UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
with support from the UN Population Fund (UNFPA)
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| UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, with support from the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) |
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The electronic version of this document is being made available by the
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Division (DESIPA), and the Pan African Development Information System
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UNITED NATIONS
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL
Distr.: LIMITED
E/ECA/PSPI.9/13
8 March 1996
ENGLISH
Original: FRENCH
--------------------------------------------------------------------
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA
Ninth session of the Joint Conference of
Planners, Statisticians, Population and
Information Specialists
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
11-16 March 1996
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 1993 SYSTEM OF NATIONAL
ACCOUNTS (SNA) IN THE AFRICAN REGION
96-397
====================================================================
1. INTRODUCTION
E/ECA/PSPI.9/13
1. In adopting the new System of National Accounts (SNA) at its 27
session held in March 1993 in New York, the Statistical Commission
of the United Nations recommended its use to member States as an
international reference document for the preparation of their
national accounts, for the promotion of the integration of economic
statistics and as an analytical tool.
2. Since that time, the Inter-Secretariat Working Group) on
National Accounts, in whose work participate the World Bank, the
Commission of the European Communities, the International Monetary
Fund (IMF), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD) and the United Nations, has undertaken a set of specific
activities designed to promote the steady and speedy implementation
of the SNA in member countries. Those activities have to do with
training, development and dissemination of manuals and software, ad-
hoc research activities aimed at resolving practical and conceptual
problems and technical cooperation projects.
3. The purpose of this report is to review national plans and
strategies for the implementation of the SNA in the region by
highlighting the assistance needs of African countries and the role
which ECA and international institutions could play in that regard.
Information on various national projects has been extracted from the
results of the regional survey organized in 1995 by ECA in close
cooperation with the United Nations Statistical Division.
1. National strategies for implementing the new SNA in Africa
1.1 Main objectives of the regional survey conducted by ECA
4. Through a questionnaire developed by the United Nations
Statistical Division, information has been collected on national
Strategies for the implementation of the new SNA. The review and
detailed analysis of the survey results, reproduced in the Annex was
conducted by the ECA Statistics Division.
5. The first part of the survey questionnaire focused on recording
current and planned activities in the countries compilation the
establishment of the 1993 SNA accounts and tables (or that of 1968
in those countries where the SNA had not yet become operational)
including the use of the various classifications.
6. The second part had to do with the availability of basic
information, the data sources commonly used for the compilation of
the national accounts and their coverage (branches of economic
activity and institutional sectors). Furthermore, countries were
invited to provide precise indications of the censuses and surveys
recently conducted by their national statistical offices or other
national structures, the censuses and surveys currently being
conducted and/or planned, and the potential sources of data that
might be available but which had not yet been used in national
accounting work because of their limited coverage.
7. The third part was to provide for compiling an inventory of the
human resources available and actually used in national accounting
work while drawing a distinction between senior managerial staff,
middle-level technical staff and auxiliary workers such as
secretaries, messengers and the like.
8. The fourth and final part of the questionnaire was designed
to evaluate the assistance needs of countries in the implementation
of various aspects of the SNA, for example:
(a) The preparation of balance-of-payments and public finance
statistics".
(b) The organization of household and business surveys and the
development of other basic economic statistics;
(c) The preparation of input-output tables, satellite accounts and
national accounts under significant inflation;
(d) The institution of a programme for computerizing national
accounting work using micro-computer facilities; and
(e) The use of national accounts for macro-economic analysis and
policy decision-making.
9. For each area in which they would like to receive technical
assistance, the countries were asked to indicate whether they would
prefer the provision of handbooks, software and/or other material,
the organization of training courses at home or abroad, the sharing
of experiences at a seminar of short-duration and/or direct technical
cooperation.
10. Finally, for each of the types of technical support envisaged,
the country had to specify whether their assistance needs were
urgent, not so urgent or could be satisfied later.
1.2 Overview of national strategies pursued in
SNA implementation
11. In all, 28 out of 53 African countries responded to the ECA
questionnaire, giving a response rate of about 53 per cent. Those
countries include South Africa, Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana,
Burundi, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Namibia, Guinea, Lesotho,
Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, the Gambia, the Niger,
Nigeria, uganda, Central African Republic, Sierra Leone, Tanzania,
Chad, Togo, Tunisia, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
12. Nearly all the countries indicated that they were compiling data
on the supply and use of goods and services, gross domestic product,
its distribution by branch of economic activity and uses for
calculating public and private final consumption expenditure, gross
fixed capital formation changes in inventories and the export and
import of goods and services as well as value added components.
13. In contrast, few countries indicated that they prepared
institutional sector accounts integrated economic accounts (which
were in principle subdivided into three subsets corresponding
respectively to current transaction accounts, accumulation accounts
and balance sheets accounts), satellite accounts and tables showing
the cross classification of value added per institutional sector and
by branch of economic activity and the functional classification of
expenditure.
