1 - “Amici Curiae Request for Directions Upon the Manner of Their Future Engagement in the Trial and Procedural Directions Under Rule 98 bis (A)”, filed 7 April 2003.
2 - “Order on Amici Curiae Request Concerning the Manner of Their Future Engagement and Procedural Directions under Rule 98 bis”, issued 27 June 2003.
3 - “Prosecution Motion Under Rule 73(A) for a Ruling on the Competence of the Amici Curiae to Present a Motion for Judgement of Acquittal Under Rule 98 bis”, filed 4 February 2004.
4 - “Decision on Prosecution’s Motion Under Rule 73 (A) for a Ruling on the Competence of the Amici Curiae to Present a Motion for Judgement of Acquittal Under Rule 98 bis”, issued 5 February 2004.
5 - “Prosecution Notification of the Completion of its Case and Motion for the Admission of Evidence in Written Form”, filed 25 February 2004; “Decision on Notification of the Completion of Prosecution Case and Motion for the Admission of Evidence in Written Form”, issued 25 February 2004; “Order Rescheduling and Setting the Time Available to Present the Defence Case”, issued 25 February 2004.
6 - Motion, at paras. 29-32.
7 - Motion, at para. 95.
8 - Motion, at paras. 161-162.
9 - Motion, at sections III.E, IV.D, and V.C.
10 - Response, at paras. 17-75.
11 - Response, at paras. 122-153.
12 - Response, at paras. 225-439.
13 - Response, at p. 25, et seq. (Kosovo), p. 61, et seq. (Croatia), and p. 174, et seq. (Bosnia).
14 - Prosecutor v. Jelisic, Case No. IT-95-10-A, “Judgement”, 5 July 2001 (“Jelisic Appeal Judgement”), at para. 37.
15 - Prosecutor v. Delalic, Case No. IT-96-21-A, “Judgement”, 20 February 2001.
16 - Jelisic Appeal Judgement, at para. 37 (emphasis in the original).
17 - Ibid at para. 56.
18 - Prosecution v. Kordic & Cerkez, Case No. IT-95-14/2-T, “Decision on Defence Motions for Judgement of Acquittal”, 6 April 2000 (“Kordic Acquittal Decision”), at para. 9.
19 - Ibid.
20 - R. v. Galbraith, 73 Cr. App. R. 124 (1981), at p. 127 (per Lord Lane, C.J.).
21 - See Kordic Acquittal Decision, at paras. 18-23.
22 - See Galbraith, 73 Cr. App. R. 124, at p. 125. The two schools of thought were (1) the judge should stop the case if, in his view, it would be unsafe for the jury to convict and (2) the judge should only do so if there is no evidence on which a jury properly directed could properly convict.
23 - Ibid at p. 127.
24 - See R. Watson, Criminal Law (New South Wales) (1996), at p. 5740 (expressing this exception with great clarity: “On a submission of no case the judge is concerned with the question whether there is evidence which is legally capable of leading to a conviction and not with the question whether the evidence is so lacking in weight that a conviction based upon it would be unsafe or unsatisfactory, except where the evidence is so inherently incredible that no reasonable person would accept its truth.”).
25 - See R. v. Barker, 65 Cr. App. R. 287 (1977), at p. 288 (per Lord Widgery, C.J) (“It is not the judge’s job to weigh the evidence, decide who is telling the truth, and to stop the case merely because he thinks the witness is lying. To do that is to usurp the function of the jury”.).
26 - Jelisic Appeal Judgement, at paras. 55-56 (holding that “the Trial Chamber was required to assume that the prosecution’s evidence was entitled to credence unless incapable of belief. That is, it was required to take the evidence at its highest and could not pick and choose among parts of that evidence”); see also R. v. Shippey [1988] Crim. L.R. 767 (per Turner J.) (stating that he did not interpret R. v. Galbraith as meaning that if there are parts of the evidence which go to support the charge then that is enough to leave the matter to the jury, but that it was necessary to make an assessment of the evidence as a whole, and that the requirement to take the prosecution evidence at its highest did not mean “picking out all the plums and leaving the duff behind”); P.J. Richardson (ed.), Archbold: Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice (2004), at para. 4-295.
27 - See Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Decision on Defence Motion on Hearsay”, 5 August 1996, at paras. 15-19 (stating that because such evidence is admitted to prove the truth of its contents, a Trial Chamber must be satisfied that it is reliable for that purpose, in the sense of being voluntary, truthful, and trustworthy, as appropriate, and for this purpose may consider both the content of the hearsay statement and the circumstances under which the evidence arose).
28 - See Prosecutor v. Aleksovski, Case No. IT-95-95-14/1-AR73, “Decision on Prosecutor’s Appeal on Admissibility of Evidence”, 16 February 1999, at pp. 2-3 (stating that the fact that evidence is hearsay does not necessarily deprive it of probative value, but acknowledging that the weight or probative value to be afforded to that evidence will usually be less than that given to the testimony of a witness who has given it under a form of oath and who has been cross-examined).
29 - See Kordic Acquittal Decision, at para. 27, in fine.
30 - Jelisic Appeal Judgement, at para. 37, in fine.
31 - Motion, at para. 11.
32 - Motion, at paras 18-19. The Amici Curiae request the Trial Chamber to dismiss the following from the Kosovo Indictment: (1) Count 1 (Deportation, a Crime Against Humanity, punishable under Article 5(d) of the Statute of the Tribunal), with respect to paragraph 63(k)(i); (2) Count 3 (Murder, a Crime Against Humanity, punishable under Article 5(a) of the Statute of the Tribunal), with respect to paragraph 66(a); and (3) Count 4 (Murder, a Violation of the Laws and Customs of War, punishable under Article 3 of the Statute of the Tribunal and recognised by Article 3(1)(a) (murder) of the Geneva Conventions), with respect to paragraph 66(a). Motion, at para. 32, p. 18, notes 48-49. The Amici Curiae concede that an international armed conflict existed in Kosovo from 24 March 1999. Motion, at para. 13.
33 - Prosecutor v. Milosevic, et al., Case No. IT-99-37-PT, “Second Amended Indictment”, 16 October 2001, at para. 69.
34 - See Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-AR72, “Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction”, 2 October 1995 (“Tadic Jurisdiction Appeal Decision”), at para. 137 (holding that “the International Tribunal has jurisdiction over [crimes charged under Article 3 of the Statute] . . . regardless of whether they occurred within an internal or an international armed conflict”), para. 142 (holding that “Article 5 may be invoked as a basis of jurisdiction over crimes committed in either internal or international armed conflicts”).
35 - Ibid at paras. 87, 89, 91.
36 - Motion, at para. 11; Response, at para. 8.
37 - Tadic Jurisdiction Appeal Decision, at para. 70.
38 - Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997 (“Tadic Trial Judgement”), at paras. 561, 628; Prosecutor v. Delalic, et al., Case No. IT-96-21-T, “Judgement”, 16 November 1998 (“Delalic Trial Judgement”), para. 183; Prosecutor v. Kunarac, et al., Case No. IT-96-23-T & IT-96-23/1-T, “Judgement”, 22 February 2001, at para. 412; Prosecutor v. Kordic & Cerkez, Case No. IT-95-14/2-T, “Judgement”, 26 February 2001, at para. 24; Prosecutor v. Naletilic & Martinovic, Case No. IT-98-34-T, “Judgement”, 31 March 2003, at para. 177.
39 - E.g., Tadic Trial Judgement, at para. 562.
40 - International Committee of the Red Cross, Official Commentary to Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 (“ICRC Commentary”). Common Article 3 provides the following:

In the case of armed conflict not of an international character occurring in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties, each Party to the conflict shall be bound to apply, as a minimum, the following provisions:

(1) Persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention, or any other cause, shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, without any adverse distinction founded on race, colour, religion or faith, sex, birth or wealth, or any other similar criteria. To this end, the following acts are and shall remain prohibited at any time and in any place whatsoever with respect to the above-mentioned persons:

(a) violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture;
(b) taking of hostages;
(c) outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment;
(d) the passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgement pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples.

(2) The wounded and sick shall be collected and cared for.

An impartial humanitarian body, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, may offer its services to the Parties to the conflict. The Parties to the conflict should further endeavour to bring into force, by means of special agreements, all or part of the other provisions of the present Convention.

The application of the preceding provisions shall not affect the legal status of the Parties to the conflict.

Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field of August 12, 1949, Art. 3; Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea of August 12, 1949, art. 3; Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of August 12, 1949, Art. 3; Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of August 12, 1949, Art. 3.
41 - See, e.g., Motion, at paras. 19, 23, 31(iii) (“The KLA did not constitute a sufficiently organised armed group under responsible command or an organised military force ‘responsible for its acts, acting within a determinate territory and having the means of respecting and ensuring respect for the Convention’”.) (emphasis of the Amici Curiae), and 31(iv) (“The armed forces of the KLA did not act under the direction of an organised civil authority, prepared to observe the ordinary laws of war”.).
42 - ICRC Commentary, at p. 49.
43 - ICRC Commentary, at p. 50.
44 - Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, U.N. Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 183/9 (1998) (“Rome Statute”), Art. 8(2)(c).
45 - Ibid at Art. 8(2)(d).
46 - Ibid at Art. 8(2)(e).
47 - Ibid at Art. 8(2)(f).
48 - Article 8(2)(f) of the Rome Statute, in addition to the language of Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 in the first sentence, also draws upon the language of the Tadic Jurisdiction Appeals Decision in the second sentence. See Tadic Jurisdiction Appeal Decision, at para. 70 (“protracted armed violence between governmental authorities and organized armed groups or between such groups”).
49 - Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), of 8 June 1977, Part I, Art. 1, at paras. 1-2 (“Part I. Scope of this Protocol. Art 1. Material field of application. 1. This Protocol, which develops and supplements Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 without modifying its existing conditions or application, shall apply to all armed conflicts which are not covered by Article 1 of the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) and which take place in the territory of a High Contracting Party between its armed forces and dissident armed forces or other organized armed groups which, under responsible command, exercise such control over a part of its territory as to enable them to carry out sustained and concerted military operations and to implement this Protocol. 2. This Protocol shall not apply to situations of internal disturbances and tensions, such as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence and other acts of a similar nature, as not being armed conflicts.”) (emphasis added).
