UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
with support from the UN Population Fund (UNFPA)
|
| UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, with support from the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) |
|
Population Network News
No. 2, January, 1993
Part IV
Demographic and Health Survey Results: Morocco
------------------------------------------------
The Preliminary Report of the 1992 Moroccan Demographic and Health
Survey reveals a decrease in the TFR from 5.9 in 1979 to 4.2 in 1992,
for a decline of 29%. This level of fertility is slightly lower than
the average for the World Bank MN1 region, estimated to be 4.49. It
is higher, however, than the average of all lower middle income
countries such as Morocco, which is 3.57.
A principal factor in the decline in fertility is increasing use of
contraception. Use of all methods increased from 19.4% in 1979 to
41.5% in 1992. During the same time period, use of modern methods
rose from 16.6% to 35.5%, with the pill being by far the most common
method. A strong correlation between education and use of
contraception emerges from the survey: only 35.7% of women without
education use contraception, while 57% of those with a primary
education and 64.9% of those with secondary or higher education do so.
The majority (62.6%) of contraceptive supplies come from the
public sector.
Demographic and Health Survey Results: Zambia
-------------------------------------------------
The recent Demographic and Health Survey in Zambia reports a TFR of
6.5, which is well above the average of 5.56 for countries of the
Bank's southern Africa region (AF6). As might be expected from this
level of fertility, contraceptive use is limited in Zambia: the
contraceptive prevalence rate for modern methods is 9%, while that for
all methods reaches 15%.
Demographic and Health Survey Results: Yemen
----------------------------------------------------
The 1991-92 Yemen Demographic and Maternal and Child Health Survey
preliminary report suggests fertility is little changed in this
country. The TFR calculated from survey estimates is 7.6 children per
woman, one of the highest in the world. Contraceptive use is
correspondingly low, with only 6.1% of ever-married and
currently-married women using a modern method.
Demographic and Health Survey Results: Niger
------------------------------------------------
The preliminary report of the 1991-92 Niger Demographic and Health
Survey indicates that it remains one of the highest fertility
countries in the world. The TFR estimated from the survey is 7.4,
roughly the same as that found in previous surveys and censuses. In
comparison, according to Bank estimates, Rwanda has the highest TFR --
8.3 children per woman. Not surprisingly, contraceptive use is very
low in Niger, with use of any method at 4% and modern methods, 2%.
Demographic and Health Survey Results: Tanzania
-----------------------------------------------
Fertility is declining very slowly in Tanzania, according to the
preliminary report of the 1989-1991 Demographic and Health Survey.
Previous surveys estimated the TFR to be 6.9 in 1978 and 6.5 in 1988.
The current rate is 6.3. In this regard, Tanzania is in line with the
other countries of East Africa, where the average for the region is
6.3. Contraceptive use remains low in Tanzania, with the
contraceptive prevalence rate for any method at 10% and that of modern
methods, 6%.
Demographic and Health Survey Results: Peru
----------------------------------------------
The major trends appearing in the 1991-1992 Peru Demographic and
Health Survey final report are an increase in urbanization, increasing
educational attainment among women of reproductive age, a rise in
contraceptive use, and a decline in fertility. While the 1986 survey
reported a TFR of 4.1, the 1991-92 survey results indicate a TFR of
3.5. Use of modern contraceptive methods rose during the same period
from 23% to 33%; use of any method, including periodic abstinence and
the rhythm method, rose from 46% to 59%.
Where to Go When You Needed the Information Yesterday....
------------------------------------------------------------
The population "world" is full of many informal and semi-
formal publications that contain valuable information, but at a
high search cost. PPAS receives many such documents, a few
of which are outlined below:
* The Population Reference Bureau's Ready References: A Resource
Guide for Strategic Planning lists documents and organizations that
can provide up-to-date information and analyses on the demographic,
family planning, economic, and political situation of many countries.
The booklet is issued as part of the AID-funded OPTIONS project, but
will also prove valuable to Bank staff working in population.
* The Population Resource Center produces four-page executive
summaries targeted to policy makers on numerous topics in population.
Some that might be useful to Bank staff include: Contraceptive
Methods; Unmet Need and Demand for Contraceptives, 1990-2000; World
Population Trends; Water Scarcity, Population Growth, and Development;
Population Dynamics in the Middle East; and Demographic Profiles of
the following countries or regions: Eastern Europe, India, Nigeria,
Indonesia, and the Commonwealth of Independent States.