14. The main sources of the data used by the countries to compile
their national accounts were made up, on the one hand, of population
and housing censuses and agricultural, industrial, trade,
construction, service, labour and household consumption surveys and,
on the other hand, by the balance-of-payments, public finance
statistics and foreign trade and statistical and tax declarations.
15. The coverage of industrial enterprise, trade and services
statistics was generally limited to major production plants and
consequently excluded the informal sector on which a survey
programme was currently being conducted i two of the countries only:
namely Benin and the Niger. Nevertheless, some countries planned to
extend, in the near future, their data collection activities to the
medium-scale enterprises.
16. In those African countries which paicipated in the survey, the
national accounting structures have very limited management autcomy
either because they generally formed part of the Central Bureau of
Statistics, the Department of Economic Planning or the Central Bank
which are, in turn, placed under a ministerial department. They also
have little staffing resources (ranging from 3 to 12 workers for the
most pa) except in Nigeria, South Africa, Egypt, Tunisia and Cote
d'lvoire where the staffing position is respectively 57, 38, 25, 20
and 17 (without distinction as to staff category). The data gathered
by means of the survey questionnaire did not, regrettably, make for
an accurate calculation o the percentages of senior managerial and
middle-level staff in the national accounting structures.
17. With regard to assistance requirements, the three North African
countries (Algeria, Egypt and Tunisia) which participated in the
survey did indicate that they would like to receive multidisciplinary
technical assistance including the provision of handbooks, the
organization of training courses at home and abroad and the sharing
of experiences at short seminars focusing on:
(a) The use of micro-computers r national accounting;
(b) The compilation and use of balance-of-payments statistics with
a view to establishing the rest of the world accounts;
(c) The preparation of integrated economic accounts and input-output
tables; and
(d) The relationship between private business accounting and
national accounting.
18. Tunisia would like, in addition to all that, to receive
technical assistance in the preparation of satellite accounts.
19. In West Africa, Benin, Cape Verde, Cote d'lvoire, the Gambia,
Guinea, the Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Togo expressed great
interest in three types of technical support mentioned in the
questionnaire, namely,, the provision of handbooks, the organization
of training courses at home or abroad and the sharing of experiences
a short seminars. With the exception of Cote d'lvore, these
countries would also like to receive direct technical assistance in
the preparation of satellite accounts on health and education and
financial transaction accounts, balance of payments, public finance
statistics and input-output tables.
20. In Central Africa, Burundi, the Central African Republic, Rwanda
and Chad would need not only direct technical assistance, but also
all the types of technical support envisaged in the context of SNA
implementation. The areas of focus for such assistance comprised:
(a) The establishment of a comprehensive methodology for national
accounting as laid down in the 1993 SNA;
(b) The preparation of the balance of payments, input-output tables,
public finance statistics, satellite accounts and national
accounting under significant inflation; and
(c) The use of micro-computers in national accounting.
23. Finally, Mauritius expressed the wish to be considered as a
pilot project country for the implementation of the new SNA given the
fact that the country had a relatively substantial amount of basic
data derived from administrative as well as various census and survey
sources.
II. STAGES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEW SNA AND
COUNTRY PROJECTIONS FOR THE PERIOD 1995-2010
24. In accordance with the recommendations of Inter-Secretariat
Working Group on National Accounts, the implementation of the 1993
SNA should comprise the following six phases:
Phase 1: Calculation of basic GDP indicators: final
expenditures on GDP at current and constant prices; distribution of
GDP by kind of economic activity at current and constant price;
supply and use tables at current and constant prices;
Phase 2: Calculation of GNI and other primary indicators:
External account of primary incomes and current transfers; capital
accounts and financial accounts for the rest of the world;
Phase 3: Preparation of institutional sector accounts initial
stage: production accounts for all institutional sectors; primary
and secondary distribution accounts, use of income, capital and
financial accounts for general government;
Phase 4: Preparation of institutional sector accounts
(intermediate stage): primary secondary distribution accounts, use
of income and capital accounts for all institutional sectors other
than general government;
Phase 5: Institutional sector accounts (final stage : financial
accounts for all institutional sectors other than general government;
and
Phase 6: Other flow accounts and balance sheets: other changes
in assets accounts for all institutional sectors; balance sheets.
25. The preparation of SNA accounts and tables should be supported
by an integrated basis data system particularly concerning;
(a) Agriculture, industrial production, external trade, prices,
employment, retail trade, construction sector production, household
consumption expenditure and financial transactions (preparatory to
commencing the implementation of the new SNA);
(b) Capital stocks and other monetary and financial flows.
26. In addition to the accounts and tables mentioned above, the
countries having the required technical and material capacity should
also prepare during phase 3:
(a) Quarterly national accounts generally confined to basic GDP
indicators, GNI and other basic indicators whose calculation has been
recommended in phases 1 and 2 of the implementation of the new SNA;
(b) Regional accounts generally showing the distribution of GDP
by branch of economic activity. This is the single indicator
compiled by most of the countries now preparing such accounts; and
(c) Satellite accounts particularly on the environment sector
and those other sectors considered by the country itself to be of
priority (education, health and tourism for example).