50 - Motion, at para. 31(iii) (Amici Curiae emphasis omitted).
51 - T. 2336.
52 - T. 2341.
53 - T. 2341.
54 - T. 2342.
55 - T. 2342-2343.
56 - T. 6301.
57 - T. 6303.
58 - T. 6304.
59 - T. 6296-6297.
60 - T. 4263; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex 1, at pp. 28-29.
61 - T. 5490-5491; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex 1, at p. 29.
62 - T. 6594.
63 - See Tadic Trial Judgement, at para. 562 (followed in Delalic Trial Judgement, at para. 184).
64 - T. 6632-6633; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex 1, at pp. 6-7.
65 - T. 3924; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex 1, at p. 14.
66 - T. 6062.
67 - T. 6062; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex 1, at p. 11.
68 - T. 6594.
69 - T. 6354; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex 1, at p. 21.
70 - T. 790; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex 1, at p. 16.
71 - T. 5777 & T. 3159 respectively; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex 1, at pp. 30-31.
72 - T. 5777.
73 - T. 3159.
74 - T. 6634; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex 1, at p. 7.
75 - T. 6063.
76 - T. 1639-1640; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex 1, at p. 19.
77 - T. 2846; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex 1, at p. 25.
78 - Ex. 156, tab 3; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex 2, at p. 75.
79 - T. 6365.
80 - T. 6059-6060; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex 1, at p. 8.
81 - Motion, at para. 31(iv) (drawing upon ICRC Commentary, criterion 4(c)).
82 - T. 2439-2440; referenced in summary form in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex 1, at p. 22.
83 - Ex. 81; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex II, at p. 97.
84 - There were “three KLAs”: (1) the KLA that “was little more than a village defence force” – the “Home Guard” element; (2) the KLA like the one the witness saw in Bajram Curri that was “much better organised politically” – “the radicalised KLA”; and (3) the KLA known as “FARK” that was of a different political persuasion and with control lines from it “running back to Mr. Sali Berisha” according to the witness. See T. 2440.
85 - T. 3342-3343; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex 1, at p. 50.
86 - T. 4355; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex 1, at p. 29.
87 - T. 1235; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex I, at p. 10.
88 - T. 532, 540.
89 - Motion, at para. 31(v) (drawing upon language of Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), of 8 June 1977, Part I, Art. 1, at paras. 1-2).
90 - T. 7926, 8015-8016, 8020; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex 1, at pp. 13-14, 19.
91 - T. 7945-7946.
92 - T. 5490; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex 1, at p. 29.
93 - T. 9401.
94 - T. 9404; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex 1, at p. 45.
95 - T. 4040-4041, 4046-4047.
96 - T. 4046; referenced in Amici Curiae Motion, Annex 1, at p. 65.
97 - T. 4046-4047.
98 - Motion, at para. 31(vi).
99 - See paragraph 13(5) of the Decision above setting out the treatment of hearsay evidence.
100 - Article 2 (Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949) provides, in relevant part, the following:

The International Tribunal shall have the power to prosecute persons committing or ordering to be committed grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, namely the following acts against persons or property protected under the provisions of the relevant Geneva Convention:
…

(g) unlawful deportation or transfer or unlawful confinement of a civilian . . . .

101 - Article 5 (Crimes against humanity) provides, in relevant part, the following:

The International Tribunal shall have the power to prosecute persons responsible for the following crimes when committed in armed conflict, whether international or internal in character, and directed against any civilian population:
…

(d) deportation…

102 - Article 5 (Crimes against humanity)
…(i) other inhumane acts…
103 - See Prosecutor v. Simic, et al., Case No. IT-95-9-T, “Judgement”, 17 October 2003, at para. 122; see also Prosecutor v. Nalatelic & Martinovic, Case No. IT-98-34-T, “Judgement”, 31 March 2003, at para. 670; Prosecutor v. Krnojelac, Case No. IT-97-25-T, “Judgement”, 15 March 2002, para. 476; Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-T, “Judgement”, 2 August 2001, at paras. 521, 531-532.
104 - See Prosecutor v. Simic, et al., Case No. IT-95-9-T, “Judgement”, 17 October 2003, at para. 122; see also Prosecutor v. Krnojelac, Case No. IT-97-25-T, “Judgement”, 15 March 2002, at paras. 474 (with references), 476; Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-T, “Judgement”, 2 August 2001, at para. 521.
105 - Motion, at para. 36.
106 - Response, at para. 79.
107 - M. Bassiouni, Crimes Against Humanity in International Criminal Law (2nd Revised Edition) (1999), at p. 315.
108 - Ibid, at 320.
109 - See Prosecutor v. Krnojelac, Case No. IT-97-25-T, “Judgement”, 15 March 2002, at para. 473, p. 197, note 1426.
110 - Article II(c) of Control Council No. 10 and Principal VI(c) of the Principles of International Law Recognized in the Charter of the Nürnberg Tribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal as identified by the International Law Commission, <http://www.un.org/law/ilc/texts/nurnfra.htm> (last visited 2 June 2004).
111 - Judgment of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial of German Major War Criminals (“Nuremberg Judgement”), 30 September, 1 October 1946.
112 - Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10 (1952) Vol. 6, at 681.
113 - United States of America v. Milch, Concurring Judge Philips, Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10 (1952) Vol. 6, at pp. 865-866, also quoted in United States of America v. Krupp, et al., Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10 (1952) Vol. 9, part 2, at pp. 1432-1433.
114 - Commentary to Article 49 of the Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of August 12, 1949 (“Geneva Convention IV” or “Fourth Geneva Convention”), at para 1, p. 278 278 <http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/b466ed681ddfcfd241256739003e6368/523ba38706c71588c12563cd0042c407?OpenDocument> (last visited 2 June 2004).
115 - Ibid.
116 - Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions.
117 - C. Pilloud, et al., Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 (1987), at pp. 1472-1473.
118 - Ibid at p. 1474.
119 - International Law Commission Draft Code 1996, Article 18, commentary (13), <http://www.un.org/law/ilc/reports/1996/96repfra.htm> (last visited 2 June 2004).
120 - Prosecutor v. Krnojelac, Case No. IT-97-25-T, “Judgement”, 15 March 2002, at para. 474.
121 - Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-T, “Judgement”, 2 August 2001, at para. 521.
122 - Prosecutor v. Stakic, Case No. IT-97-24-T, “Judgement”, 31 July 2003.
123 - Ibid at para. 679.
124 - Ibid.
125 - Report of the Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court Elements, “Finalised draft text of the Elements of Crimes”, P.C.N.I.C.C./2000/1/Add.2, 2 November 2000, at p. 11.
126 - Prosecutor v. Stakic, Case No. IT-97-24-T, “Judgement”, 31 July 2003, at para. 680.
127 - Ibid.
128 - Prosecutor v. Simic, et al., Case No. IT-95-9-T, “Judgement”, 17 October 2003, at para. 129.
129 - Ibid at para. 129.
130 - Ibid at para. 122.
131 - Ibid at para. 130.
132 - Ibid at para. 123.
133 - C. Hall, in O. Triffterer (ed.), Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Observers’ Notes, Article by Article (1999), at p. 136.
134 - H. von Hebel and D. Robinson, “Crimes Within the Jurisdiction of the Court”, in R. Lee (ed.), The International Criminal Court: The Making of the Rome Statute – Issues, Negotiations, Results (1999), at p. 99 (emphasis added).
135 - Prosecutor v. Simic, et al., Case No. IT-95-9-T, “Judgement”, 17 October 2003, at para. 130.
136 - Prosecutor v. Krnojelac, Case No. IT-97-25-A, “Judgement”, 17 September 2003, at para. 218.
137 - Motion, at para. 37.
138 - Response, at para. 82.
139 - Prosecutor v. Krnojelac, Case No. IT-97-25-A, “Judgement”, 17 September 2003, at para 229.
140 - Prosecutor v. Simic, et al., Case No. IT-95-9-T, “Judgement”, 17 October 2003, at para. 125.
141 - Prosecutor v. Krnojelac, Case No. IT-97-25-A, “Judgement”, 17 September 2003, at para. 126.
142 - Prosecutor v. Naletilic & Martinovic, Case No. IT–98-34-T, “Judgement”, 31 March 2003, at para. 519.
143 - Prosecutor v. Kunarac, et al., Case No. IT-96-23 & IT-96-23/1-A, “Judgement”, 12 June 2002, at para. 130.
144 - Prosecutor v. Naletilic & Martinovic, Case No. IT–98-34-T, “Judgement”, 31 March 2003, at para. 519.
145 - Motion, at para. 37.
146 - Response, at para. 85.
147 - Response, at para. 85.
148 - Response, at para. 86.
149 - Motion, at paras. 84, 87.
150 - Response, at paras. 122, 149.
151 - Motion, at paras. 85, 95.
152 - Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-A, “Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction”, 2 October 1995, at para. 84; Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-A, “Judgement”, 15 July 1999, at para. 84.
153 - Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, signed 26 December 1933 (“Montevideo Convention”).
154 - C. Warbrick, “States and Recognition in International Law”, in M.D. Evans (ed.), International Law (2003), at p. 221.
155 - Motion, at paras. 91-94.
156 - See I. Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law (2003), at pp. 86-88; J. Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law (1979), at p. 17.
157 - I. Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law (2003), at p. 69.
158 - The Trial Chamber observes that the Amici Curiae, by arguing that Croatia did not attain statehood until a point in time between 15 January 1992 (when it was recognised by the Members of the European Community) and 22 May 1992 (when it became a member of the UN), appear to have adopted the constitutive theory of recognition.
159 - Ex. 641, tab 32 (Opinion No. 1, at p. 2).
160 - Motion, at para. 95(iv)(b).
161 - Response, at para. 135.
162 - Motion, at para. 95(iv)(b).
163 - S. Trifunovska (ed.), Former Yugoslavia Through Documents: From its Dissolution to the Peace Settlement (1999), at p. 53 (stating that the Badinter Commission was initially established by the Declaration on Yugoslavia adopted at the European Political Cooperation Extraordinary Ministerial Meeting, held on 27 August 1991).
