1. The present report is submitted in pursuance of Security Council resolution 1014 (1995) of 15 September 1995, which extended the mandate of the United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia (UNOMIL) until 31 January 1996, and resolution 1020 (1995) of 10 November 1995, which adjusted the mandate of UNOMIL. The report provides an update on developments in Liberia since my report of 18 December 1995 (S/1995/1042), as well as on the implementation of the new mandate of UNOMIL.
2. The period under review has been dominated by the question of the disarmament and demobilization of combatants. The Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) began to deploy its troops to several regions of Liberia for this purpose on 14 December 1995. UNOMIL began to revise its own deployment accordingly. During the latter half of December, extensive consultations were held between the Council of State, my Special Representative, Mr. Anthony Nyakyi, and the ECOMOG Field Commander, Major-General John Inienger, with a view to facilitating this process. The Chairman of the Council of State, Mr. Wilton Sankawulo, and the Vice-Chairmen of the Council travelled extensively throughout the country in order to explain the peace process and to prepare combatants for disarmament and demobilization. In addition, the faction leaders issued directives to their combatants to cooperate with ECOMOG and UNOMIL in the implementation of the Abuja Agreement (S/1995/742, annex). However, the peace process suffered a setback when General Roosevelt Johnson's wing of the United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO-J) attacked ECOMOG in Tubmanburg on 28 December 1995. Details of this incident are provided in section III below.
3. The situation in Tubmanburg raised concerns that the fighting might spread to other areas under the control of ULIMO-J and derail the peace process. In order to avoid this, the Council of State initiated immediate consultations with ECOMOG and UNOMIL. A goodwill mission, composed of representatives of the
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Liberian National Transitional Government (LNTG), ULIMO-J and other factions, as well as ECOMOG and UNOMIL, visited Bong Mines, Kakata and Todee on 4 January 1996. Similar visits to Tubmanburg have taken place since then. UNOMIL has facilitated discussions among those concerned on the evacuation of the wounded, the exchange of prisoners and the bodies of those killed in the fighting, and the delivery of emergency humanitarian relief.
4. Following the Tubmanburg incident, the Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), President Jerry J. Rawlings of Ghana, sent a delegation to Liberia on 5 January 1996. The delegation was headed by Captain Kojo Tsikata, who was accompanied by the Chairman's Special Representative for Liberia, Ambassador J. Gbeho, and the Eminent Person of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) for Liberia, Reverend Canaan Banana. My Special Representative joined them in their meeting with the Council of State. The delegation conveyed to the Council its concern over the developments in Tubmanburg and urged it to continue its collective efforts to avert a setback in the peace process. The Council underscored the need for the early conclusion of a status-of-forces agreement with ECOWAS to clarify the status of ECOMOG in Liberia. The delegation assured the Council that that issue would be brought to the attention of ECOWAS member States, particularly the ECOMOG troop-contributing countries.
5. On 6 January 1996, another delegation, led by the Chief of Defence Staff of the Nigerian Armed Forces, Major-General Abdulsalam Abubakar, visited Liberia and met with the Council of State. The delegation, which included the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nigeria, Chief Tom Ikimi, told UNOMIL that the developments in Tubmanburg confirmed the risks ECOMOG had taken in deploying its troops without the strength and resources necessary to carry out its mandate effectively. Chief Ikimi expressed his deep concern over the delay in the delivery of logistic resources pledged to ECOMOG and emphasized the need for further international assistance in this regard.
6. Since then, Mr. Roosevelt Johnson has called for the exchange of prisoners and the replacement of the ECOMOG contingent in Tubmanburg. He has indicated to my Special Representative that he regards these issues as major obstacles to the stabilization of the situation there. On 16 January, the ULIMO-J Chief of Staff ordered his combatants in Tubmanburg to release all civilians and any ECOMOG soldiers held by them. He also ordered them to turn over to ECOMOG all weapons and equipment seized during the incident. The ECOMOG Force Commander has assured the ULIMO-J leadership that he will release any ULIMO-J fighters held by ECOMOG once all ECOMOG soldiers are released and those missing in action are accounted for.
