: 28.6 million
Land area : 172,320 square miles
Births: 30 per 1,000 population
Deaths: 7 per 1,000 population
Infant deaths: 57 per 1,000 live births
Natural increase: 2.3 percent per year
Total fertility: 4.0 births per woman
Life expectancy: 69(female)/65(male)
Capital city: Rabat
By Rafael Obregon
Morocco lies on the northwestern edge of the African
continent, only eight miles from Europe across the Strait of
Gibraltar. Slightly larger than California, it borders the
Mediterranean Sea on the north, the Atlantic Ocean on the west,
and Algeria on the east. Morocco's coastal region slopes upward
into the hilly El Rif area inland, while the high Atlas Mountains
separate the fertile coastal areas from desert-like sub-Saharan
land.
Most Moroccans are Sunni Muslims of Arab, Berber, or mixed
Arab-Berber descent. About 1 percent of the population is
Christian and 0.2 percent Jewish. Arabic is the official language,
but French is widely used in government and commerce. Spanish is
spoken in the northern areas.
Agriculture plays a leading role in the Moroccan economy,
generating between 15 and 20 percent of GDP and employing half the
labor force. Morocco exports fruits and vegetables, and is
Africa's largest exporter of phosphate, which accounts for more
than a quarter of exports. Morocco also mines copper, iron,
cobalt, manganese, and zinc.
Urbanization has increased rapidly in Morocco, rising from
29 to 47 percent of the population between 1960 and 1990.
Unemployment rose from 23 percent in 1983 to 31 percent in 1987,
then dropped to 19 percent by 1992. In the 1980s, the Moroccan
government launched an economic reform program supported by
international financial organizations, to raise per capita
incomes, lower inflation, and narrow deficits. Some of the
measures included restraining spending, reforming tax and bank
systems, lifting import restrictions, and liberalizing the foreign
exchange regime in an attempt to stabilize the Moroccan economy
and to attract foreign investors.
Because of its strategic location, Morocco has been
colonized by many countries. In 1912, the country was split between
a Spanish and French protectorate. The country gained independence
in 1956 under the leadership of King Muhammad V. The government is
a monarchy, with a 333-seat unicameral, two-thirds of its members
chosen directly by universal suffrage. King Muhammad V's son, King
Hassan II, succeeded to the throne in 1961.
Morocco's population is growing rapidly, and if its current
growth rate of 2.3 percent per year were to remain unchanged, the
population would double from 28 million to 56 million in only 30
years.
Since the late 1970s, Morocco's total fertility rate (TFR,
or average births per woman) has decreased from nearly 7.0 to 4.0
births per woman. Contraceptive use increased from 25.5 in 1983 to
42 percent in 1992, and is now one of the highest rates in the
Arab world, just behind Tunisia and Egypt. Delayed marriage (the
average marriage age for women rose from 17.2 years in 1980 to
18.5 years in 1987) has also contributed to fertility drops.
Although female literacy has increased in recent years, it still
lags behind that of men: 61 percent of Moroccan men and 38 percent
of women can read.
As late as the early 1960s, Morocco had criminal sanctions
on contraception. Active government support for family planning
began in 1966. Pills are the most widely used method, accounting
for 68 percent of contraceptive use, according to the 1992
Demographic and Health Survey. IUDs and sterilization have more
limited use: 8 and 7 percent respectively. There is a significant
unmet need for family planning: among married women who were not
using contraception, 49 percent did not want more children and 24
percent wanted to wait at least two years before having their next
child.
*****
News and Resources
U.S. contraceptive update
Between 1988 and 1990, condom use rose slightly, while the
pill dipped, according to findings from the 1990 Telephone
Reinterview of the National Survey of Family Growth. Among women
of reproductive age (15 to 44 years), the proportion relying on
male condoms for birth control increased from 9 to 11 percent. The
proportion using the pill declined slightly, from 19 to 17
percent. The increase in condom use was mainly among black women.
In 1990, 59 percent of U.S. women ages 15 to 44 were using
contraception_an increase over 56 percent in 1982, but slightly
down from 60 percent in 1988. Among sexually experienced teens,
current contraceptive use declined slightly, from 61 to 58
percent.
During this period, the proportion of women who had been
surgically sterilized edged up to 30 percent, mostly the result of
the aging of the baby boom generation. More than half of women
using contraception in the 40 to 44 age group were sterilized,
compared with only 8 percent among women in their early 20s.
["Contraceptive Use in the United States: 1982-1990," by Linda S.
Peterson, Advance Data, no. 260, February 14, 1995.]
More and better statistics from INS?
Among the $1 billion increases requested for improved
immigration control in President Clinton's budget is a $10 million
proposal for a new Center for Immigration Statistics. The proposed
center would collect, evaluate, and disseminate high quality
immigration data to Congress, state and local governments, and the
public. It would also coordinate and serve as a clearing house for
private sector research on immigration. The proposal faces a
Congress that is skeptical about spending, but has high interest
in immigration.
Wanted: student-made population films
The 1995 World Population Film+Video Festival will feature
films by secondary and college level students about population
growth, resource consumption, the environment, and the global
future. Population Communications International and The Sporis
Foundation are sponsoring the event. Entries must be cosigned by a
teacher, postmarked by June 1, 1995, and accompanied by an entry
fee of $10. Winners will be announced September 15, with cash
prizes awarded to winners in both secondary and college student
groups ($1,500 first place; $1,000 second place; $500 third
place). For more information, contact Searchlight Films, Rawn
Fulton, Producer, 46 Fox Hill Road, Bernardston, MA 01337, 413-
648-9464.
New books and resources
Anatomy of a Public Policy: The Reform of Contemporary
American Immigration Law. Michael C. LeMay. Westport, CT: Praeger,
1994. 203 pages.
Asia's Recent Fertility Decline and Prospects for Future
Demographic Change. Ronald Freedman. East-West Center, Asia-
Pacific Population Research Reports, January 1995. 28 pages. ISSN
1079-0284.
The Black Population in the United States: March 1994 and
1993. Claudette E. Bennett. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current
Population Reports, P20-480. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1995.
Ecotheology: Voices from South and North. David G. Hallman,
ed. New York: Orbis Books, 1994. 316 pages.
Faith, Justice, and a Healthy World. Patricia Waak,
National Audubon Society, 1995. 38 pages.
Families in Multicultural Perspective. Bron B. Ingoldsby
and Suzanna Smith, eds. New York: The Guilford Press, 1995. 432
pages. $45.00. ISBN 0-89862-307-3.
Five Years After: The Long-Term Effects of Welfare-to-Work
Programs. Gary Burtless and Daniel Friedlander. New York: Russell
Sage Foundation, 1995. 256 pages. $34.95. ISBN 0-87154-266-8.
Listening to Women Talk About Their Health: Issues and
Evidence from India. Joel Gittelsohn, et al., eds. New Delhi: Har-
Anand Publications, 1994. 238 pages. ISBN 81-241-274-0.
Population and the American Future: Twenty Years Later.
National Audubon Society, 1994. 86 pages.
Quality Management for Family Planning Services: Practical
Experiences from Africa, by Joseph Dwyer and Terrence Jezowski,
AVSC Working Paper no. 7, February 1995. 79 Madison Avenue, New
York, NY 10016, 212-561-8000.