164 - At the outset, the Badinter Commission consisted of Robert Badinter (President of the Constitutional Council of France), Roman Herzog (President of the Constitutional Court of Germany), and Aldo Corasaniti (President of the Italian Constitutional Court). These members appointed two additional members because Yugoslavia could not agree upon the issue: Irene Petry (Belgium Court of Arbitration) and Francisco Tomas y Valiente (Spanish Constitutional Tribunal). See S. Terrett, The Dissolution of Yugoslavia and the Badinter Arbitration Commission (2000), at p. 135. The practice appears to have been that the Co-Chairman of the Peace Conference submitted questions to the Badinter Commission for an opinion.
165 - See International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia Documentation on the Arbitration Commission under the UN/EC (Geneva) Conference: Terms of Reference, Reconstitution of the Arbitration Commission, and Rules of Procedure, 32 I.L.M. 1572 (1993), at p. 1574.
166 - Motion, at para. 95(iv)(b).
167 - See Declaration on Yugoslavia adopted at the European Political Cooperation Extraordinary Ministerial Meeting, held on 27 August 1991.
168 - Response, at para. 126.
169 - Response, at paras. 126, p. 47, note 240.
170 - T. 31320.
171 - I. Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law (2003), at p. 71; see J. Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law (1979), at pp. 37-38.
172 - I. Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law (2003), at p. 71.
173 - See J. Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law (1979), at pp. 38, 40 (referring to the cases of Israel, Kuwait, and Mauritania).
174 - Motion, at para. 95(iv)(c). This argument is addressed by the Trial Chamber under the next section dealing with “government”.
175 - Response, at para. 127.
176 - Response, at para. 127, p. 48, note 241.
177 - Response, at para. 127, p. 48, note 242.
178 - Response, at para. 127, p. 48, note 243.
179 - Response, at para. 127, p. 48, notes 244-245. The Prosecution also cites the evidence of Mr. Kucan, former President of Slovenia, to support this submission. See Response, at para. 127, p. 48, notes 246-247.
180 - Response, at para. 127, p. 48, note 248.
181 - Response, at para. 127.
182 - Mr. Sarinic: Ex. 641, tab 32.
183 - Burkina Faso v. Republic of Mali (1986) I.C.J. Reports, at p. 566 (reaffirmed in Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras) (1992) I.C.J. Reports, at pp. 351, 386-387 and cited by Opinion No. 3 of the Badinter Commission).
184 - Mr. Sarinic: Ex. 641, tab 32 (Opinion No. 3).
185 - Mr. Sarinic: Ex. 641, tab 32 (Opinion No. 11).
186 - See I. Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law (2003), at p. 71 (referring to the shortest definition of statehood as “a stable political community, supporting a legal order, in a certain area”).
187 - Motion, at para. 95(iv)(c).
188 - General Agotic: T. 23265-23266; Mr. Kriste: T. 14885; C-037: Ex. 326, tab 5.
189 - Response, at para. 147.
190 - Motion, at para. 95(iv)(c).
191 - Response, at para. 147.
192 - See, e.g., T. 14838 (Mr. Kriste was the Minister of Defence in May 1990 and thereafter the Minister of Trade.); Ex. 641, tab 1 (Mr. Sarinic was the Chief of Cabinet for the Croatian President from 1990.); Ex. 370, tab 2 (While the Prosecution has only identified these two people, a decision of Croatia, dated 30 November 1991, lists other ministerial personnel, as follows: Minister Ivan Cifric, Minister Davorin Rudolf, Minister Petar Kriste, and General Mangan.); Ex. 400, tab 6 (referring to a meeting of the Croatian Parliament that confirmed Croatia’s Declaration of Independence and an EC-chaired meeting between General Raseta and the Croatian Vice Minister of Defence, Stjepan Adamic.).
193 - Mr. Kriste: Ex. 370, tab 2.
194 - The following evidence pertains to functions of the Government: Ex. 641, tab 21 (Declaration of the Establishment of the Sovereign and Independent Republic of Croatia – 25 June 1991), tab 22 (Decision of the Parliament of the Republic of Croatia on Independence – 8 October 1991), tab 23 (Decision of the Assembly of the Republic of Croatia to Submit a Request to Become a Member of the European Council; Decision of the Assembly of the Republic of Croatia to Submit a Request to Become a Member of the Central European Initiative [the Hexagonal]– 5 December 1991; Decision of the Assembly Concluding that Stjepan Mesic’s Position as Member and President of the SFRY ended as of 8 October 1991 – reached on 5 December 1991; Decision of the Assembly to Recognise the Republic of Ukraine as a Sovereign and Independent State – 5 December 1991; Decision to elect judges to the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia – 5 December 1991), tab 24 (Decree transferring resources of the JNA and the SSNO to the ownership of the Republic of Croatia – 2 October 1991), tab 25 (Decree of the President of the Republic of Croatia on promotion to the ranks of active officers in the armed forces of the Republic of Croatia – 4 December 1991; decision dated 2 December 1991 to open an Embassy in Canada); Colonel General Agotic: T. 23260, 23268-23269; Colonel General Agotic: Ex. 475. tab 3 (giving evidence that the Main Staff of the Croatian Army (1) was created on 21 September 1991, (2) had, by October 1991, 24 brigades, and (3) had, by the end of 1991, 63 fully armed brigades); Mr. Kriste: T. 14922 (testifying that the Croatian National Guard Corps was being established).
195 - See Ex. 330, tab 34 (Constitution of Croatia – 22 December 1991); Ex. D78 (Rules and Regulations regarding members of volunteer youth units of Civil Defence – 6 August 1990); Ex. 641, tab 27 (Decree on Proclamation of the Law on Croatian Citizenship of the Chamber of Municipalities and the Political Chamber – 26 June 1991); Ex. 641, tab 24 (Decree promulgating federal laws – 28 June 1991); Ex. 641, tab 26 (Decree adopting the Criminal Code of the SFRY – 28 June 1991); Ex. 641, tab 28 (Decree Promulgating the Law Amending the Law of Defence – 8 October 1991); Ex. 641, tab 25 (Decision on the Declaration of a Constitutional Law on Human Rights and Freedoms and the Rights of Ethnic and National Communities or Minorities in the Republic of Croatia – 4 December 1991).
196 - Ex. 641, tab 32 (Opinion 1, at para. 1(c)).
197 - See K. Marek, Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law (1968), at p. 163; I. Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law (2003), at p. 71; J. Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law (1979), at p. 48.
198 - Ex. 330, tab 35; Ex. D104, at p. 3.
199 - Ex. 641, tab 22.
200 - See Mr. Markovic: T. 28026-28027 (testifying that he received information that Mr. Tu|man and the Accused had agreed to a division of Bosnia and Herzegovina at a meeting in Karadjordjevo); Mr. Kriste: T. 14841-14843 (testifying that there was a brief report in the Croatian press at the end of March 1991 that the Accused had met Mr. Tudjman in Karadjordjevo and that later it was learned that this meeting had taken place); Mr. Kucan: T. 20893-20894 (testifying that in April 1991 a meeting took place between the Accused, Mr. Tudjman, and himself); Mr. Samardzic: Ex. 338, tab 4 (giving evidence that the Government of Serbia wrote to the Government of Croatia on 5 October 1991).
201 - See General Mangan: Ex. D104, at p. 3 (The meeting resulting in the Brioni Declaration was attended by representatives of all sides.); Mr. Markovic: T. 28040 (testifying that the Igalo agreement was signed by the Accused, Mr. Tu|man, and Mr. Kadjevic).
202 - See General Mangan: Ex. 400, tab 1 (A monitoring team was enthusiastically received by the Mayor, Petar Poljanic, and the President of the Executive Council, Zeljko Sikic, in Dubrovnik between 27 September and 5 October 1991, and a visit on 29 October 1991 was agreed to by the JNA, the Croatian Government, and Ambassadors.); Mr. Mesic: Ex. 330, tab 37 (A ceasefire agreement concerning Croatia was signed by the parties and not by representatives of the SAO Krajina.).
203 - See, e.g., Mr. Mesic: T. 10550-10552 (testifying that there was a time in 1991 when some organs of the Presidency ceased to function normally), T. 10553-10555 (The withdrawal of the JNA, following the Presidency’s vote to withdraw it on 18 July 1991 from Slovenia, meant the disappearance of the SFRY.), T. 10564 (testifying that, by mid-September 1991, he had left Belgrade because there was no possibility of the normal functioning of the Presidency), T. 10567-10568 (A decision of the Presidency was made on 3 October 1991 to exclude from the Presidency representatives of Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia.), T. 10569-10570 (The Rump Presidency implemented only the decisions of the Accused.), T. 10636 (testifying that on 5 December 1991 he said that Yugoslavia and the federal institutions no longer existed). See also “Order Concerning a Chronology of Events in the Croatia Part of the Case”, issued 9 April 2003, at p. 5 (stating that the Presidency voted to withdraw the JNA from Slovenia).
204 - See Mr. Markovic: T. 28017-28018 (testifying that, in his letter of resignation dated 20 December 1991, he stated that the Federal Executive Council had no competence or authority and was not allowed to work); Ex. 570, tab 17 (giving evidence that he had also stated that the SFRY Assembly was no longer functioning as a parliament able to represent all sections of Yugoslavia and, as the Rump Presidency was not qualified to bring valid decisions, there was no organ to which he could officially present his resignation).
205 - See Mr. Mesic: T. 10539-10546; see also Mr. Jovic: Ex. 596, tab 2, at p. 273 (The Accused issued a statement saying that under such circumstances he no longer recognised the decisions of the SFRY Presidency and that he would not participate in its work (as the substitute member of the Presidency from Serbia).).
206 - Ex. 641, tab 32 (Opinion No. 11).
207 - Motion, at para. 161(a).
208 - Motion, at para. 161.
209 - Motion, at para. 161(b).
210 - Motion, at para. 161(c).
211 - Motion, at para. 161(d).
212 - Motion, at para. 161(e).
213 - Motion, at para. 161(f).
214 - Motion, at para. 161(g).
215 - Motion, at para. 161(h).
216 - Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (“Genocide Convention”) 78 U.N.T.S. 277.
217 - Jelisic Appeal Judgement, at paras. 45-46.