7. While efforts to contain the situation are continuing, reports of fighting and looting of villages by ULIMO-J combatants in other parts of Liberia are still being received.
Elections
8. In accordance with the Abuja Agreement, legislative and presidential elections are scheduled to take place on 20 August 1996. In this connection, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Department of Development Support and Management Services of the United Nations Secretariat, in consultation with the Electoral Assistance Division of the Department of Political Affairs, are resuming their assistance to the Ad hoc Elections Commission of Liberia to help to prepare for the elections.
9. The Abuja Agreement called upon the United Nations, OAU and ECOWAS to monitor the operations of the Elections Commission. In its resolution 1020 (1995), the Security Council defined the role of UNOMIL in the electoral process and requested it "to observe and verify the election process, in consultation with OAU and ECOWAS, including the legislative and presidential elections to be held in accordance with provisions of the peace agreements". In my report of 23 October 1995 (S/1995/881), I indicated that, in due course, I would submit additional recommendations about the role the United Nations could play in that regard.
10. It is my intention to appoint a Senior Electoral Officer who, under the direct supervision of my Special Representative, will follow the preparatory phases of the electoral process on a full-time basis. I also intend to send a technical mission to Liberia, which will consult LNTG, OAU and ECOWAS in drafting a framework for the observation and verification of the electoral process. I will thereafter submit further recommendations to the Security Council.
Status of the cease-fire and disengagement of forces
11. The fighting in Tubmanburg was the most serious cease-fire violation since the signing of the Abuja Agreement on 19 August 1995. It began on 28 December 1995, when ECOMOG positions in the town, as well as along the highway up to Kle, were attacked and overrun by ULIMO-J fighters. Further fighting was reported at Kle when ECOMOG reinforcements being sent to Tubmanburg were intercepted (see addendum to the present report for map). After lengthy consultations between the Council of State, ECOMOG, UNOMIL and ULIMO-J, fighting ceased on 4 January 1996. The situation remains tense, however, and areas west of the Po river bridge, as well as most of Bomi County, are still under the control of ULIMO-J forces. All UNOMIL personnel deployed to Tubmanburg were safely evacuated, with the assistance of ECOMOG, by 30 December 1995. It has been reported that some fighters of the Lofa Defence Force (LDF) were involved in the attacks against ECOMOG.
12. The Tubmanburg incident can be traced to the deep-seated suspicions between the two wings of ULIMO. The ULIMO-J commander in the area has alleged that ECOMOG had sided with the forces of Alhaji Kromah's wing (ULIMO-K) and arrested unarmed ULIMO-J combatants. However, ECOMOG has reported that, prior to the incident, ULIMO-J fighters in Tubmanburg repeatedly violated the terms of the cease-fire, entered the town with arms and harassed civilians.
13. ECOMOG has reported that it suffered 94 casualties (16 dead and 78 wounded) as a result of the Tubmanburg incident, with an additional 10 soldiers reported missing in action. ECOMOG arms, ammunition and equipment were also seized by ULIMO-J. Civilian and ULIMO-J casualties are so far undetermined.
14. During the period under review, several additional cease-fire violations were reported. These included harassment of civilians, humanitarian workers and ECOMOG troops by combatants in Bomi, Grand Bassa, Grand Cape Mount, Lofa and Sinoe counties. Skirmishes were also reported between the rival wings of ULIMO at Gbaama (15 kilometres north of Tubmanburg) and Lofa Bridge on 16 December 1995. In addition, on 24 and 25 December 1995, ECOMOG forces in Gbaama were attacked in separate incidents by the two wings of ULIMO. Five ECOMOG soldiers were wounded and robbed in these attacks. On 27 December, ULIMO fighters loyal to Alhaji Kromah seized a humanitarian convoy at Zorzor. The fighters released the humanitarian team and later returned the vehicles, but retained the relief supplies. Clashes between the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) and the Liberian Peace Council (LPC) were reported in Sinoe County on 9 January. These clashes were apparently the result of a local dispute that the leaders of the two factions are endeavouring to resolve. UNOMIL has also received reports that ULIMO-J forces entered Robertsport on 8 and 10 January 1996 and looted the town, including the Médecins sans Frontières - Netherlands clinic located there.