27. Another refinement proposed for the implementation of the new
SNA concerns preparation of input-output tables which are of capital
importance for development planning. The countries of the region
that wish to emphasize input-output analysis for the medium or long
term should prepare such tables during phase 4.
28. Furthermore, going by the country projections made jointly by
the United Nations Statistical Division and ECA (see table attached):
(a) Twelve African countries 1/ will need external technical
assistance to reach phase 4 by the year 2010 as compared to 23 2/ for
phase 5;
(b) Only one country (Botswana) will have implemented by 2005
all the phases planned as compared to seven countries (Botswana,
Cameroon, Mauritius, Reunion, South Africa, Tunisia and Zimbabwe) by
the year 2010;
(c) Eleven countries 3/ will have implemented two only of the
six phases envisaged by the year 2005;
(d) Finally, 12 countries 4/ will have implemented one only of
the six phases envisaged by the year 2000.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 1993 SNA IN AFRICA: PROJECTIONS
BY COUNTRIES FOR TUE PERIOD 1995-2010
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Countries needing external
technical assistance to
Year/SNA implementation reach phases 4 & 5 by
Country phase 2010
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1995 2000 2005 2010 Phase Phase
No. 4 No. 5
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Algeria 2 3 4 5 x
2 Angola 1 2 3 4
3 Benin 2 3 4 5
4 Botswana 5 6 6 6
5 Burkina Faso 2 3 4 5
6 Burundi 1 2 3 4 x
7 Cameroon 3 4 5 6
8 Cape Verde 1 2 3 4 x
9 Central
African
Republic 1 2 3 4 x
10 Chad 0 1 2 3 x x
11 Comoro 0 1 2 3 x x
12 Congo 1 2 3 4 x
13 Cote d'Ivoire 2 3 4 5
14 Djibouti 0 1 2 3 x x
15 Egypt 2 3 4 5
16 Guinea
Equatorial 0 1 2 3 x x
17 Eritrea 0 1 2 3 x x
18 Ethiopia 2 3 4 5
19 Gabon 2 3 4 5
20 The Gambia 1 2 3 4 x
21 Ghana 2 3 4 5
22 Guinea 2 3 4 5
23 Guinea Bissau 1 2 3 4 x
24 Kenya 2 3 4 5
25 Lesotho 1 2 3 4 x
26 Liberia 0 1 2 3 x x
27 Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya 2 3 4 5
28 Madagascar 2 3 4 5
29 Malawi 1 2 3 4 x x
30 Mali 2 3 4 5
31 Mauritania 2 3 4 5
32 Mauritius 4 5 6 6
33 Morocco 2 3 4 5
34 Mozambique 0 1 2 3 x x
35 Namibia 2 3 4 5
36 Niger 1 2 3 4 x
37 Nigeria 2 3 4 5
38 Reunion 3 4 5 6
39 Rwanda 0 1 2 3 x x
40 Sao Tome &
Principe 0 1 2 3 x x
41 Senegal 2 3 4 5
42 Seychelles 2 3 4 5
43 Sierra Leone 2 3 4 5
44 Somalia 0 1 2 3 x x
45 South Africa 3 4 5 6
46 The Sudan 2 3 4 5
47 Swaziland 2 3 4 5
48 Togo 2 3 4 5
49 Tunisia 3 4 5 6
50 Uganda 0 1 2 3 x x
51 Tanzania 0 1 2 3 x x
52 Zaire 4 x
53 Zambia 5
54 Zimbabwe 6
--------------------------------------------------------------------
III. THE ROLE OF ECA AND INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEW SNA IN AFRICA
3.1 Types of support envisaged by ECA
29. In December 1993, just nine months after the revised version of
the SNA was adopted by the United Nations Statistical Commission, ECA
organized for the English-speaking African countries a seminar whose
objective, on the one hand, was to train trainers and, on the other
hand, was to define regional strategies and priorities for SNA
implementation. A similar seminar planned for the French-speaking
African countries in October 1995 had to be postponed to the fourth
quarter of 1996 because only a limited number of countries had
announced their intention to participate within the set deadline.
30. During the 1996-1997 biennium, ECA plans to organize two
regional seminars (one in English and one in French) on the
preparation of public sector accounts under the new SNA and a
bilingual seminar on the implementation of the 1993 SNA for the North
African countries. Also planned are ad-hoc technical assistance
missions which will be fielded to countries upon request and the
preparation of an evaluation report on progress achieved and
difficulties encountered region-wide in the implementation of the new
SNA.
31. Furthermore, ECA could subsequently initiate methodological
studies aimed at deepening and adapting to the African situation some
of the aspects of the new SNA including the development of basic data
on key sectors such as the informal sector and households. ECA could
also design and implement, with the support of bilateral and
multilateral cooperation organizations regional programmes of
assistance in those areas accorded priority by African countries
themselves (computerization of national accounting, preparation of
satellite accounts, regional and quarterly accounts etc).