218 - See Prosecutor v. Jelisic, Case No. IT-95-10-T, “Judgment”, 14 December 1999 (“Jelisic Trial Judgement”), at para. 66 (“It is in fact the mens rea which gives genocide its speciality and distinguishes it from an ordinary crime and other crimes against international humanitarian law. The underlying crime or crimes must be characterised as genocide when committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group as such.”); see also Prosecutor v. Kambanda, Case No. ICTR-97-23-S, “Judgement and Sentence”, 4 September 1998 (“Kambanda Trial Judgement”), at para. 16 (“The crime of genocide is unique because of its element of dolus specialis (special intent) which requires that the crime be committed with the intent ‘to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such’”.).
219 - Jelisic Appeal Judgement, at para. 47.
220 - Response, at para. 249.
221 - Response, at para. 249.
222 - Response, at para. 246.
223 - Jelisic Appeal Judgement, at para. 67.
224 - Ibid at paras. 79-80.
225 - Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Forty-eighth Session, 6 May - 26 July 1996, U.N. Doc/A/51/10 (“Report of the International Law Commission”), comment no. 6 on art. 17.
226 - Prosecutor v. Sikirica, et al., Case No. IT-95-8-T, “Judgment on Defence Motions to Acquit”, 3 September 2001 (“Sikirica Trial Judgement”), at para. 65; see Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, “Judgement”, 2 September 1998, at para. 521 (“In concrete terms, for any act charged under article 2(2) of the Statute to be constitutive element of genocide, the act must have been committed against one or several individuals, because such individual or individuals were members of a specific group, and specifically because they belonged to this group. Thus, the victim is not chosen because of his individual identity, but rather on account of his membership in national, ethnical, racial or religious group. The victim of the act is therefore a member of a group, chosen as such, which, hence, means that the victim of the crime of genocide is the group itself and not only the individual”.).
227 - Report of the International Law Commission, comment no. 6 on art. 17; see Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-T, “Judgement”, 2 August 2001, at para. 580 (“The Trial Chamber is aware that it must interpret the Convention with due regard for the principle nullum crimen sine lege. It therefore recognises that, despite recent developments, customary international law limits the definition of genocide to those acts seeking the physical or biological destruction of all or part of the group”.).
228 - See B. Whitaker, “Revised and updated report on the question of the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide”, 2 July 1985, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/6 (“United Nations Expert Study on Genocide”), at para. 29 (“Genocide need not involve the destruction of a whole group . . . the relative proportionate scale of the actual or attempted destruction of a group, by any means listed in Articles II and III of the Convention, is certainly strong evidence to prove the necessary intent to destroy a group, in whole or in part.”).
229 - Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (1996) I.C.J. Reports 226.
230 - Ibid at para. 26.
231 - N. Robinson, The Genocide Convention: A Commentary (1960), at p. 63 (“The aim need not be the total destruction of the group. Thus, Genocide is not necessarily characterized by the intent to destroy a whole group; it suffices if the purpose is to eliminate portions of the population marked by specific racial, religious, national or ethnical features. The restriction to a “group”, as an assemblage of persons regarded as a unit because of their comparative segregation from others, would have left open the question whether the aim must be the destruction of the group in the whole country, in a part of it, in a single town, etc. The addition of the words “in part” indicates that genocide has been committed when acts of homicide are joined with a connecting purpose, i.e., directed against persons with specific characteristics. Therefore, the intent to destroy a multitude of persons of the same group because of their belonging to this group, must be classified as Genocide even if these persons constitute only part of a group either within a country or within a region or within a single community, provided the number is substantial; the Convention is intended to deal with action against large numbers, not individuals even if they happen to possess the same group characteristics. It would be up to the courts to decide in each case whether the number was sufficiently large”.), cited in Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-A, “Judgement”, 19 April 2004 (“Krstic Appeal Judgement”), at para. 10.
232 - United Nations Expert Study on Genocide, at para. 29.
233 - Report of the International Law Commission, at p. 89.
234 - Prosecutor v. Kayishema & Ruzindana, Case No. ICTR-95-1-T, “Judgement”, 21 May 1991, at para. 96.
235 - Prosecutor v. Bagilishema, Case No. ICTR-95-1A-T, “Judgement”, 7 June 2001, at para. 64.
236 - Jelisic Trial Judgement, at para. 82.
237 - Ibid.
238 - Sikirica Trial Judgement, at para. 65.
239 - Krstic Appeal Judgement, at p. 4, note 22.
240 - Ibid, at para. 12 (footnote omitted).
241 - Initial Bosnia Indictment, at para. 32; see “Decision on Review of Indictment”, issued 22 November 2001.
242 - See “Prosecution’s Second Pre-Trial Brief (Croatia and Bosnia Indictments)”, filed 31 May 2002, at para. 997 (explaining, in note 2,077, that this reduced geographical focus was adopted both in the interests of judicial economy in light of the Trial Chamber’s oral ruling of 10 April 2002 as to the limitations on the time allocated to the Prosecution case and in order to enable a concentration on the most egregious examples of genocidal crimes within Bosnia and Herzegovina).
243 - See amended Bosnia Indictment, at para. 32; “Order on the Amended Bosnia Indictment”, issued 21 April 2004.
244 - Response, at para. 376.
245 - Response, p. 152, at note 746.
246 - Response, at para. 376.
247 - Response, at para. 377.
248 - Response, p. 153, at note 748.
249 - See supra, at para. 117(1)-(8).
250 - Response, at para. 411.
251 - Response, at para. 411.
252 - See “Prosecution’s Second Pre-Trial Brief (Croatia and Bosnia Indictments)”, filed 31 May 2002, at para. 997
253 - Response, at para. 403.
254 - T. 21187; see Mr. Deronjic: Ex. 600, dated 25 November 2003, at para. 45.
255 - Ibid.
256 - T. 21187.
257 - T. 21187-21188; Ex. 434, tab 3.
258 - T. 21861-21862.
259 - Dr. Donia: Ex. 537, tab 2, at p. 68.
260 - Ibid at pp. 3-4.
261 - Ibid.
262 - Professor Tabeau: Ex. 548, tab 2, Annex A1, at p. 70.
263 - Ibid.
264 - Ibid.
265 - Ex. 536, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, at T. 709-711.
266 - Ibid at T. 710-711.
267 - Ibid at T. 711.
268 - Ibid at T. 717.
269 - Ibid at T. 718.
270 - Ibid at T. 716.
271 - Ex. 533, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Jelisic, Case No. IT-95-10-T, at T. 1736.
272 - Ibid at T. 1737.
273 - Ibid at T. 1737.
274 - T. 18156-18157.
275 - Ex. 536, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, at T. 719.
276 - Ibid at T. 713-714.
277 - Ibid at T. 715.
278 - Ibid at T. 722.
279 - Ibid at T. 721-722.
280 - Ibid at T. 723-724; T. 26453.
281 - Ibid at T. 723-724; T. 26453.
282 - Ibid at T. 724-725.
283 - Ibid at T. 725.
284 - T. 26449.
285 - Ex. 614 (under seal), statement dated 18 November 2001, at para. 16.
286 - Ibid at paras. 18-19, 26.
287 - Ibid at para. 27; T. 30216, 30249.
288 - Ex. 614 (under seal), statement dated 18 November 2001, at paras. 31-32; T. 30251-30253.
289 - Ibid at paras. 31-32, 39; T.30251-30253.
290 - Ex. 556, tab 1 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Jelisic, Case No. IT-95-10-T, at T. 1125-1126, 1128, 1131-1138.
291 - Mr. Gasi: Ex. 536, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, at T. 728; T. 26458; B-1450: Ex. 560, tab 1(under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Jelisic, Case No. IT-95-10-T, at T. 1227-1229.
292 - See, e.g., B-1408: Ex. 557, tab 1 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Jelisic, Case No. IT-95-10-T, at T. 1557; B-1407: Ex. 556, tab 1 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Jelisic, Case No. IT-95-10-T, at T. 1167-1169.
293 - Ex. 557, tab 1 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Jelisic, Case No. IT-95-10-T, at T. 1558.
294 - See, e.g., Ms. Malesevic: T. 17431; B-1450: Ex. 560, tab 1 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Jelisic, Case No. IT-95-10-T, at T. 1227-1239.
295 - Ex. 557, tab 1 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Jelisic, Case No. IT-95-10-T, at T. 1558, 1560-1562, 1564-1565.
296 - Ibid at T. 1557.
297 - Ibid at T. 1557-1558.
298 - Ibid at T. 1558, 1560-1562, 1564-1565.
299 - Ibid at T. 1592-1593.
300 - Ibid at T. 1559-1560.
301 - Ibid at T. 1564.
302 - Ibid at T. 1565.
303 - Ex. 560, tab 1 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Jelisic, Case No. IT-95-10-T, at T. 1227-1229.
304 - Ibid at T. 1237-1238.
305 - Ex. 536, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, at T. 727-730, 732, 737-740.
306 - Ibid at T. 728-729.
307 - Ex. 536, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, at T. 737-740; T. 26434.
308 - Ex. 536, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, at T. 732-733; T. 26434.
309 - Ex. 533, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Jelisic, Case IT-95-10-T, at T. 1714-1715, 1724, 1777-1778.
310 - Ibid at T. 1848.
311 - Ibid at T. 1848-1849.
312 - Ibid at T. 1792-1793.
313 - Ibid at T. 1716, et seq., T. 1724-1755.
314 - Ex. 557, tab 1 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Jelisic, Case No. IT-95-10-T, at T. 1556.
315 - Ibid.
316 - Ibid at T. 1553-1557, 1572-1574, 1577.
317 - Ibid at T. 1587.
318 - Ex. 558, tab 1 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Jelisic, Case No. IT-95-10-T, at T. 1950-1951.
319 - Ibid at T. 1959-1960.
320 - Ibid at T. 1960-1961.
321 - Ibid at T. 1935-1956.
322 - Ibid.
323 - Ibid at T. 1953-1956.
324 - Ex. 548, tab 2, Annex A1, at p. 71.
325 - Ibid.
326 - Ibid.
327 - T. 19867-19869.
328 - B-108: Ex. 434, tab 2, at p. 38.
329 - T. 19857; Ex. 427, tab 19.