* In addition, the International Planned Parenthood Federation puts
out Country Profiles which outline the demographic situation in a
country, provide indicators on health, education, and the status of
women, and summarize government policy in these areas. A special
feature of these reports is a summary of the activities of the IPPF
affiliate in the country. To date, PPAS has received copies of the
profiles for Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan.
* For more detailed coverage of population issues in a given country,
UNFPA undertakes a Programme Review and Strategy Development (PRSD)
exercise in collaboration with country governments that analyses
current status and needs, assesses achievements of past population
activities, and recommends future action in terms of an overall
national population strategy. Reports on the exercise have been
published for Bangladesh, Bolivia, Botswana, Ecuador, India, Nepal,
Nigeria, Peru, South Pacific, Sri Lanka, Syrian Arab Republic,
Thailand, Tunisia, and Viet Nam. Guidelines for the preparation of
the PRSD are also published.
* The Special Programme of Research, Development and Research
Training in Human Reproduction of the World Health Organization (HRP)
has given us a computerized set of country profiles providing
historical and current information on collaboration and research
activities funded by HRP. In addition to summary information by
institution and investigator, the country profiles offer brief
descriptions of the funded projects and a list of national members of
scientific committees.
Publications of Note
-----------------------
Centre Francais sur la Population et le Developpement (CEPED), Women's
Status and Population: The Situation of Francophone Africa, (Paris,
France: CEPED, September 1992). The recognition that women's status
impacts on fertility, migration, and labor decisions is wide-spread.
Yet consensus has not been formed around how to integrate that
recognition into policies and programs. This book deals with
relationships between women's status and population dynamics
(fertility, migration, health and employment) and presents a synthesis
of the debates held during a workshop in Lome, Togo which brought
together practitioners and social scientists who came for the most
part from Francophone countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The Lome
workshop was organized by the Division for the Advancement of Women of
the United Nations; UNFPA and URD collaborated on the publication of
this volume.
Jane T. Bertrand and Judith E. Brown, Family Planning Success in Two
Cities in Zaire, WPS 1042, November 1992. This paper provides an
in-depth look at two markedly different but successful family planning
programs in Zaire. The authors find that the common elements that
contributed to their success include: developing a strong sense of
mission among staff members, ensuring an uninterrupted supply of
contraceptives through outlets in many locations, and establishing a
system of regular, supportive supervision. Another important factor
appeared to be adequate organizational autonomy, allowing staff
members to take responsibility for program success.
J. Price Gittenger and Carol Bradford, World Bank Project-Financed
Research on Population, Health, and Nutrition, WPS 1046, November
1992. This review of 109 PHN projects financed in fiscal years 1980
through 1991 focuses on research included as part of a project. More
than 90% of the projects financed research, with extremely variable
results. The study culls many lessons learned from this experience,
including the following: supervision is crucial to good results;
research that leads to a project outcome is more likely to be
undertaken and completed than is research with a more general
objective; peer-group review produces much better research; and it is
generally necessary to retain experienced consultants to help design
substantial research components.
Moni Nag, Family Planning Success Stories in Bangladesh and India, WPS
1041, November 1992. This case study of two experimental family
planning programs, the Matlab Project in Bangladesh and the Kundam
Project in India, highlights the factors that made these programs
successful, despite adverse socioeconomic conditions. The two
programs have different approaches: in the case of Matlab, an
organizational system was developed for delivering consumer-oriented
family planning and MCH services; in the Kundam Project, success may
be attributed to an organizational system developed for active
participation of community members in government's family planning and
other development programs. The study recommends pilot studies to
test the replicability of both approaches.
Regina McNamara, Therese McGinn, Donald Lauro, and John Ross, Family
Planning Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa: Case Studies from Ghana,
Rwanda, and the Sudan, WPS 1004, October 1992. Three successful
family planning projects in sub-Saharan Africa are examined and seen
to provide support for an optimistic view for future family
planning efforts in the region.
Michael H. Bernhart, Strategic Management of Population Programs, WPS
996, October 1992. Bernhart surveys the literature on strategic
management in private/for-profit organizations and applies lessons
from that literature to population programs. While acknowledging the
inherent confusion and frustrations involved in applying strategic
management techniques, the author concludes that the benefits to be
reaped from engaging in this process are numerous and justify the use
of such tools.