3.2 Role of international institutions
32. As Indicated earlier, the types of technical support envisaged
by the international institutions (more particularly the World Bank,
the Commission of the European Communities, the IMF, OECD and the
United Nations Secretariat) include training, development and
dissemination of handbooks and software, research activities aimed
at resolving practical and conceptual problems as well as technical
cooperation projects.
33. It should be mentioned here that the type of assistance which
will be crucial to a large number of countries in the region is the
financing of survey programmes for the gathering of reliable and
detailed data on key sectors such as agriculture, industry,
construction, trade, services, public finance and households.
Indeed, more than half the African countries have yet to acquire the
financial resources needed for setting up integrated data collection
and processing systems without which the proper implementation of the
new SNA would remain on unfulfilled promise.
34. In the countries concerned, an in depth evaluation of the basic
data situation should be conducted urgently with a view to preparing
comprehensive project documents that can be submitted to bilateral
and multilateral donors.
CONCLUSION
35. The speedy and efficient implementation of the new SNA would
depend largely on the assistance granted to African countries in
various forms and the degree to which that is coordinated
particularly when they are instituting phases 4 and 5.
36. More immediately, training should be perceived as a capital
component given the many innovations envisioned in the new SNA
relative to the 1968 SNA. Particular attention should be paid,
accordingly, to the development of basic data and technical
cooperation projects dealing with specific national problems and
priorities.
FINAL RESULTS OF THE REGIONAL SURVEY ON THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 1993 SNA
The Overall situation emerging from the analysis of the survey
questionnaire responses is as follows:
A. General remarks
1. Questionnaire
A number of points which were not taken into account in the
questionnaire but which are of particular importance to the effective
implementation of the 1993 SNA include:
(a) The determination of aggregate values at constant prices,
particularly of GDP by branch of economic activity and final use;
(b) With such GDP at market prices, no mention is made of the
calculation of GDP at factor cost;
(c) No request is made for staff needs in terms of recruitment
plans. What is of importance is the current staffing position; and
(d) No provision is made in the questionnaire for long-term
assistance. Experience shows that a large number of African
countries receive such assistance which promotes the acquisition by
the national accounting unit of account preparation techniques and
materials. this applies to Namibia and Statistics Sweden.
2 Number of responses
Twenty eight out of 53 countries responded to the questionnaire.
(a) By linguistic groupings, the breakdown is as follows:
(i) Anglophone countries: 14 out of 24 (Sierra Leone,
Malawi, Uganda, Zambia, Botswana, South Africa,
Egypt, Namibia, Tanzania, Mauritius, the Gambia,
Lesotho, Nigeria and Zimbabwe);
(ii) Francophone countries: 11 out of 23 (Algeria,
madagascar, Cote d'Ivoire, Chad, Central African
Republic, Benin, Guinea, Togo, the Niger and
Tunisia);
(iii) Lusophone countries: 3 out of 6 (Mozambique, Angola
and Cape Verde).
(b) By subregion the breakdown is as follows:
(i) North Africa: 3 out 6 (Algeria, Egypt and Tunisia)
(ii) West Africa: 9 out of 16 (Sierra Leone, Cote
D'Ivoire, the Gambia, Benin, Guinea, Togo, the
Niger, Nigeria and Cape Verde);
(iii) Central Africa: 3 out of 10 (Central African
Republic, Chad and Burundi); and
(iv) Eastern and Southern Africa: 13 out of 21 (Malawi,
Uganda, Zambia, Botswana, South Africa, Namibia,
Tanzania, Mauritius, Madagascar, Mozambique, Angola,
Lesotho and Zimbabwe).
3. Quality of responses
Some of the questions were not answered in the spirit of the
survey so it was not easy to classify the responses in relation to
the questions asked. This typically applied to the degree of urgency
required to respond to needs in terms of handbooks, training,
courses, direct technical cooperation and others mentioned in table
iv. Respondents put only a cross against the question without
indicating the priority of their needs.
B. Current status of national accounting work
1. Nature of aggregates, table and accounts
Nearly all the countries now calculate GDP by branch of economic
activity with indicators showing the final use of goods and services
as well as value-added components. The majority of countries also
compile a supply and use table while very few prepare input-output
tables. Concerning institutional sector accounts, these are partly
prepared and generally concern non-financial corporation accounts,
financial corporations and general government. The household and
private non-profit institution accounts as well as those with the
rest of the world are not prepared regularly, if at all. In brief,
few countries prepare:
(a) Institutional sector accounts:
(b) Integrated economic accounts (current transaction accounts,
capital accounts and financial accounts);
(c) Crossed classification by institutional sector and by
branch of economic activity;
(d) Functional classification of expenditure accounts.
(e) Balance sheet accounts; and
(f) Satellite accounts.
2. Sources of basic data
The countries mainly use as sources of data population and
housing censuses and agricultural, industrial, trade, construction,
services, labour and household consumption expenditure surveys. They
also use the balance-of-payments statistics, data on public finance
and external trade statistics compiled by the custom offices as well
as statistical and tax declarations. The periodicity of data
collection in a number of these sectors is annual. Sometimes, it may
be ten years for large scale operations such as household consumption
expenditure censuses and surveys. Data collection in some areas is
conducted on an ad hoc basis to meet specific study requirements.