15. An attack on a displaced persons camp and ECOMOG checkpoint by ULIMO-J fighters at Be Goba, 7 kilometres south-west of Kakata, on 16 and 17 January 1996 was repulsed by ECOMOG but resulted in the displacement of about 6,000 persons towards Monrovia. On 17 January, a relief convoy consisting of elements from ECOMOG, UNOMIL, United Nations agencies and LNTG, under the escort of the ULIMO-J Chief of Staff, reached Tubmanburg and distributed relief items to displaced persons living in the area. The convoy returned safely to Monrovia, notwithstanding harassment by ULIMO-J fighters. UNOMIL military observers accompanying the convoy have reported that the villages on the Monrovia-Tubmanburg highway are largely deserted and that ULIMO-J armed fighters are moving freely along the highway.
16. The Cease-fire Violations Committee has been seized of the reported incidents. On 28 December 1995, it dispatched a team to Tubmanburg to investigate the 16 December violation by the two wings of ULIMO at Gbaama. However, the team had to abandon its investigation because of the fighting in Tubmanburg. The Committee is now investigating the events in Tubmanburg on a priority basis.
17. No progress in the disengagement of forces has been reported and, for the most part, fighters continue to occupy their positions and maintain checkpoints. Indeed, some factions have re-established checkpoints from which they had earlier withdrawn: NPFL continues to occupy positions on Saint Paul river bridge and also 10 to 15 kilometres inside Lofa County; LPC has re-established its checkpoints around Buchanan. ULIMO-J and NPFL have reoccupied the checkpoints on the Kakata-Bong Mines road; and ULIMO-J has re-established positions in most of Bomi County and on the Kle-Tubmanburg highway.
Deployment of ECOMOG and UNOMIL
18. In accordance with the revised plans of ECOMOG and UNOMIL, deployment was scheduled to be completed by 31 January 1996. During the month of December, despite logistic and manpower constraints, ECOMOG deployed contingents to Gbarnga (Bong County), Greenville (Sinoe County), Suehn (Lofa County) and Lofa Bridge (Bomi/Grand Cape Mount Counties). ECOMOG had also planned to deploy to Voinjama (upper Lofa County), Zwedru (Grand Gedeh County), Tappita (Nimba County) and Harper (Maryland County) by 15 January 1996. However, this and any further deployment of ECOMOG has been suspended in the light of the Tubmanburg incident. ECOMOG has withdrawn from the Lofa Bridge area following attacks on its troops there, as well as from Bong Mines, because of increased insecurity in the area. ECOMOG checkpoints along the Kakata-Bong Mines road have also been removed. In view of the Tubmanburg incident, ECOMOG has stated that no further deployment will be undertaken unless the factions provide concrete guarantees for the security of ECOMOG personnel.
19. The total military strength of UNOMIL is currently 82 observers out of the 160 authorized by the Security Council in resolution 1020 (1995) (see annex). During the reporting period, UNOMIL completed reconnaissance of most of the designated deployment areas, commenced patrolling in some of these areas, and deployed a disarmament team to Tubmanburg. However, the team was forced to withdraw on 30 December, on the recommendation of the local ECOMOG commander, because of increased insecurity in the area. Eight mobile disarmament teams are on stand-by for deployment as soon as conditions permit, including one that is to deploy shortly to Gbarnga, where ECOMOG has deployed a battalion. Further deployment of UNOMIL, as well as any further increase in its military strength, will depend on the deployment of ECOMOG troops and on progress in the peace process.
20. During the period under review, the ECOMOG Disarmament Committee has continued to make arrangements for the commencement of disarmament. Its work focused on the harmonization of procedures and the collection of data from the factions on their arms and ammunition, as well as on the prisoners held by them.
21. Although NPFL and ULIMO have made some changes to their respective assembly sites and have yet to propose alternative locations, UNOMIL has carried out reconnaissance of most sites so far designated. Rehabilitation of the facilities for disarmament and demobilization will be undertaken as security conditions permit.