Baldwin, George: Targets and Indicators in World Bank Population
Projects, WPS 1048 (November 1992). This paper reviews the procedures
used by the Bank to evaluate the performance and impact of its population
program (74 projects are considered) and provides suggestions on ways to
improve on the evaluation system. Among the other recommendations are:
increased use of international comparisons and trend analysis for
determining progress rather than reliance on target setting; use of DHS
data as the rule, rather than the exception, in population and health
projections; and more attention to program-level rather than
project-level performance.
World Bank Population Projections
-----------------------------------
PPAS demographers Ed Bos, My Vu, and Ann Levin have completed the 1992-93
edition of the World Bank Population Projections, which include estimates
of fertility, mortality, and age structures, as well as projecting
population sizes by country and region to the year 2150. Global
projections indicate that by the year 2025, world population is projected
to reach 8.34 billion, an increase of 52% over the mid-year 1992 estimate
of 5.44 million. In 1992, LDCs accounted for 77% of world population;
by 2025 that figure will reach 83%.
A book of projections giving demographic data for every country in the
world will be on sale in the Bookstore in late January. In addition,
four volumes have already been published as working papers. They are
arranged by region:
* Europe and Central Asia Region, Middle East and North
Africa Region, WPS 1016;
* Africa Region, Confidential Draft Report;
* Latin America and the Caribbean Region (and Northern
America), WPS 1033; and
* East Asia and Pacific Region, South Asia Region, WPS
1032.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
PNN is a quarterly round-up of news and information relevant to Bank
staff working in the population field. It is produced by the
Population, Policy and Advisory Service (PPAS) and edited by Chantal
Worzala.
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archive PHNFLASH PNN2C Population News
Population Network News
No. 2, January, 1993
Part III
Donor Cooperation at Work: The Contraceptive Requirements
and Logistics Management Needs in Developing Countries Initiative
------------------------------------------------------------------
In FY92, the Africa Region and PHRDR (Population, Human Resources Dept.)
joined the Rockefeller Foundation, SIDA, and other donors in funding the
work of a UNFPA initiative to assess and respond to the contraceptive
requirements and logistics management needs developing countries will be
facing in the medium term. Specific areas of inquiry include:
* contraceptive requirements in the medium term;
* logistics management constraints and solutions;
* current and future capability for in-country contraceptive
manufacturing;
* the role of the NGO and private sector in family planning;
and
* the estimation of condoms required for STD/AIDS
prevention.
A UNFPA staff of three now oversees and disseminates the results of
in-depth studies of the situation in specific countries, at the rate of
four per year. To date, missions have been sent to Pakistan, Zimbabwe,
and India, with work currently underway in Nepal. The countries to be
visited in calendar year 1993 are Nigeria, Turkey, Philippines, and
either Brazil or Mexico.
Brainstorming at the UN:
Cost Recovery and Family Planning Program
Sustainability
---------------------------------------------
Given population growth, economic problems, and rising costs, the amount
of public resources available for family planning and public health
services in many countries is falling behind demand. Jyoti Shankar Singh,
Director of the Technical and Evaluation Division of the UNFPA, chaired a
brainstorming session of demographers, economists, and family planning
specialists on the issues of cost recovery, resource mobilization, and
program sustainability. The session raised preliminary issues and
strategies (including cross-subsidization, social marketing,
cost-effectiveness, and private/public mix); identified relevant country
experiences (Kenya, Burma, and the Bamako initiative, among others);
and outlined next steps in the preparations for a Consultation
on Cost Recovery to take place in June 1993.
Contraceptive News
------------------------
* The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) approved the three-month
injectable contraceptive Depo Provera for use in the United States in
October 1992, twenty-five years after the Upjohn Company first filed it
for approval. This ruling means that USAID can now supply Depo to family
planning programs in developing countries. They plan to begin doing
so in early 1993.
* Swedish health authorities approved RU 486 for use in Sweden in
September 1992.
* Scientists in India are hot on the trail of a contraceptive vaccine
for women. At the same time, the WHO Special Programme of Research,
Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP) has
conducted safety trials of its prototype antifertility vaccine in rats
and rabbits, finding no adverse affects either on pregnant animals or
fetuses. Work continues on developing a vaccine that will remain
effective for 12 months or more following a single injection.