330 - B-108: T. 19865; Ex. 434, tab 3.
331 - B-108: T. 19865.
332 - See, e.g., Mr. Begic: Ex. 622; B-1611: Ex. 626 (under seal); B-1684: Ex. 628 (partially under seal).
333 - Ex. 622, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 6336-6338.
334 - Ibid.
335 - Ex. 623, tab 1 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 8055.
336 - Ex. 626, tab 1 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 7212.
337 - Ibid at T. 7213-7216.
338 - Ibid at T. 7214.
339 - Ibid at 7216-7217.
340 - Ibid at 7217, 7222.
341 - Ibid at T. 7221.
342 - Ibid at T. 7221-7224.
343 - T. 19887.
344 - T. 19888.
345 - T. 19889.
346 - T. 19916.
347 - See, e.g., Mr. Zulic: Ex. 609; Mr. Muhic: Ex. 625; Mr. Kurbegovic: Ex. 604; Mr. Begic: Ex. 622; B-1044: Ex. 623 (partially under seal); B-1684: Ex. 628 (partially under seal).
348 - B-108: T. 20012.
349 - B-108: T. 19890.
350 - Ex. 625, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 8111-8113.
351 - T. 19889; Mr. Kurbegovic: Ex. 604, statement dated 7 August 2000, at p. 5, and addendum dated 28 May 2001.
352 - B-108: T. 19889.
353 - Ibid.
354 - Ex. 609, tab 12, statement dated 14 June 2001, at p. 7.
355 - Ibid at p. 8.
356 - Ibid at pp. 8-9.
357 - T. 30016.
358 - Ex. 609, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 6901, 6909.
359 - Ex. 609, tab 12, statement dated 14 June 2001, at p. 10.
360 - Ex. 609, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 6904-6905, tab 12, statement dated 14 June 2001, at p. 10.
361 - Ex. 609, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 6909, tab 12, statement dated 14 June 2001, at p. 10.
362 - Ex. 628, tab 1 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 6406, 6426-6428.
363 - Ibid at T. 6248-6249.
364 - Ibid at T. 6428-6429, 6431-6433.
365 - Ibid.
366 - Ibid.
367 - Ibid.
368 - B-108: T. 19890.
369 - Ex. 609, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 6917-6925.
370 - Ibid at T. 6933-6934.
371 - Ex. 609, tab 12, statement dated 14 June 2001, at p. 13.
372 - Ex. 609, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 6928-6929.
373 - Ex. 609, tab 12, statement dated 14 June 2001, at pp. 13-14.
374 - Ibid at p. 14.
375 - Professor Tabeau: Ex. 548, tab 2, at p. 71.
376 - Ibid at Annex A1, at p. 71.
377 - Ex. 638, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36, at T. 11144-11147; Ex. 638, tabs 5a, 6a; T. 31132.
378 - T. 31136.
379 - B-1805: T. 30806.
380 - B-1088: Ex. 624, tab 1 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Sikirica, et al., Case No. IT-95-8-T, at T. 2497-2498.
381 - Ex. 462, transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 12871-12873.
382 - Ex. 462, transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 13085-13087, 13093; T. 22351-22352.
383 - Ex. 462, transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 13091-13092.
384 - See “Final Decision on Prosecution Motion for Judicial Notice of Adjudicated Facts”, issued 16 December 2003 (listing specific, admitted adjudicated facts, as set out in Annex A of “Prosecution Motion for Judicial Notice of Adjudicated Facts”, filed 12 December 2002 (“Adjudicated Facts”), at para. 260, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 154).
385 - Ex. 634, tab 1 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 21120-21122.
386 - T. 31073, 31090.
387 - T. 31090.
388 - Ex. 634, tab 1 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 21075-21078, tab 4 (the witness identified the type of bus used in a photograph).
389 - Ex. 634, tab 1 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 21080-21081.
390 - Ibid at T. 21087-21088.
391 - Ibid at T. 21084-21087.
392 - Ibid at T. 21141-21142.
393 - Ibid at T. 21142-21143, 21149.
394 - Ex. 657, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 12472, 12480-12481, 12489-12493, 12498.
395 - Ex. 656, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 11852-11854, 11864.
396 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 221, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 151.
397 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 222, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 151.
398 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 261, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 154.
399 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 264, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 154.
400 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 263, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 154.
401 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 283, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 155.
402 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 268-270, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 155.
403 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 275, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 159.
404 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 276, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 159.
405 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 277, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 159.
406 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 279, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 162.
407 - Ex. 638, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 11179, 11194, 11242.
408 - Ibid at T. 11182.
409 - Ibid at T. 11242.
410 - Ibid at T. 11188.
411 - Ibid at T. 11124-11125.
412 - Adjudicated Facts, at paras. 288-289, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 160.
413 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 293, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 160.
414 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 323-324, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 165.
415 - T. 31159.
416 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 325, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 168.
417 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 326, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 168.
418 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 327, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 169.
419 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 328, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 169.
420 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 329, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 169.
421 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 333, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 170.
422 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 334, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 170.
423 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 335, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 170.
424 - Ex. 624, tab 1 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Sikirica, et al., Case No. IT-95-8-T, at T. 2499-2501, 2530.
425 - Ibid at T. 2505-2506.
426 - Ibid at T. 2511.
427 - Ibid at T. 2511.
428 - Ibid at T. 2512-2514.
429 - Ibid at T. 2516-2618.
430 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 341-343, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 171.
431 - T. 30799-30801.
432 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 344, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 172.
433 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 345, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 172.
434 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 346, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 172.
435 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 349-350, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 174.
436 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 354, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 175.
437 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 355, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 175.
438 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 356, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 175.
439 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 357, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 175.
440 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 359, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 175.
441 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 360, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 175.
442 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 363, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 177.
443 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 364, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 177.
444 - Adjudicated Facts, at para. 367, from Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, “Opinion and Judgement”, 7 May 1997, at para. 178.
445 - Professor Tabeau: Ex. 548, tab 2, Annex A1, at p. 72.
446 - Ibid at p. 72.
447 - See, e.g., General Morillon: Ex. 648, tab 2, statement admitted into evidence on 12 February 2004; T. 31966-31967; Ambassador Arria: T. 31724; Ex. 645, tab 15.
448 - General Smith: Ex. 553, tab 2; T. 27303.
449 - T. 27304.
450 - Ex. 553, tab 2; T. 27304.
451 - T. 27304.
452 - General Smith: Ex. 552, statement dated 14 August 1996, at para. 76.
453 - Ibid.
454 - Mr. Erdemovic: T. 25122; Ex. 592, tab 1 (video recording), tab 2, at pp. 5-12 (transcript of video recording).
455 - Mr. Erdemovic: Ex. 514, tab 7, p. 9; T. 25148-25150; Ex. 592, tab 1 (video recording), tab 2, at p. 11 (transcript of video recording).
456 - General Smith: Ex. 552, statement dated 14 August 1996, at para.77.
457 - B-1401: Ex. 621, tab 1 (partially under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-T, at T. 2863-2864.
458 - T. 20528-20529.
459 - Ex. 600, statement dated 25 November 2003, at para. 185.
460 - Ibid at paras. 191-194.
461 - Ibid at para. 204.
462 - Ibid at para. 209; T. 29636.
463 - See, e.g., B-1804: Ex. 646, tab 36; Mr. Erdemovic: T. 25131, et seq.; B-161: T. 21040.
464 - T. 28995; Ex. 591, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-T, at T. 2037.
465 - Major Franken: T. 29037; Ex. 591, tab 9; Mr. Deronjic: T. 29716; Mr. Erdemovic: Ex. 592, tab 1 (video recording), tab 2, at pp. 3-4, 38-39, 44-46, 61 (transcript of video recording); B-1395: Ex. 665, tab 1 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-T, at T. 2733.
466 - Ex. 591, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-T, at T. 2037-2038.
467 - Ibid at T. 2038-3039; Ex. 591, tabs 3, 6, 7.
468 - Ibid at T. 2038.
469 - Ibid at T. 2031.
470 - Ibid at T. 2046, 2052-2054; Ex. 591, tab 2.
471 - Ibid at T. 2050.
472 - Ibid.
473 - Ex. 646, tab 31 (under seal), statement dated 5 February 2004, at para. 4.
474 - Ibid at paras. 14-15
475 - Ibid at paras 17-19.
476 - Ibid at paras. 21-22.
477 - Ibid at paras. 24-25.
478 - Mr. Deronjic: Ex. 600, statement dated 25 November 2003, at para. 181.
479 - Ex. 621, tab 1 (partially under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-T, at T. 2864-2870, 2874.
480 - Ibid at T. 2878-2885.
481 - Ex. 621, tab 1 (partially under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-T, at T. 2888-2889; T. 30673-30675.
482 - Ex. 621, tab 1 (partially under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-T, at T. 2902.
483 - Ibid at T. 2887.
484 - Ibid at T. 2906-2908.
485 - Ibid at T. 2909.
486 - Ibid at T. 2910.
487 - Ex. 621, tab 1 (partially under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-T, at T. 2911-2912; T. 30645.
488 - Ex. 621, tab 1(partially under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-T, at T. 2912-2917.
489 - Ex. 665, tab 1 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-T, at T. 2449-2455.
490 - Ibid at T. 2459.
491 - Ibid at T. 2463-2464.
492 - Ibid at T. 2464.
493 - Ibid at T. 2465-2471.
494 - T. 21040.
495 - Ex. 646, tab 31 (under seal), statement dated 5 February 2004, at paras. 27-28.
496 - See generally B-1397: Ex. 664, tab 1 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-99-33-T; T. 2735-2741; Mr. Manning: Ex. 642, at para. 10.
497 - B-1395: Ex. 665, tab 1(under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-99-33-T, at T. 2388-2394.
498 - B-1804: T. 31932; Mr. Manning: Ex. 642, at paras. 10, 14.
499 - B-1401: Ex. 621, tab 1 (partially under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-T, at T. 2887-2893, 2909-2915; T. 30673; B-1804: T. 31932; Mr. Manning: Ex. 642, at para. 12.
500 - Mr. Erdemovic: T. 25121-25122.
501 - Mr. Erdemovic: T. 25158-25162.