22. The Council of State has requested that all communications or requests concerning the Liberian factions should be channelled through the Disarmament and Demobilization Commission, which is charged with promulgating and supervising national policy on disarmament and demobilization. The Council stated that such requests would include activities and reports of the Cease-fire Violations Committee, UNOMIL and ECOMOG deployment and non-governmental organization (NGO) escort and security provisions. My Special Representative has assured LNTG that UNOMIL will cooperate with the Commission in its work. At the same time, he clarified that the Government's request should not alter the Cease-fire Violations Committee mechanism provided for under the peace accords. In addition, he confirmed that, while UNOMIL will continue to inform LNTG of its activities, UNOMIL must continue to enjoy complete freedom of movement throughout Liberia, in accordance with its mandate and the status-of-mission agreement concluded with LNTG in 1993. After consultation with the humanitarian community, my Special Representative informed LNTG that he welcomed its provision of escorts for humanitarian activities. He pointed out, however, that care must be taken to ensure respect for the principles and protocols governing the delivery of humanitarian assistance and to allow the humanitarian community freedom of movement in carrying out its work.
23. As noted in my earlier reports, UNOMIL and ECOMOG have elaborated a detailed plan for disarmament and demobilization in consultation with LNTG, the factions and the humanitarian community. This plan, which was based on the provisions of the Abuja Agreement, was forwarded to the Council of State in November 1995 for its consideration. On 29 December, the Disarmament and Demobilization Commission informed UNOMIL that LNTG wished to introduce significant changes to the plan. UNOMIL is consulting ECOMOG and the Commission on the proposed changes, with a view to finalizing the disarmament and demobilization procedures, so that the process can begin as soon as the security situation has improved.
24. UNOMIL has continued to monitor the human rights situation in Liberia and to carry out investigations of major violations. The fighting in Tubmanburg has had serious human rights implications. While civilian casualties are as yet undetermined, they are estimated to have been significant. UNOMIL confirmed that, on 30 December 1995, ULIMO-J fighters forced civilians out of the government hospital, where they had taken refuge, and used them as human shields for their positions in the town. As part of the same tactic, the fighters generally prevented civilians from fleeing the town. Also on 30 December, a mortar landed at the government hospital, killing several civilians and injuring many more.
25. In an attack launched by ULIMO-J forces on ECOMOG positions in the town of Kle on 2 January 1996, several casualties were reported among civilians caught in the fighting. At the time of the attack, the town was overcrowded as a result of the influx of a large number of civilians who had fled from the Tubmanburg area. Various sources have reported that ULIMO-J fighters intentionally opened fire on local and displaced civilians, both in Tubmanburg and at Kle, particularly those considered supportive of ECOMOG. It is reported that thousands of civilians are still displaced and trapped between ECOMOG and ULIMO-J forces outside Kle.
26. As stated above, UNOMIL has facilitated discussions on the evacuation of wounded, exchange of prisoners and release of the bodies of soldiers killed in the fighting. On 9 January, ULIMO-J released an ECOMOG prisoner and several bodies to ECOMOG officials on the understanding that all parties would consider ULIMO-J's concerns about its combatants that may have been detained by ECOMOG. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) remains seized of the matter. On 27 December 1995, NPFL released four formally recognized ULIMO prisoners, as well as six others reported to be members of LPC.
27. UNOMIL is currently investigating the human rights situation in LPC-controlled areas in the south-east. During a visit to Gbarnga on 21 December 1995, a UNOMIL team saw five detainees whom NPFL holds responsible for an incident in Tappita last September, in which several civilians were killed by armed fighters of NPFL. With regard to this and other violations committed in areas under factional control, the question of whether the accused are to be held and tried under national or factional jurisdiction remains unresolved.
28. UNOMIL continues to work with LNTG, United Nations agencies and local and international NGOs to facilitate support for the Liberian judicial system and human rights groups. My Special Representative has, on several occasions, including United Nations Human Rights Day, exhorted Liberian faction leaders to exert proper command and control over their combatants so that the lives, well-being and property of civilians can be protected and human rights abuses stopped. He has also called upon the Council of State to take vigorous measures to ensure general respect for human rights.