In the near future, some countries, plan to extend their data sources
to medium enterprise surveys. Data collection in the informal sector
is conducted generally only in Benin which has a survey programme on
the informal sector and in the Niger which conducted a survey of the
sector in 1997 and is currently engaged in similar exercise.
3. Structure responsible for national accounting (designation and
staff strength)
The official title of the structure responsible for national
accounting varies from one country to another and may be designated
a department, division, service, unit or section according to the
administrative organizational structure in each country. Note should
be taken of the fact that this structure is always placed under
another national structure which may be the bureau of statistics, the
department of planning or the central bank which, in turn, may come
under a ministerial department thus considerably reducing the
management autonomy of the structure which does the national
accounting work. The staff strength is relatively low in cases and
ranges from 4 to 38 except for the specific case of Nigeria which has
57 staff working in its structure.
4. Technical assistance needs
The countries urgently need handbooks, documents and long- or
short-term training in national accounting. With regard to direct
technical cooperation, the need is far more pressing than in the area
of using micro-computers. The importance of having satellite
accounts is also felt when it comes to securing manuals and
documentation.
C. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. General suggestions
Both from the foregoing analysis and from the experience gained
at the seminar organized in December 1993 with the English-speaking
countries and in the course of technical assistance missions fielded
to certain countries, ECA, feels that the programme for
implementation of the 1993 SNA should be oriented towards:
1.1 Training
For such training to be beneficial, it would seem preferable to
organize subregional seminars by linguistic groups in order to
facilitate (a) the comprehension of all the subjects; (b) the sharing
of experiences at seminars held periodically and comprising three
sections: the first would be theoretical and focus on the
recommendations of the SNA regarding the items on the agenda for the
seminar; the second would be practical and deal with country
experiences While the third would be devoted to the demonstration of
computer programmes for processing national accounts.
1.2 Handbooks
These documents should be designed as practical guides to the
preparation of accounts with emphasis placed more on the processing
and use of basic data in specific accounts and/or tables. The
handbooks should be widely disseminated in English and French
possibly before (rather than during) the training sessions. They
should complement the training courses and seminars. In this
connection, mention should be made of the publication by the French
Ministry of Cooperation and Development in 1981 of a two-volume guide
to the preparation of economic accounts. The first volume is devoted
to be methodology and the second to practical exercises. The guide
is a highly useful training tool for the practice of account
preparation and the new SNA handbooks should be designed in the same
spirit.
1.3 Logistic support
Care should be taken to popularize the use of micro-computers
in national accounting work using software designed to take into
account the level of African expertise in account preparation
techniques and command of computer sciences as well as the
qualitative and quantitative nature of the basic data. In this
regard, it is good to know that the European Union and the French
Ministry of Cooperation have initiated a project aimed at improving
national accounting in the African - Caribbean and Pacific (ACP Group
countries. The project will institute a computerized module named
"ERE/TES" supply/use balance and input/output tables which form a
national accounting approach based on the building of a data base.
Such a data base also enables annual input/output tables to be built
as well as all aspects of a comprehensive accounting system following
the rules of the new SNA, to be processed. This computer module has
been tested and installed in the Central African Republic and is
being installed in Cameroon while Cote d'Ivoire is considering the
prospects for its installation. Coordination at this level could be
conducted in the context of implementation of the new SNA in Africa
(table iv), subitem vi of the questionnaire).
1.4 Advisory services
African countries are to be assisted to master the techniques
of national account preparation. To do this, periodic short missions
should be mounted by ECA experts in specific areas identified as
national priorities by the countries.
1.5 Coordination with other organizations
ECA has received a copy of the letter addressed by Mr. Habermann
to Mr. Franchet, Director of EUROSTAT, on cooperation between
EUROSTAT and the United Nations Statistical Division on the
implementation of the 1993 SNA. The Commission would like to be
closely associated with activities taking place under such
cooperation, especially where the African countries are concerned.
2. Proposals by subregion
2.1 North Africa 3/6
Algeria, Egypt and Tunisia.
Strategy: Generally, these countries seem to have achieved a
degree of progress in national accounting work so the implementation
of the new SNA in the subregion might focus on the following:
Provision of handbooks, training of national accounting staff
and short seminars for sharing experiences in the use of micro-
computers, the preparation and use of balance-of-payments statements
with a view to preparing accounts with the rest of the world, the use
of financial statistics in national accounts, the preparation of
integrated economic accounts and of input/output tables, the
preparation of accounts under significant inflation and (in the case
of transitional economies) the relationship between private business
accounting and national accounting.
Obviously, the countries of this subregion do not need direct
technical assistance. Those which responded to the survey
questionnaire clearly indicated this but Tunisia would like to
receive assistance in the preparation of satellite account.
Workshops could therefore be organized annually on a rotating
basis in each of the countries (Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, the Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya, Egypt and the Sudan) on themes bringing together two
or three of the issues identified above.