502 - Mr. Manning: Ex. 642, at para 13.
503 - T. 25128-25130.
504 - T. 25131, 25133-25134, 25138.
505 - T. 25122.
506 - T. 25158, 25184.
507 - T. 25158-25160.
508 - T. 25160.
509 - T. 25161.
510 - Ex. 642, tab 1, statement dated 24 November 2003, at paras. 4, 15; T. 31402-31403.
511 - Ex. 642, tab 1, statement dated 24 November 2003, at paras. 27-28.
512 - Ex. 642, tab 1, statement dated 24 November 2003, at para. 35, tab 4; T. 31406-31407.
513 - See, e.g., Ex. 642, tab 23; Mr. Deronjic: Ex. 600, statement dated 25 November 2003, at para. 230; B-1804: Ex. 646, tab 35.
514 - T. 31413.
515 - Ex. 642, tab 1, statement dated 24 November 2003, at paras. 65, 69, 89; T. 31429-31433.
516 - Ex. 642, tab 1, statement dated 24 November 2003, at para. 59.
517 - T. 31415; Ex. 642, at para. 69, p. 21 (stating that a total of 423 ligatures were located during the exhumation and autopsy process).
518 - See supra, at para. 138.
519 - See supra, at para. 137.
520 - B-1003: T. 18604; B-1453: Ex. 565, tab 1 (under seal), statement dated 18 April 2002, at para. 2.
521 - Professor Tabeau: Ex. 548, tab 2, Annex A1, at p. 69.
522 - B-161: T. 21058, 21108; Mr. Omeragic: T. 27686-27687.
523 - B-161: T. 21060.
524 - B-1003: T. 18612, 18662; Ex. 420, tab 3 (under seal).
525 - Mr. Omeragic: Ex. 563, statement dated 5 August 2001, at para. 7.
526 - Ibid at para. 14.
527 - Ibid at para. 26.
528 - B-1453: T. 27735.
529 - Mr. Hrustanovic: T. 26081, 26084.
530 - B-1003: T. 18645-18646.
531 - B-1453: T. 27749.
532 - Mr. Hrustanovic: Ex. 530, statement of 12 November 1999, at para. 52.
533 - Ibid at para. 14.
534 - Mr. Hrustanovic: T. 26085.
535 - Mr. Hrustanovic: Ex. 530, statement of 12 November 1999, at para. 23.
536 - Mr. Omeragic: Ex. 563, statement of 5 August 2001, at para. 8 and undated addendum.
537 - Mr. Omeragic: T. 27687.
538 - Mr. Hrustanovic: Ex. 530, statement of 12 November 1999, at paras. 24-27.
539 - Mr. Hrustanovic: Ex. 530, statement of 12 November 1999, at paras. 37-42, and statement of 7 October 1994, at paras. 12-17.
540 - Mr. Gusalic: T. 18275-18276 (Mr. Gusalic was detained at the SUP building for four days and was beaten. On the fourth day, three other men were brought in and beaten. Thereafter, they were taken to the Batkovic detention camp.).
541 - Ibid at T. 18277.
542 - Ibid at T. 18281.
543 - Ibid at T. 18282.
544 - Ibid at T. 18284.
545 - Ibid at T. 18284.
546 - Ibid at T. 18284, 18286, 18293 (The witness was taken to another camp in September 1992, where he remained for 11½ months, after which he was transferred back to Batkovic.).
547 - B-1486: T. 18718.
548 - Mr. Hrustanovic: Ex. 530, statement of 12 November 1999, at para. 53.
549 - B-1486: T. 18725-18726.
550 - Ibid at T. 18747.
551 - Dr. Williams: T. 22948-22949.
552 - Mr. Hrustanovic: Ex. 530, statement of 12 November 1999, at paras. 42-45, and statement of 7 October 1994, at para. 18.
553 - Mr. Hrustanovic: T. 26105.
554 - B-1453: Ex. 565, tab 1 (under seal), statement of 18 April 2002, at para. 7; T. 27728-27729.
555 - B-1453: T. 27728.
556 - Ibid.
557 - B-1047: T. 22480-22481; cf. B-1021: Ex. 611, statement dated 4 October 1995, at p. 1 (stating that the takeover commenced on 27 May 1992).
558 - Professor Tabeau: Ex. 548, tab 2, Annex A5, at p. 135.
559 - B-1021: T. 30078.
560 - B-1021: Ex. 610, tab 2 (under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 9128.
561 - B-1047: T. 22481-22482.
562 - Mr. Kirudja: T. 15412-15414; B-1354: Ex. 652, tab 1 (partially under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 13968.
563 - Professor Tabeau: Ex. 548, tab 2, Annex A5, at p. 134.
564 - B-1354: Ex. 652, tab 1 (partially under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 13968-13969.
565 - Ibid at T. 13969-13972.
566 - Ibid at T. 13977.
567 - Mr. Kirudja: T. 15432.
568 - B-1354: Ex. 652, tab 1 (partially under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 13984, 13987.
569 - Ibid at T. 13980.
570 - Ibid at T. 13981.
571 - Ibid at T. 13982, 13990.
572 - Ibid at T. 13997, 13998.
573 - Ibid at T. 13999-14000.
574 - Ibid at T. 14016-14017.
575 - Mr. Kirudja: Ex. 378, tab 7; T. 15422-15425.
576 - B-1354: Ex. 652, tab 1 (partially under seal), transcript from Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, at T. 13968-13969, 14012, 14018.
577 - Ex. 548, tab 2, at pp. 9-11 (“For the purposes of this study, the MILOSEVIC case area is defined as the following (pre-Dayton) municipalities: Banja Luka, Bihac, Bijeljina, Bileca, Bosanska Dubica, Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanska Krupa, Bosanski Novi, Bosanski Petrovac, Bosanski Samac, Bratunac, Brcko, Cajnice, Celinac, Doboj, Donji Vakuf, Foca, Gacko, Gorazde, Kalinovik, Kljuc, Kotor Varos, Nevesinje, Prijedor, Prnjavor, Rogatica, Rudo, Sanski Most, Sarajevo – Centar, Sarajevo – Hadzici, Sarajevo – Ilidza, Sarajevo – Ilijas, Sarajevo – Novi Grad, Sarajevo – Novo Sarajevo, Sarajevo – Pale, Sarajevo – Stari Grad, Sarajevo – Trnovo, Sarajevo – Vogosca, Sokolac, Srebrenica, Sekovici, Sipovo, Teslic, Trebinje, Visegrad, Vlasenica, and Zvornik. For split municipalities, all relevant components are included, i.e. all those post-Dayton municipalities are analysed that together constitute the area of a given pre-Dayton municipality”.).
578 - Ibid.
579 - Ex. 486, at p. 9.
580 - Ibid.
581 - Ibid at p. 12.
582 - This can be concluded from the facts that surrounding buildings often were untouched and that a common way of destroying a mosque was to place explosives inside of it. Ibid at p. 11; T. 23883. It was very unlikely that such a thing would happen in the context of a military conflict. T. 23884. Professor Riedlmayer produced a map showing that mosques were destroyed in the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina now in RS. Ex. 488, tab 4; T. 23820-23822.
583 - Ex. 639, at pp. 26-27.
584 - Ex. 639, at p. 29; T. 31181.
585 - Ex. 639, at p. 31.
586 - T. 31180.
587 - Ex. 639, at para. 28.
588 - T. 31173.
589 - Ex. 639, at para. 29.
590 - Ex. 639, at paras. 29, 40, T. 31178.
591 - T. 24818.
592 - Ex. 508; T. 24818-24820.
593 - Ex. 508, at p. 1.
594 - Ibid at p. 1.
595 - Ibid at p. 60.
596 - Ibid at p. 60.
597 - Ibid at p. 67.
598 - Ibid at p. 68.
599 - Ibid.
600 - Ibid.
601 - Ex. 446, tabs 1-2.
602 - Ex. 446, tab 27 (1994 UN report stating that, after the fighting in the former Yugoslavia began, information from the media consisted of nationalist discourse and attacks that directly led to the perpetration of atrocities); T. 20717-20720; Ex. 446, tab 2, at para. 2.
603 - Ex. 446, tab 2, at p. 67.
604 - Mr. Harland: T. 26954.
605 - Ibid.
606 - Dr. Donia: Ex. 537, tab 4, at p. 1.
607 - Ibid.
608 - Ibid.
609 - Mr. Harland: T. 27004.
610 - Ex. 613, tab 88 (intercepted communication with Gojko Djogo, dated 12 October 1991).
611 - Ex. 613, tab 89 (intercepted communication with Momcilo Mandic, dated 13 October 1991).
612 - Ex. 613, tab 93 (intercepted communication with Miodrag Davidovic, dated 15 October 1991).
613 - Professor de la Brosse: Ex. 446, tab 33, at p. 3 (Radovan Karadzic speaking before the Bosnia and Herzegovina Parliament on 15 October 1991).
614 - Dr. Donia: Ex. 537, tab 2, at p. 13 (17th RS Assembly session held on 24-26 July 1992).
615 - Ex. 537, tab 2, at p. 64 (42nd RS Assembly session held on 18-19 July 1994); T. 26486.
616 - T. 25292.
617 - T. 26517; Ex. 537, tab 4, at p. 38.
618 - Ex. 537, tab 4, at p. 11 (27th RS Assembly session held on 10 January 1994).
619 - Ex. 537, tab 4, at p. 11 (34th RS Assembly session held 27 August to 1 October 1993).
620 - Ex. 537, tab 4, at p. 12 (17th RS Assembly session held 24-26 July 1992).
621 - Ex. 537, tab 4, at p. 11 (42nd RS Assembly session in 18-19 July 1994).
622 - Ex. 537, tab 4, at p. 35 (54th RS Assembly session held 15-16 October 1995).
623 - T. 12915.
624 - T. 23081.
625 - Professor de la Brosse: Ex. 446, tab 2, at para. 28.
626 - Ibid.
627 - Mr. Lilic: T. 22563.
628 - Mr. Lilic: T. 22563; Ex. 469, tab 5.
629 - Mr. Markovic: T. 28026-28027; Mr. Mesic: 10559-10563.
630 - Dr. Donia: T. 26484-26485.
631 - Mr. Babic: T. 13054-13056, 13808-13813.