29. As indicated in my last report, the United Nations Humanitarian Assistance Coordination Office is now fully operational and functioning under the overall authority of my Special Representative. The Coordination Office is responsible for the coordination of humanitarian assistance as well as for the reintegration aspects of demobilization. In this context, it is currently engaged in the urgent task of designing programmes and activities that would lead to the reintegration of the demobilized. While this planning process is being undertaken in collaboration with the local humanitarian community and concerned national entities, the Coordination Office is also focusing on the immediate requirement for concerted humanitarian action in response to the needs arising from the recent fighting.
30. The humanitarian assistance community has continued its efforts to reach previously inaccessible parts of the country. The opening of some highways in the past few months has permitted the provision of assistance to populations that had been cut off for nearly three years. Although relief convoys are generally escorted by unarmed factional representatives, poor communications between faction leaders and their fighters in the hinterland have impeded humanitarian assistance activities. An OXFAM convoy of nine vehicles heading for Voinjama was seized by armed ULIMO fighters at Zorzor on 27 December 1995. While the OXFAM team was released the following day, the vehicles were returned only on 8 January 1996 after several interventions by my Special Representative. As a result of this incident, all relief activities to Lofa County have been suspended. My Special Representative and the Humanitarian Coordinator are working closely with LNTG to ensure the security of relief convoys and personnel.
31. The civilian population in the Tubmanburg area has suffered greatly as a result of the recent fighting. As of 12 January, 17,500 displaced people, including Sierra Leonean refugees formerly living in Kle, had registered for assistance. These people are now clustered in the vicinity of the Po river. LNTG, assisted by United Nations agencies, NGOs and international organizations, has organized the provision of emergency assistance to the victims of the fighting.
32. A yellow-fever epidemic, which broke out in Buchanan in September 1995 and affected 365 persons, 9 of whom died, has now been brought under control, through the concerted efforts of LNTG, the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and NGOs. On 8 December, WHO confirmed one isolated case of Ebola virus infection in Maryland County, close to the border with Côte d'Ivoire. The WHO representatives in both countries are monitoring the situation closely.
33. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) held a regional conference in Monrovia in early December in preparation for the organized repatriation of the estimated 750,000 Liberian refugees. On 3 January, LNTG and UNHCR concluded an agreement establishing the framework for the repatriation and reintegration of refugees. LNTG has also signed a declaration on the right of all Liberians to return to their places of origin in safety and dignity. With increased security near the Guinean border in northern Liberia, some 7,000 Liberian refugees have crossed into Nimba County since the latter part of 1995. The influx still continues. It is expected that the recent opening of some roads to the border counties, as well as the reconstruction by the World Food Programme (WFP) of the bridge linking north-eastern Liberia with Côte d'Ivoire, will further accelerate the voluntary return of refugees. UNHCR continues to provide protection and humanitarian assistance to 53,000 of the Sierra Leonean refugees in Liberia. However, an estimated 65,000 Sierra Leonean refugees in upper Lofa County have not received assistance since December 1993 because of security conditions.
34. While economic activity continues to increase, maintenance of this trend will depend on the restoration of secure conditions throughout the country. The opening of roads to the northern and south-eastern regions has brought about a perceptible increase in local produce in the markets of Monrovia.
35. A special consultation meeting of LNTG and its international partners is scheduled to take place in March 1996 to address the recovery and reconstruction process. In preparation for the meeting, a joint UNDP/World Bank mission and an International Monetary Fund (IMF) mission recently visited Liberia. Several teams will be deployed shortly to undertake rapid assessments of the education, food security, health and information sectors, as well as infrastructure, private sector, public administration and resettlement issues in preparation for the meeting. A socio-economic assessment of displaced persons and returnees will also be undertaken. It is envisaged that a steering committee set up by the Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs and UNDP will oversee the work.