* The vaginal ring, a progesterone-only contraceptive that can be
controlled by the user, has been extensively tested and proven safe and
effective. Roussel Laboratories Ltd. (UK) has applied for a product
license and will begin producing and distributing it soon.
Breastfeeding and AIDS: The Debate Continues
----------------------------------------------
On average, one of every three babies born to women with HIV becomes
infected. While it is known that the HIV virus can be transmitted
through breast milk, the extent to which this mechanism causes AIDS in
infants remains unclear, partly because it is very difficult to detect
the HIV virus in infants under the age of one. Recent research suggests,
however, that the risk is actually higher for infants born to women who
become infected after giving birth than for those born to mothers who
already have the virus. In order to shed additional light on the
transmission of HIV through breast milk, a proposed Bank project in
Honduras (Health and Nutrition) includes a small research component
addressing this question.
>From a policy perspective, the WHO and UNICEF have concluded that the
general promotion of breastfeeding should continue. The relative risk of
increasing infant mortality from infectious disease and malnutrition from
declining rates of breastfeeding is far greater than the potential for
increasing infant mortality due to the transmission of AIDS through
breast milk.
For more info, consult Gabrielle Palmer's article, "Breastfeeding: the
debate," in World AIDS, November 1992.
IPPF Reports on Male Participation in Family Planning in Africa
---------------------------------------------------------------
Most family planning programs target their services to women, often
combining contraceptive services with maternal and child health care.
While this approach has many benefits, it ignores men -- the other
partners in contraceptive decision making. In Africa, the objections of
husbands, and men more generally, have long been viewed as a major
barrier to contraceptive acceptance. However, recent surveys and other
research have shown a positive attitude among many men, but lack of
communication between partners on issues related to fertility
and sexuality.
The report stresses that family planning programs must work to promote
these changes in attitude, and reach men through various mechanisms: IEC
campaigns, men-to-men service provision and counseling, counseling for
couples where feasible, and programs targeted toward youth. These
services should be acceptable and appropriate to both men and women,
not divided along gender lines. The report summarizes the experiences of
IPPF affiliates in eight African countries, and discusses the findings of
workshops on the various steps of program design and implementation:
baseline research on attitudes, needs assessment methods, assessment of
IEC strategies, integration and service delivery, and evaluation of
programs targeting men.
Women's Education and Fertility: An Overview
---------------------------------------------
The Expert Meeting on Population and Women of the International
Conference on Population and Development, 1994 was held in Gaborone in
June of 1992. The conference generated a number of interesting papers,
one of the most impressive of which was "Women's Education, Fertility and
the Proximate Determinants of Fertility," by Shireen Jejeebhoy. This
paper and further work being done by Dr. Jejeebhoy updates the
meta-analysis of the relationship published by Cochrane in 1979. The
paper goes beyond that work by incorporating the enormous amount of new
data and new analysis that have become available. Perhaps more important
is the innovation of linking education and other dimensions of women's
status. Education's effects are multiple. Some of these apply to men and
women, while some are unique to women. Among the latter effects, perhaps
the most important is the impact of education on women's ability to
assume more power within traditional patriarchal families.
Education affects the number of children a woman can have by changing her
health and her breastfeeding behavior, the number she wants to have and
her ability to control fertility. Thus, education can increase or reduce
fertility, depending on the circumstances. Jejeebhoy's review of the
evidence shows, as Cochrane's earlier efforts did, that in very
underdeveloped environments a few years of primary schooling is
associated with small increases in fertility. It is only with completed
primary schooling that significant reductions in fertility are observed
in these environments. Dr. Jejeebhoy's review of the evidence emphasizes
that understanding the channels through which education affects
fertility is essential for policy formulation.
The Effects of Fertility Decline on Children's Education in Thailand
--------------------------------------------------------------------
In a recent paper, John Knodel (University of Michigan and Population
Council) examined the impact on children's education of the substantial
fertility decline experienced by Thailand in the last twenty or thirty
years. The evidence indicates that smaller family size and lower
fertility levels have had beneficial effects at both the macro and micro
level. On the national level, lower fertility has meant declining
primary school age cohorts, allowing the extension of pre-primary and
secondary education in existing primary school facilities. While primary
education is nearly universal, secondary school enrollments have been
increasing. On the familial level, statistical analyses show that larger
families send a smaller proportion of their children to school for
shorter lengths of time, while a larger percentage of children from small
families are sent to school for longer periods. Thus, by allowing for
greater investments per child on the part of both parents and the
government, fertility decline has helped to improve the quality of
education in Thailand.