2.2 West Africa (9/16)
Benin, Cape Verde, Cote d'lvoire, the Gambia, Guinea, the Niger,
Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Togo.
Strategy: All areas of assistance mentioned in table iv of the
questionnaire, namely provision of handbooks, training, short-term
study programmes, direct technical cooperation are of interest to the
countries except Cote d'Ivoire which would not be interested in
direct technical cooperation. In this group, Benin urgently needs
technical assistance for the preparation of satellite accounts for
health and education and for the preparation of a financial
transactions table. Still within the context of urgent technical
assistance, Guinea has identified the following areas: preparation
of the balance of payments statement, public finance statistics and
input/output tables.
In addition to the provision of handbooks, the workshops should
be organized by linguistic group on an annual basis (one in Cote
d'Ivoire for the French-speaking countries and one in Sierra Leone
for the English-speaking countries) on issues having a direct bearing
on the areas identified in survey questionnaire table iv by the
countries of the group taken as a whole.
2.3 Central Africa (3/10)
Burundi, Chad and Central African Republic.
Strategy: Only three countries of the subregion participated
in the survey. Like the countries of West Africa, it is suggested
that manuals be distributed and training courses organized for
certain countries like Burundi, Rwanda, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome
and Principe along with periodic direct technical assistance in
French or in Portuguese, depending on the case. Mention should be
made in this regard of a project for SNA 1993 implementation
sponsored by Portugal for the Portuguese-speaking countries. Coming
back to the specific case of Burundi, it must be pointed out that the
analysis of survey questionnaire table iv indicates that the country
would like to institute as quickly as possible a comprehensive
national accounting methodology within the framework of the new SNA.
2.4 Eastern and Southern Africa (13/21.)
South Africa, Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi,
Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia and
Zimbabwe.
Strategy: The response rate was relatively higher in this
subregion than in the others. The countries need handbooks, short-
term training courses and some have expressed an interest in direct
technical cooperation. They are:
South Africa: for the preparation of input/output tables and
institutional sector account (household), the use of micro-computers
and general support in the implementation of the 1993 SNA;
Angola: for the development of financial statistics,
establishment of input/output tables and development of a methodology
for the preparation of national accounts under significant inflation;
Botswana: urgently needs help with the preparation of public
finance statistics and the use of microcomputers;
Lesotho: for the preparation of input/output tables and
household sector accounts;
Mauritius: for the preparation of a comprehensive set of
accounts (in particular capital and balance sheet accounts), a social
accounting matrix, satellite accounts for tourism specially and the
calculation of quarterly GDP;
Mozambique. for the preparation of input/output tables and the
use of micro-computers;
Uganda: for the preparation of the balance-of-payments
statement, financial statistics and the use of micro-computers; and
Zimbabwe: for the preparation of input/output tables.
Except for Angola and Mozambique in this group (see chapter
11.3), seminars may be organized alternatively for English-speaking
and French speaking subgroups with handbooks being distributed.
One country deserves particular attention. This is Mauritius
which would like to be considered for a pilot study within the
context of a regional project on the implementation of the 1993 SNA
since the country has a relatively large volume of data from various
censuses and studies as well as administrative sources.
The United Republic of Tanzania plans to initiate the 1993 SNA
implementation scheme in January 1996.
Annex
Summary table of survey results
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Country Current and Current and Assistance
Future Plans Future Sources Staffing Need Key Areas
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sierra Supply & Pop. & Agric. Not Handbooks All area in
Leone Use & I-O censuses Ind. stated training table iv
Tables Hsehld & labour courses,
NPI accounts surveys technical
Current cap. Customs assistance
fin. accounts BoP
Balance Public finance
sheet accounts
Classif. (house-
hold & NPI)
Satellite accounts
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Malawi Supply & Use Pop & Agri. 5 Handbooks, Use of micro-
I-O tables Censuses training comps, BoP
Inst. sect. Ind. Hsehld courses Satellite
accounts & labour accounts
Current cap.& surveys
fin. accounts Customs
Balance sheet BoP
accounts Public
Satellite finance
accounts
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Uganda Value-added Pop. & Agric. 4 Manuals, Fin.
components censuses training statistics
Inst. sector I, H & L courses BoP
accounts surveys technical
Current cap. customs assistance
& fin. accounts BoP
Operating Public
surplus finance
Balance sheet
accounts
Funct. classif.
of expenditure
Balance sheet
accounts
Satellite
accounts
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zambia Inst. see, Pop. & Agric. 10 Tech. BoP
accounts censuses assistance Fin. stat
Cross I, H & L Use of micro-
classif sec./ surveys comps
branch Public Training Use of SNA for
Funct. finance courses analysis
classif. of Customs under signif.
expenditure BoP inflation
Balance All areas
sheet
accounts
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Botswana Satellite 13
accounts Pop. & Agric. Handbooks, Pub. fin.
I, H&L training stats.
surveys courses Use of
Public Tech. micro-
finance assistance comps
Customs Linking
BoP business
with
national
accounting
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Algeria Total Pop & Agric. 11 Handbooks BoP, Pub. Fin
economy censuses training Fin. stats.