632 - Mr. Sarinic: Ex. 641, tab 2, at para. 25; T. 31267-31268.
633 - Mr. Sarinic: T. 31282-31283.
634 - Professor de la Brosse: Ex. 446, tab 2, at para. 4.
635 - Professor de la Brosse: Ex. 446, tab 2, at paras. 80-83; Ex. 446, tab 26, at clip 20; T. 20776-20780.
636 - T. 32036.
637 - T. 29130-29131.
638 - Ex. 596, tab 1, statement dated 16 November 2003, at para. 7.
639 - Ex. 446, tab 4, at p. 1; T. 20721. The decisions on such appointments can be found in exhibit 446, tabs 38-40 (March-April 1991), tabs 42-43 (August 1991), tab 44 (April 1992), tab 45 (April 1995), tab 46 (January 1996).
640 - Dr. Williams: T. 23073.
641 - T. 26931-26932.
642 - T. 26968.
643 - Ibid.
644 - T. 22947-22948.
645 - Dr. Williams: T. 22948.
646 - General Clark: T. 30375.
647 - Ibid.
648 - Mr. Torkildsen: Ex. 427, tab 2, at p. 2.
649 - Ibid at p. 5.
650 - Ibid.
651 - Mr. Torkildsen: Ex. 427, tab 57.
652 - Mr. Theunens: Ex. 643, tab 1 at p. 36; T. 31514-31515.
653 - Mr. Lilic: T. 22591, Ex. 469, tab 17.
654 - T. 22592.
655 - B-127: T. 24614-24615.
656 - T. 24615.
657 - T. 27368.
658 - Mr. Torkildsen: Ex. 427, tab 54, at p. 18.
659 - Ibid.
660 - Mr. Lilic: T. 22564; Ex. 469, tabs 6-7 (speech given by the Accused at the 4th SPS Congress in February 2000).
661 - Mr. Torkildsen: Ex. 427, tab 3, at p. 2 (statement by the Accused regarding ruling of District Court in Belgrade on detention, dated 2 April 2001).
662 - Mr. Torkildsen: Ex. 427, tab 62 (record of interview with the Accused before an Investigating Judge of the District Court in Belgrade, compiled on 1 April 2001).
663 - Mr. Torkildsen: Ex. 427, tab 56 (statement by the Accused reported by the Yugoslav News Agency, Tanjug, dated 11 May 1993, as printed in a Special Supplement on the Former Yugoslavia, dated 13 May 1993).
664 - T. 25917-25919.
665 - T. 25919, 26032-26033; see also Mr. Theunens: Ex. 643, tab 1, at para. 80 (With respect to personnel support, due to the shortage of certain military specialisations and command ranks in the VRS, the VJ maintained a significant role in the training of VRS military personnel and offered incentives to VJ officers who volunteered to serve in the VRS.).
666 - T. 25925-25926.
667 - T. 25926-25933.
668 - T. 25929.
669 - T. 25929.
670 - T. 25930.
671 - T. 25929.
672 - T. 25930.
673 - Ex. 646, tab 1 (under seal), statement dated 21 January 2004, at para. 53.
674 - Ibid at paras. 62, 64.
675 - Ibid at para. 63.
676 - Ibid at para. 64.
677 - Ibid at para. 66.
678 - Ibid at para. 73.
679 - Ibid at para. 86.
680 - T. 23080; Ex. 471, tab 5, at p. 27.
681 - T. 23081-23082, 23084.
682 - T. 11483-11484, 11537.
683 - T. 11483.
684 - T. 11484, 11530.
685 - Ex. 540, tab 1, transcript from Prosecutor v. Galic, Case No. IT-98-29, at T. 2120.
686 - T. 31963, 32000.
687 - T. 32003-32004.
688 - T. 24597, 24623.
689 - T. 24598
690 - T. 24616-24619, 24621; Ex. 505, tabs 7-8 (under seal).
691 - T. 24619-24621.
692 - T. 24623-24624.
693 - T. 31532; Ex. 643, tab 2.
694 - Ex. 643, tab 1, para. 30.
695 - Ex. 643, tab 1, para. 29.
696 - Mr. Theunens: Ex. 643, tab 1, at para. 99; T. 31513.
697 - Ex 427, tab 32.
698 - Ex. 643, tab 1, at para. 99.
699 - Theunens: T. 35109; Ex. 643, tab 1, at paras 37-66.
700 - T. 35109, 31518; Ex. 643, tab 1, at para. 57, tab 14 (With respect to this operation, a Sarajevo-Romanija Corps Command document dated 15 December 1993 indicates the involvement of VJ Special Forces.).
701 - T. 31611; Ex. 644, at para. 5.
702 - Ex. 644, at paras. 131-162.
703 - Ex. 644, at paras. 163-185.
704 - Ex. 644. at paras. 186-256.
705 - T. 31623; Ex. 644, at para. 299.
706 - General Vegh: T. 31625; Ex. 644, at para. 299.
707 - Ex. 644, at para. 299.
708 - Ex. 644, at para. 299
709 - T. 26968.
710 - Ibid.
711 - T. 27007.
712 - Ex. 396, tab 6: Geneva Accord, signed 23 November 1991 by Mr. Tu|man, the Accused, and Mr. Vance.
713 - Ambassador Okun: T. 17168-17169.
714 - Dr. Williams: T. 22933.
715 - Mr. Harland: T. 26957-26958; Ex. 546, tab 24.
716 - Ex. 613, tab 4.
717 - Mr. Harland: T. 27007.
718 - Ibid.
719 - Ibid, T. 27009.
720 - Ibid.
721 - Mr. Kirudja: T. 15376; Ex. 378, tab 1.
722 - Mr. Kirudja: T. 15458.
723 - Mr. Kirudja: T. 15483.
724 - Ibid.
725 - Mr. Kirudja: T. 15484.
726 - Ibid.
727 - General Smith: T. 27314; Ex. 553, tabs 8 and 9.
728 - Ibid at T. 30371.
729 - Ibid at T. 30423.
730 - Ibid at T. 30372.
731 - Ibid.
732 - Ibid.
733 - Ibid at T. 30373.
734 - Ibid at T. 30489.
735 - Ibid at T. 30495.
736 - General Clark: T. 30375.
737 - Ibid at T. 30379; Ex. 617, tab 5.
738 - Ibid at T. 30379.
739 - Ex. 617, tab 1, at para. 11; T. 30379-30380.
740 - T. 30486.
741 - T. 30488.
742 - General Clark: T. 30451.
743 - General Clark: T. 30380.
744 - Mr. Harland: T. 26981.
745 - General Smith: T. 27316; Ex. 553, tab 15.
746 - B-179: T. 26606
747 - Ibid.
748 - B-179: T. 26608
749 - Ibid.
750 - B-179: T. 26609
751 - Mr. Harland: T. 27007.
752 - General Smith: T. 27329.
753 - See supra, at para. 276.
754 - See supra, at para. 285.
755 - Motion, at para. 161(e).
756 - Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-A, “Judgement”, 15 July 1999, at paras. 196-204.
757 - According to the Tadic Appeal Judgement, this third category of joint criminal enterprise consists of “a common design to pursue one course of conduct where one of the perpetrators commits an act which, while outside the common design, was nevertheless a natural and foreseeable outcome of the effecting of that common purpose”. Ibid at para. 204; see Prosecutor v. Brdjanin & Talic, Case No. IT-99-36-PT, “Decision on Form of Further Amended Indictment and Prosecution Application to Amend”, 26 June 2001, at para. 30.
758 - Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-A, “Decision on Interlocutory Appeal”, 19 March 2004.
759 - Ibid at paras. 5-6.
760 - Motion, at para. 161(h).
761 - Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-A, “Judgement”, 19 April 2004, at para. 139 (“The Appeals Chamber concludes that the latter approach (i.e., characterising Krstic’s responsibility as aiding and abetting under Article 7(1) of the Statute( is the correct one in this case”.).
762 - Ibid at para. 142.
763 - Ibid at p. 50, note 247.
764 - Response, at para. 433.
765 - Response, at para. 433.
766 - Prosecutor v. Stakic, Case No. IT-97-24-T, “Judgement”, 31 July 2003, at para. 531 (cited with approval in Krstic Appeal Judgement, at para. 138).
767 - Motion, at para. 161(f).
768 - Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, Case No. IT-99-36-A, “Decision on Interlocutory Appeal”, 19 March 2004, at paras. 5-7, 7 (“As a mode of liability, the third category of joint criminal enterprise is no different from other forms of criminal liability which do not require proof of intent to commit a crime on the part of an accused before criminal liability can attach. Aiding and abetting, which requires knowledge on the part of the accused and substantial contribution with that knowledge, is but one example. Command responsibility liability, which requires the Prosecution to establish that a Commander knew or had the reason to know of the criminality of subordinates, is another”.).
769 - Motion, at para. 161(g).
770 - Response, at para. 424.
771 - Response, at para. 425.
772 - Response, at paras. 305-312.
773 - Response, at para. 426.
774 - Response, at para. 365.
775 - See Mr. Samardzic: T. 11164 (Four members of the SFRY Presidency completely sided with the policy of the Accused.); Mr. Mesic: T. 10586 (Jugoslav Kostic, a member of the SFRY Presidency, carried out whatever the Accused told him to do.); Mr. Babic: T. 13700-13701 (The Accused told the witness that he was the Supreme Commander of the JNA and was the de facto leader of the Supreme Military Council of the FRY.), T. 13702 (In July 1991, the Accused was the commander of the JNA.), T. 13704 (The Accused deployed JNA Troops in October 1991.); Mr. Jovic: T. 29131 (The Accused had “absolute authority within the people and within the party” and could play a decisive role on all decisions made. He was the main actor in everything that came to pass.”).
776 - See Mr. Samardzic: T. 11182-11183 (The witness directly observed the control the Accused exercised over Adzic and Kadijevic at a meeting on 16 September 1991.); Mr. Markovic: T. 28061-28063 (Kadijevic supported the Accused.); Ambassador Okun: T. 16893-16895 (The Accused attended meetings with Kadijevic.). See also Ex. 613, tabs 37-39, 42, 115.