For more information, see John Knodel: "Fertility Decline and Children's
Education in Thailand: Some Macro and Micro Effects", The Population
Council Working Paper No. 40, 1992.
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PNN is a quarterly round-up of news and information relevant to Bank
staff working in the population field. It is produced by the
Population, Policy and Advisory Service (PPAS) and edited by Chantal
Worzala.
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archive PHNFLASH PNN2B Conference/Meetings/Training
Population Network News
No. 2, January, 1993
Part II
Workshop on Population Research
-------------------------------
Understanding of the relationships between population and income
growth is important for designing development strategies and as one of
the many justifications for Bank involvement in the population sector.
To help Bank staff learn about recent developments in research on
these linkages, PPAS (Population, Policy and Advisory Service) held a
training course on January 12th. Entitled "Research on Population and
the Growth of per Capita Income in Developing Countries: New Findings
and Their Significance," the seminar brought together eminent
economists and demographers. The presenters included: Allen Kelley
(Duke), Didier Blanchet (INED, France), Robin Barlow (Michigan), and
Lant Pritchett (World Bank). T.N. Srinivasan (Yale) served as a
commentator. After a review of the research findings, Bank
researchers and operations staff participated in a discussion of the
research and policy implications for the Bank. While consensus was
not fully formed on the best approach to solving the question of how
and why population growth affects economic growth and development, the
session did help to formulate further avenues for research and policy
discussion on the topic.
International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), 1994
--------------------------------------------------------------------
The fall of 1992 witnessed three meetings leading up to the ICPD, 1994 to
be held in Cairo, Egypt. In October 1992, the Expert Group Meeting on
Family Planning, Health and Family Well-Being took place in Bangalore,
India. Discussion at the meeting centered on the need to focus on
individual needs rather than demographic targets, the means to link
family planning to other development activities such as improving women's
status and maternal and child health, and methods for developing better
cost estimates for family planning programs. The group, including Tom
Merrick from the Bank, drew up recommendations for submission to the 1994
Conference.
November 1992 brought the Expert Group Meeting on Population Growth and
Demographic Structure to Paris, France. Focusing on the relationship
between population growth and socioeconomic development, the meeting
looked at linkages between population change, sustainable economic
growth, and the distribution of income and social services.
Claudia von Monbart, External Affairs Counselor of the Bank's European
Office, represented the Bank.
In December 1992, the Third African Population Conference took place in
Dakar, Senegal, with Mrs. Ishrat Husain and Mr. Ben Gyepi-Garbrah
attending from the Bank. The conference consisted of two sessions: an
Expert Conference and a Ministerial Conference. Parallel activities
were also conducted on the African family and the role of women.
Discussions at the meetings centered on evaluating progress made in
achieving the Kilimanjaro Programme of Action for population and
sustainable development adopted in 1984 and providing recommendations for
its continued implementation. Other topics included: the African family
in the context of socioeconomic development; strategies for sustainable
development; emerging population problems and new orientations and
strategies; and population policies and programs in Africa.
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PNN is a quarterly round-up of news and information relevant to Bank
staff working in the population field. It is produced by the
Population, Policy and Advisory Service (PPAS) and edited by Chantal
Worzala.
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archive PHNFLASH PNN2A Population-Related World Bank Work
Population Network News
No. 2, January, 1993
Part I
Bank Projects Under Preparation
--------------------------------
* Papua New Guinea - Population and Family Planning Project
(Appraisal).
The Government of Papua New Guinea established a population policy in
March 1991, guided in part by the Bank sector report Management,
Manpower, Money: A Select Review of Health and Population in Papua New
Guinea. The proposed project will assist in the implementation of
that policy through assistance to the family planning program. The
project has two main elements: support for family planning service
delivery and long-term capacity building for the population program.
Specific project components include many of the traditional elements
of a population project: upgrading of health facilities, staff
training, technical assistance, supply and distribution of
contraceptives and related drugs, development of a health and family
planning promotion unit, and funding for a national demographic survey
and provincial data system. More innovative aspects include funding
for training, technical assistance, and financial support for NGOs
working in the field and operational/behavioral research and research
training. The proposed IBRD loan of $6.9 million, scheduled to go
before the Board in March 1993, represents about 20% of the total
project costs.