Hsehld Use of
accounts I,H&L micro-comps
NPI surveys SNA under
accounts Public signif.
Current finance inflation
trans. Customs SNA for
accounts BoP econs. in
Fin. corp. trans.
accounts IEA & FA
Cross. tables
Classif.
Sect/branch
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mozambique Total eco. Agric. 4 Handbooks, 1-0 tables
Non-Fin. surveys training Linking
Corp. 1,H&I. courses business
accounts surveys Tech. with
NPI Public assistance national
accounts finance accounting
Capital Customs Use of
accounts BoP micro-
Cross. comps.
Classif. Fin.stats
sect/branch Hsehld
Funct. accounts
classif.
of expen-
diture
for NPIs &
non-fin. corp.
accounts
Balance
sheet
accounts
Satellite
accounts
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Angola Supply & Agric, 7 Handbooks, BoP, Fin.
Use table surveys training Statistics
I-O table I,H&L courses I-O tables
Total surveys and tech. Pub. Finance
economy Public assist SNA under
Hsehld finance signific.
accounts Customs inflation
NPI BoP
accounts
Fin.corp.
accounts
Cross
classif.
sect/branch
Funct.
classif
of expen-
diture
Balance
sheet
accounts
Satellite
accounts
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
South Supply & Pop. and 38 Handbooks, 1993 SNA
Africa Use table agric. training Use of micro-
I-O tables censuses courses comps.
RoW accounts I,H&L and tech. Hsehld
cross classif. survey assist. accounts
sect./branch Public I-O tables
Funct. finance
Classif of Customs
expenditure BoP
for NPIs and
non-fin corp
accounts
Environmental
accounting
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Egypt Total Pop. and 17 Handbooks Bop, Public
economy agric. training finance
Funct. censuses courses Fin.
classif. of I,H&L and tech. Statistics
expenditure surveys assist. Linking
for non-fin. Public business
corp. finance with national
accounts BoP accounting
Balance Use of
sheet micro-comps
accounts (fin. SNA under
assets/ signif.
liabilities) inflation
Environmental SNA for
accounting econs. in
trans.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cote 1986 fin. Agric. Stats. 20 Handbooks All areas
d'Ivoire accounts I,H&L and of table iv
Funct. survey training
classif. Public courses
of expendi- finance
ture Customs
Balance BoP
sheet
accounts
Satellite
accounts
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Madagascar 1984 Pop & 16 Handbooks BoP, Public
total Agric. training fin.
economy censuses courses Fin. stats.
1984 inst. I,H&L I-O tables
sect. surveys linking
accounts Public business
1984 classif. finance with national
sect/branch Customs accounting
Capital BoP Use of
accounts micro-comps
1984 Funct. Satellite
classif. accounts
of expend. SNA under
Environmental signif.
accounts inflation
SNA for
econs. in
trans.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Namibia I-O & Agric. 3 Cooperation
supply use censuses with
tables I&H Statistics
Sect. surveys Sweden
accounts Public & ODA
(Fin. corps. finance
hsehlds. & Customs
NPIs) BoP
Fin. corp.
accounts
Cross.
classif.
sect./
branch
Funct.
classif.
of expend
Balance
sheet
accounts
Satellite
accounts
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mauritius I-O & Agric. 10 Handbooks Fin.stats.,
Supply & censuses training I-O tables
Use tables Census of courses Use of micro-
Capital econ. tech. comps.
accounts activity assistance Hsehld.
Fin. corp. I,H&L accounts
account surveys Satellite
Cross Public accounts
classif. finance Quarterly
sect/branch Customs GDP
Funct. BoP
classif. of
expenditure
for NPI &
non-financial
corps.
Balance
sheet
accounts
Satellite
accounts
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cent. Current Agric. 8 Handbooks, BoP, Pub. Fin.
African trans. censuses training Fin. stats.
Rep. accounts I,A&H courses Use of
Financial surveys and micro-comps
accounts Public seminars SNA under
Capital finance significant
accounts Customs Tech. inflation
Funct. BoP assistance I-O tables
classif. Satellite
of expend- accounts
ture
Satellite
accounts
1994
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chad Final use I,A&L 5 Handbooks BoP, Pub. Fin
of goods surveys training Fin. stats
& services Public courses Use of micro-
Value- finance and comps.
added Customs seminars Satellite
components BoP accounts
I-O tables SNA under
Supply & significant
Use tables inflation
Inst. sect. I-O tables,
accounts accounting
Cross classif. for economies
sect/branch in transition
Funct.
classif. of
expenditure
Balance sheet
accounts
Satellite
accounts
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
The GDP by I,A&H 5 Handbooks, BoP, Pub.
Gambia use surveys training Fin.
