Population size 1995 (millions)	Population growth rate 1990-95 (%)	Percentage urban 1995	Urban pop. growth rate 1990-95 (%)	Cropland per caput 1993 (ha)	Forest/woodland per caput 1993 (ha)	Renewable water per caput 1995 (m3/day)
Azerbaijan	7.6	1.2	55.8	1.7	(..)	(..)	11.9
Kazakhstan	17.1	0.5	59.7	1.2	(..)	(..)	27.1
Turkmenistan	4.1	2.3	44.9	2.3	(..)	(..)	48.1
Uzbekistan	22.8	2.2	41.3	2.6	(..)	(..)	15.5
Tajikistan	6.1	2.9	32.2	2.9	(..)	(..)	45.5
Kyrgyzstan	4.7	1.7	38.9	2.1	(..)	(..)	35.6
Iran	67.3	2.7	59.0	3.6	0.28	0.18	4.8
Afghanistan	20.1	5.8	20.0	7.7	0.46	0.11	6.8
Pakistan	140.5	2.8	34.7	4.4	0.16	0.03	9.1
India	935.7	1.9	26.8	2.9	0.19	0.08	6.1
Nepal	21.9	2.6	13.7	7.1	0.11	0.28	21.2
Bhutan	1.6	1.2	6.4	4.8	0.08	1.63	158.8
Bangladesh	120.4	2.2	18.3	5.3	0.08	0.02	53.6
Sri Lanka	18.4	1.3	22.4	2.2	0.11	0.12	6.4
Maldives	0.3	3.3	26.8	4.0	0.01		(..)

- = less than 0.005

(..) = information not available

SOIL RESOURCES

WATER RESOURCES

AIR

FOREST RESOURCES

BIO-DIVERSITY

URBAN ENVIRONMENT

MARINE RESOURCES

EROSION

CHEMICAL DEGRADATION, POLLUTION

LOSS TO HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

INDUCED SCARCITY

POLLUTION

SALINIZATION

POLLUTION

DEGRADATION

ENDANGERED SPECIES

CONGESTION, NUISANCES

POLLUTION

PHYSICAL DISTURBANCE

Azerbaijan

(Unsound irriga-tion and agricul-tural policies)

(Excess use of pesticides; oil; industries)

Lack of fresh-water resources.

Half of main rivers polluted.

(Some unsound irrigation projects)

(Industries, heating, powerplants)

Deforestation is serious.

Some fish species lost in Caspian Sea. Many land species endangered.

Poor water supply. Unsound waste disposal/ sewerage.

Caspian Sea contaminated (coastal drilling etc.).

Kazakhstan

(Grain mono-culture, unsound irrigation etc.)

(Radioactive wastes, salini-zation in irrigated areas etc.)

Lack of fresh-water resources.

Contamination in industrial areas, or by agricultural chemicals.

High levels of pollution in places. Acid rain.

Some regions suffer from serious forest loss.

Plant diversity altered by over stocking.

Concentration of industrial wastes in Eastern Kazakhstan.

Unsound water use reduced Aral Sea area by half.

Iran

1.5 billion tonnes lost p.a. (deforestation, overgrazing)

(Contamination from domestic and industrial wastes)

(Industrial and slaughterhouse discharges)

(Household, industrial and vehicle emissions)

"Stagerring rate" of deforestation.

Fauna and flora affected by war and its consequences.

(Domestic and industrial wastes, oil spills)

Afghanistan

(Pollution by agrochemicals)

(Poor sanitation infrastructure) Water related diseases.

Deforestation is a major problem. Cf. Kunar, Nuristan.

Overcrowding in major cities (rural exodus).

Pakistan

(Overgrazing)

Waterlogging, salinization.

Falling ground water tables in arid regions. Wastage.

(Human/organic waste, industrial effluents, chemical fertilizers etc)

Serious hazard in all major cities (car emissions).

(Overgrazing) Deforestation, rangeland degradation.

Marine/aquatic species destroyed or threatened by industrial discharges.

Mangroves affected by expansion of irrigated agriculture.

India

(Intensive cultivation, overgrazing)

Loss of organic and micro-nutrients (intensive cultivation)

Loss of land to urban and village growth.

Few people have regular access to potable water.

(Community wastes, industrial effluents, fertilizers/ pesticides)

(Overutilization of ground water)

(Outdated industrial plants)

(Shifting cultivation; fuelwood collection; overgrazing)

(Protected areas are far apart. Plantations replace natural forests)

Unplanned urbanization, pollution, lack of water and sanitation.

(Mangroves and coral reefs very vulnerable to human activities)

Nepal

(Overexploitation, floods)

(Excessive use of chemicals)

(Industrial discharges)

(Industrial discharges)

(Fuelwood/fodder/ timber extraction, agricultural expansion)

(Poaching)

Noise pollution. Hazardous wastes.

Bhutan

(Unsound cultivation methods, road and channel construction)

(Poor management)

(Organic pollution from human settlements)

(Industry; clearance for farming; overgrazing, fuelwood)

Wastes; sanitation is rudimentary.

(Oil handling, wastes)

Bangladesh

(Floods, sand deposition, poor agricultural practices)

Soil depletion, pollution by pesticides.

Loss of good land to urbanization.

(Overexploitation of ground water for irrigation, etc.)

Lack of safe water, sanitation.

There is saline encroachment.

(Clearance by landless/small farmers, fuelwood)

(Loss of wetlands, forests and natural habitat)

Destruction of mangroves (shrimp culture).

Sri Lanka

Soil erosion.

(Siltation of reservoirs, river beds, lagoons etc)

Industries + raw sewage pollute water bodies.

(Vechicle emissions and industries)

(Shifting cultivation, timber + fuelwood exploitation)

Proliferation of slums and shanties.

Industries + raw sewage pollute coastal ecosystems.

Coastal erosion.

Maldives

Rapid depletion of freshwater reserves.

(Solid waste disposal inadequate)

(Overexploita- tion of fuelwood supplies)

Contamination of coastal waters by sewage.

(Coral mining for building)

N.B. Main direct factors are summarized between brackets.

	Level of degradation (%)				Types of degradation (%)				Causes of degradation (%)
	Total	Light	Moderate	Strong	Water erosion	Wind erosion	Chemical degradation	Physical degradation	Defores tation	Overexp. wood cover	Over grazing	Agricultural activities
Iran	43	26	15	2	37	36	26	1	23	46	24	7
Afghanistan	34	26	8		82	12	5		20	1	75	4
Pakistan	24	20	3	1	48	35	17		47	15	22	15
India	20	1	12	7	75	16	9		50	17	25	8
Nepal	11	1	10	,	100		-		69		31	-
Bhutan	11	6	2	4	100				84		16	-
Bangladesh	19	12	8		40		60		27			73
Sri Lanka	31	13	6	12	60		40		54			46

N.B. Totals may not tally due to rounding.

Source: GLASOD

- = zero or negligible