* Zimbabwe - STD/HIV Prevention and Care Project (Identification).
The Initial Executive Project Summary for the Zimbabwe STD/HIV
Prevention and Care Project outlines three broad strategies for
slowing the spread of these diseases: provision of condoms,
diagnostics for STDs and HIV, and drugs to treat STDs and
opportunistic infections associated with AIDS. Bank lending in these
areas is necessitated by the high rate of AIDS and STD prevalence
in Zimbabwe (as of July 1992, of the total population of about 10
million, over 14,000 people had been diagnosed with AIDS and an
estimated 800,000 were infected with HIV). Another motivating factor
is the recent decision by USAID to phase out its provision of condoms
to Zimbabwe by 1994.
* China - Comprehensive Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Project
(Identification).
While the rural health care system in China has made remarkable gains
over the past decades, great regional disparities exist in indicators
of maternal and child health. In addition, reforms made in the 1980s
led to a fee-for-service system that placed health care, and
especially preventive services, out of the reach of many families.
The proposed project would address the needs of disadvantaged rural
areas by building on a successful 300-Counties MCH project financed by
UNICEF, UNFPA, and WHO. Funding would cover additional training,
increased access, affordability, and utilization of MCH services, as
well as through improved planning, management, and referral services.
Among other project goals are increased contraceptive method choice,
improved service quality and access, and provision of individual
family planning counselling and education.
Bank Projects Approved to Date in FY93
----------------------------------------
* Ecuador - Second Social Development Project: Health and Nutrition.
Economic shocks in the form of reduced oil prices and natural
disasters complicated adjustment efforts in Ecuador and led to
decreased public expenditures in the social sectors during the 1980s.
The present project attempts to address some of the problems of
widespread poverty by (i) increasing the access to and quality of
basic social programs in the areas of health care (including family
planning), nutrition, and water and sanitation, and (ii) strengthening
the policy and institutional capacities of the MOH (Ministry of Health)
and lower levels of administration. Among the priority health care
interventions to be supported are prenatal, childbirth, and postpartum
care, as well as family planning. Of the $70 million loan approved in
October 1992, approximately $15 million will support population activities.
Bank Sector Work
-----------------
* Malawi Population Sector Study (grey cover).
In 1985, the Bank conducted a population sector review for Malawi
whose principle recommendations were (i) the formation of formal
capacity to formulate population policy and integrate population into
the planning process, and (ii) the strengthening of the child spacing
components of the MCH program. The 1992 sector study finds that
progress in implementing those recommendations has been quite good,
but further steps are urgently needed to respond to the pressures a
population growth rate of 3.5% per annum places on natural resources
(especially arable land), the labor market, and provision of social
services. Recommendations focus on ways to improve the integration of
population into development planning and means to address both supply
and demand constraints to an expanded child spacing program.
* Yemen - Health Sector Study.
Yemen is a fast-growing country (the annual rate of natural increase
is 3.1%) which has recently experienced large amounts of return
migration from the Gulf crisis and political unrest in East Africa
(the total number of return migrants approaches 1 million). Health
indicators for the country are poor, with maternal mortality one of
the highest in the world (10 per 100,000 live births) and fertility
very high (the total fertility rate is eight children per woman). In
recognition of the health and social consequences of high fertility,
the government has recently adopted a population policy, including the
formation of a National Population Council. After assessing the
status of Yemen's health sector, this study recommends a greater focus
on preventive care (including family planning), a better health
environment, and better sector management, including decentralization
of the provision of health services.
* Jordan - Poverty Assessment.
The poverty assessment currently underway for Jordan will be one of
the first to include a chapter on population and its links to poverty.
The rationale for such a chapter includes the historically important
role of migration in Jordan, the recent influx of returnees from the
Gulf Crisis, and a rate of natural increase of over 3% per year (the
RNI does not include population growth due to migration). The chapter
will discuss Jordan's demographic structure and trends in population
change, as well as the linkages between those trends and various
dimensions of poverty. The main mission takes place in January 1993.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
PNN is a quarterly round-up of news and information relevant to Bank
staff working in the population field. It is produced by the
Population, Policy and Advisory Service (PPAS) and edited by Chantal
Worzala.