777 - See Mr. Mesic: T. 10572-10573 (The JNA “favoured” the Accused because he controlled the Council of Governors, which approved funding for the JNA.), T. 10594 (The JNA saw the Accused as “a sponsor”.); Ambassador Okun: T. 16893-16895 (The Accused controlled the JNA in October 1991.).
778 - See General Vasiljevic: T. 15860 (Although there existed a formal procedure, JNA appointments were strongly influenced by the Accused towards people in whom he had special confidence.).
779 - See General Vegh: Ex. 644, at p. 29 (The JNA “provided strong, determined assistance in the creation and organisation of an emerging armed force. . . . Transfer of the previous year’s experiences in combat operation and organisation would have made the co-operation between the JNA, the local Serb Territorial Defence and MUP effective, consolidated and fast. The JNA . . . served as the basis for forming the new, ethnic based army.”), p. 31 (The military leadership of the JNA would have “functioned under the direction of political control, and would not have carried out any strategic actions independently from political influence.”).
780 - See Mr. Torkildsen: Ex. 427, tab 3 (statement by the Accused in relation to financial matters); Dr. Donia: Ex. 537, tab 2, at pp. 68-70 (listing statements made in the 50th session of the Assembly of Republika Srpska held on 15-16 April 1995, which was about the war); Mr. Harland: T. 26973-26974 (stating that the Bosnian Serb military’s success in battle was due to support from Belgrade), T. 26997-26998 (stating that Ratko Mladic stated that hundreds of tanks had been provided by the JNA/VJ for ethnic cleansing in Visegrad, Rogatica, and Brcko).
781 - See Mr. Torkildsen: T. 19010-19011 (stating that that funding for the VRS and SVK came from a single financing plan for all three Serb armies), T. 19015 (stating that the Accused stated that expenditures on the army constituted a state secret); Ex. 427, tab 62.
782 - See Dr. Babovic: Ex. 466, tab 4 (Article 12 of the Law on Internal Affairs gave the Accused control and command functions over the DB.), tab 5 (Article 6 of the Law on Ranks of 1995 gave the President power to appointment generals in the Serbian police service.).
783 - See General Vasiljevic: T. 15870-15872 (stating that he was told this by Dimitrijevic).
784 - Ex. 390, tab 1 (videotaped recording of Red Berets Awards Ceremony).
785 - See T. 19445 (stating that the Volunteer Guard did not act without permission from the DB of Serbia); Ms. Gajic-Glisic: T. 27877, 27848 (stating that volunteers were tied to the territorial defence and that Arkan’s Tigers were under the Serbian Ministry of the Interior).
786 - C-048: T. 19689.
787 - Ex. 596, tab 1, at para. 107.
788 - See Mr. Dulovic: T. 11753 (Seselj told the witness in an interview that the Accused provided resources to his men.); Ex. 342, tab 13; C-047: T. 21586-21587 (Seselj’s party was under the command of the State.).
789 - See Mr. Kirudja: T. 15483 (The Accused struck the witness as “very informed, from policy all the way down to detail”.); Ambassador Okun: T. 16905-16911 (At a meeting on 18 November 1991, the delegation accepted that the Accused committed himself, the Yugoslav government, the JNA, the paramilitaries and irregulars, and the local Serb leadership to the peacekeeping operation. The Accused did not leave the room to seek advice at any time during this meeting.); Ex. 397, tab 3, at p. 40 (description of the meeting).
790 - See General Clark: T. 30378-30380 (During the peace talks at Dayton, the Accused was very familiar with the maps and terrain around Sarajevo.).
791 - B-179: T. 26594-26595 (There was a special “red” telephone with a direct line between the Accused and State Security of the MUP of Serbia, the purpose of which was to be informed about the war.), T. 26606-26609 (The Accused was informed about daily meetings of the DB.).
792 - General Vasiljevic: T. 15908-15910, 16263 (The Accused told the witness that he received some information that the State Security sent to the Federal and Serbian MUP, but was unsure whether he was getting all of this information that should have been available to him.).
793 - See, e.g., Ex. 613, tab 21 (discussion of current situation in Croatia and casualties on the Danube due to army actions – dated 26 July 1991); Ex. 613, tab 37 (the Accused telling Karadžic that he has spoken to Kadyevic and Adžic who both deny knowledge of a massacre in Western Slavonia – dated 6 September 1991); Ex. 613, tab 59 (discussion re destruction caused by Serb forces in Croatian town of Gospic – dated 10 September 1991); Ex. 613, tab 67 (discussion regarding Vukovar – dated 19 September 1991); Ex. 613, tab 68 (discussion re seizure of a JNA garrison in Virovitica and Petrinja – dated 19 September 1991); Ex. 613, tab 69 (discussion re JNA in Western Slavonia – dated 19 September 1991); Ex. 613, tabs 70-71 (discussion re events in Visegrad – dated 20 September 1991); Ex. 613, tab 73 (discussion re events in Bijelina – dated 23 September 1991); Ex. 613, tabs 76-77 (discussion re events in Krajina region and Trebinje – dated 24 September 1991); Ex. 613, tab 109 (discussion re Banja Luka Corps – dated 2 November 1991); Ex. 613, tab 131 (Stanisic updating the Accused – dated 4 December 1991); Ex. 613, tab 132 (discussion of events in Neretva Valley – dated 4 December 1991); Ex. 613, tab 76 (the Accused and Karadzic discussing the activities of the MUP and JNA in the Neretva Valley – dated 24 September 1991).
794 - See Ms. Laber: Ex. 359, tabs 3, 5 (Helsinki Watch letters, dated 21 January and 4 February 1992, respectively, to the Accused informing him of abuses by the Serbian and Yugoslav Armies); T. 14266-14268 (The witness attempted to deliver these letters personally, but could not, although she did meet with members of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Army.). The Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia responded to these letters. See Ex. 359, tabs 7-8.
795 - See Ambassador Okun: T. 17078 (The Accused told the witness that he had read newspaper accounts of atrocities committed by paramilitaries, describing them as “criminal”.), T. 16931 (On 2 December 1992, the witness discussed with the Accused the situation on the ground in Croatia.), T. 16922-16924 (On 21 November 1991, the witness told the Accused of the horrific situation in Vukovar, to which the Accused “feigned surprise”.); see also Ex 396, tab 14 (notes of meeting referenced in T. 16922-16924); T. 16954-16956 (meeting of 15 April 1992 at which the Accused admitted to knowing that Arkan was in Bijelina and that Arkan and other paramilitaries were in Bosanski Brod); Ex. 397 (witness’s notes of meetings with the Accused).
796 - Mr. Lilic: Ex. 469, tab 42, at pp. 16-20, 38-39.
797 - Mr. Lilic: Ex. 469, tab 42, at p. 39.
798 - The Amici Curiae set forth their submissions with respect to the Bosnia Indictment in schedule form in pages 71-94 of the Motion (Motion, at para. 163, et seq.).
799 - It should be noted that there are inconsistencies in the data contained within Professor Tabeau’s report, but that they are not determinative for the purpose of the Decision.
800 - Although the Prosecution separates out these two post-Dayton entities in Schedule D of the Bosnia Indictment, both the Amici Curiae and the Prosecution subsequently appear to treat them as one entity.
801 - Although the Prosecution separates out these two post-Dayton entitles in Schedule D of the Bosnia Indictment, both the Amici Curiae and the Prosecution subsequently appear to treat them as one entity.
802 - Response, at paras. 485-487.
803 - Response, at paras. 493-494.
804 - See, e.g., Professor Tabeau (Ex. 548), Dr. Williams (Ex. 470, tab 26), General van Baal (Ex. 534, tab 1, transcript from Galic, at T. 9862, 9880), Lord Owen (T. 28372, et seq.), B-1369 (Ex. 658 (under seal)), B-1345 (Ex. 575 (under seal)), Mr. Harding (Ex. 587), Mr. Harland (T. 26927, et seq.), Baron van Lynden (Ex. 540), Mr. Kucanin (Ex. 586), Mr. Hafizovic (Ex. 588), Mr. Hamill (Ex. 590), and Mr. Mandilovic (Ex. 589).
805 - Response, at para. 487.
806 - Response, at paras. 488-492.
807 - Response, at paras. 493-494.
808 - See, e.g., Professor Tabeau (Ex. 548), General Smith (Ex. 552, statement dated 14 August 1996), Dr. Williams (Ex. 470, tab 26), General van Baal (Ex. 534, tab 1, transcript from Galic, at T. 9862, 9880), Lord Owen (T. 28372, et seq.), B-1369 (Ex. 658 (under seal)), B-1345 (Ex. 575 (under seal)), Mr. Harding (Ex. 587), Mr. Harland (T. 26953-26955), Baron van Lynden (Ex. 540), Mr. Kucanin (Ex. 586), Mr. Hafizovic (Ex. 588), Mr. Hamill (Ex. 590), and Mr. Mandilovic (Ex. 589).
809 - Response, at paras. 489-492.
810 - See Decision of the Trial Chamber, at p. 7.
811 - See Prosecutor v. Kordic & Cerkez, Case No. IT-95-14/2-T, “Decision on Defence Motions for Judgement of Acquittal”, 6 April 2000 (“Kordic Acquittal Decision”), at para. 24, where the Trial Chamber observed that civil law jurisdictions do not have such a procedure, except for Spain, which has legislation providing for the dismissal of the jury after the Prosecution’s case, where there is no evidence that could support a conviction of the accused.
812 - Kordic Acquittal Decision, at para. 9, also cited in the Decision of the Trial Chamber, at para. 10.
813 - Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969), U.N.T.S., vol. 1155, p. 331.
814 - Prosecutor v. Delalic et al., Case No. IT-96-21-T, “Decision on Motion on Presentation of Evidence by the Accused”, 1 May 1997, at para. 15.
815 - Prosecutor v. Erdemovic, Case No. IT-96-22-A, “Separate and Dissenting Opinion of Judge Cassesse”, 7 Oct. 1997, at para. 2.
816 - Jelisic Appeal Judgement, “Partial Dissenting Opinion of Judge Pocar”, at p. 71, note 2.
817 - Jelisic Appeal Judgement, at para. 37.
818 - Kordic Acquittal Decision, at para. 10.
819 - Jelisic Appeal Judgement, at para. 37.