I-O tables Public courses Fin. stats
Supply & finance seminars Use of
Use tables Customs tech. micro-comps
Inst. sect. BoP assistance Satellite
accounts accounts
for non- SNA under
fin. corps. significant
& NPIs inflation
Current I-O tables,
accounts accounting
Cross for econo-
classif. mies in trans.
sect/ Integration
branch for of hsehld
export survey data
surplus into SNA
and other
cap. accounts
Funct.
classif. of
expenditure
Capital
accounts
Satellite
accounts
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Guinea Fin. I.A&L 10 Handbooks BoP, I-O
accounts surveys tables
Cap. Public fin. Linking
account Customs business
elements BoP with
1996 balance national
sheet accounting
accounts Use of
1997 Satellite micro-comps
accounts Hsehld.
accounts
Seminars Fin. stat.
Tech. BoP, I-O
assistance tables &
Pub. Fin.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Benin I-O tables I,A&H 7 Handbooks BoP, Pub. Fin.
cap. acct. surveys training Fin. stats
elements Informal and Use of micro-
Funct. sect. seminars comps
classif. of surveys SNA under
expenditure Pub. significant
Cap. accounts Finance inflation
Satellite Customs I-O tables
accounts BoP Account
economies
in trans.
Satellite
accounts
Financial
accounts
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesotho I-O & I,A&H 7 Handbooks I-O tables,
supply surveys training Hsehld,
& Use Labour courses accounts
tables surveys Tech. Use of micro
Inst. sect Pub. fin assistance comps.
accounts Customs SNA under
Cross. BoP significant
classif. inflation
of expendi
ture
Cap. accounts
Satellite
accounts
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Togo Funct. I,A&H 13 Handbooks, BoP, Pub.
classif. surveys training & Finance
of Public tech. asst. Fin.
expenditure fin. statistic
(excluding Customs I-O tables
general BoP Linking
govt.) business
Cap. with national
accounts accounting
Satellite Use of
accounts micro-comps
Hsehdld.
accounts
Satellite
accounts
SNAS under
signif.
inflation
Regional
accounts
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Niger I-O & I,A&H 14 Handbooks BoP
Supply & surveys training Pub. fin.
Use tables Informal statistics
Inst. sect. sector Fin. stats
accounts surveys SNA under
for hsehld. Public significant
NPI & finance inflation
Current Customs Hsehld
accounts BoP accounts
Capital Use of
accounts micro-comps
Financial
accounts
Cross
classif.
sect/branch
Funct.
classif.
of expenditure
Balance
sheet
accounts
Satellite
accounts
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cape Cross Agric. 5 Table iv
Verde classif. censuses not
sect/ I,A&H answered
branch for surveys
Balance Labour
sheet surveys
accounts Public
Funct. finance
classif. Customs
of expendi- BoP
ture
Balance
sheet
accounts
Satellite
accounts
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nigeria I-O & Pop. Agric. 57 Handbook BoP
Supply & & Ind. censuses training Pub. fin.
Use tables I,A&H stats.
Inst. sect. surveys Fin.
accounts Labour statistics
for Q-corps., surveys Use of micro-
fin. insts. Pub. comps
Hsehlds & finance Satellite
NPIs Customs accounts
Financial BoP
accounts
Funct.
classif. of
expenditure
Balance
sheet
accounts
Satellite
accounts
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tunisia Cross I,A&H 25 Handbooks BoP, Pub. Fin.
classif. surveys Fin.statistics
sect/ Pub. I-O tables
branch finance Use of
for Customs micro-comps
Balance BoP Training Fin. stats
sheet Satellite
accounts accounts
Funct. Courses BoP, Fin.
classif. stats.
of expendi- I-O tables,
ture use of
(excluding Tech. micro-comps
general assistance Satellite
govt.) accounts
Balance
sheet
accounts
Satellite
accounts
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Burundi Funct. I,A&H 10 Handbooks Provision of
classif. surveys training, documents &
of expen- Pub. course, methodology
diture finance tech.asst for compiling
Balance Custom national
sheet BoP accounts
accounts under 1993
Satellite SNA
accounts
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zimbabwe I-O & I,A&H 6 Handbooks All area
supply & surveys
Use tables public Training Fin. stats.
Total finances I-O tables
economy Customs Courses
Current BoP Tech.
Financial assistance
accounts
Cross
classif.
sect/
branch for
balance
sheet
accounts
Balance
sheet
accounts
Satellite
accounts
Key to columns
(1) Contains accounts, tables and aggregate- which the countries have yet
to compile.
(2) These are sources used by the countries in compiling their accounts.
(3) Staffing position or number of staff employed.
(4) Lists the teaching, training materials and technical assistance
requirements
(5) Key areas of teaching material, initial and refresher training or
direct assistance technical requirements.
Note
1/ Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Liberia,
Mozambique, Rwanda, Sao Tome & Principe, Somalia, Uganda and Tanzania.
2/ Angola, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African
Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, the
Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Lesotho, Mali, Namibia,, the Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome
& Principe, Somalia, Uganda, Tanzania and Zaire.
3/ Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Liberia,
Mozambique, Rwanda, Sao Tome & Principe, Uganda and Tanzania.
4/ Mozambique, Rwanda, Sao Tome & Principe, Somalia, Uganda, Tanzania,
Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea and Liberia.