36. Other United Nations agencies and programmes have continued to carry out relief activities while, at the same time, reorienting their efforts towards rehabilitation. UNICEF continues its activities in children and women's education and the provision of safe water and sanitation. WFP, apart from its regular food distribution and school feeding, is emphasizing food-for-work schemes for the reopening of roads and is working with LNTG and others in the resettlement of returnees and ex-combatants. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has fielded a team of national consultants to prepare a national food security strategy. LNTG, UNDP and the International Labour Organization (ILO) have agreed on the implementation of a US$ 1 million project to train ex-combatants and other war-affected persons in order to increase their income-earning capacity. Negotiations are under way with other donors for a further US$ 2 million training fund and US$ 1.8 million in tool kits.
37. In its resolution 50/210 of 23 December 1995, the General Assembly appropriated an amount of $9,773,600 gross for the financing of UNOMIL for the month of January 1996. The Assembly also authorized me to enter into commitments in the amount of $12,169,600 gross for the maintenance of UNOMIL for the period from 1 February to 31 March 1996, subject to the extension of its mandate by the Council.
38. Should the Council decide to extend UNOMIL's mandate, as recommended in paragraph 45 below, I shall seek the additional resources required from the General Assembly at its resumed fiftieth session.
39. As of 15 January 1996, unpaid assessed contributions to the UNOMIL special account since its inception amounted to $7.7 million. The total of outstanding assessed contributions for all peace-keeping operations on 15 January 1996 was $1,703 million.
40. With regard to the Trust Fund for Liberia, as of 15 January 1996, contributions totalling some $24 million had been received and expenditures of some $21.9 million had been authorized.
41. Recent events in Liberia have caused serious concern and have regrettably delayed the implementation of the Abuja Agreement further. ECOMOG has suffered as a result of the recent attacks on its troops. I extend my condolences to the troop-contributing countries and to the families of the ECOMOG soldiers who were killed or wounded in the fulfilment of their peace-keeping duties, as well as to the families of innocent civilians who lost their lives.
42. The peace process is now at a critical juncture and the full support of all concerned will be required to overcome the recent setbacks. The faction leaders must ensure that their forces effectively observe the cease-fire, disengage without further delay and provide the cooperation necessary to enable ECOMOG and UNOMIL to initiate disarmament and demobilization as soon as possible. LNTG must provide its full support to these efforts and play an active role in ensuring that the Liberian factions extend the necessary cooperation to ECOMOG and UNOMIL. The international community, for its part, must provide the resources necessary to enable ECOMOG to fulfil its responsibilities effectively, since the continued lack of such support could jeopardize the implementation of the Abuja Agreement.
43. LNTG has stressed that ex-combatants must be provided opportunities to enable them to reintegrate successfully into civilian society. It is fully recognized that the success of the demobilization process will depend on whether ex-combatants can find ways of sustaining themselves other than by use of the gun. The creation of such opportunities depends, in part, on the provision of funds by the donor community for reintegration projects, as well as on private investment to revitalize the economic sector. It is not likely, however, that such support will be forthcoming unless a safe and secure environment can be established throughout the country. This depends, in turn, on the successful disarmament of combatants.
44. The schedule of implementation attached to the Abuja Agreement (S/1995/742, appendix) called for the disengagement of forces to be completed by 26 September and for disarmament to commence on 1 December 1995. As indicated in my earlier reports, this timetable underestimated the delays and obstacles involved in ensuring that combatants are fully prepared to participate in the disarmament and demobilization process and in deploying the personnel and equipment necessary to carry out this complex process. The fighting in Tubmanburg and subsequent developments have shown that the causes for delay have become more serious and that they can be overcome only if the faction leaders are truly determined to proceed with the peace process. They should bear in mind that ECOWAS and the international community cannot be expected to support the peace process in Liberia indefinitely, in the absence of a clear political will on their part to abide by and implement the commitments they freely entered into.
45. Notwithstanding the recent setbacks described in the present report, I recommend that the Security Council consider the extension of UNOMIL for a period of four months, until 31 May 1996, at which point the situation can be reviewed, keeping in mind that, under the Abuja Agreement, the elections are scheduled to be held before the end of August 1996. During this period, I expect LNTG and faction leaders to provide their full cooperation to ECOMOG and UNOMIL in stabilizing the situation and in vigorously moving ahead with the implementation of the Abuja Agreement. I intend to keep the Security Council regularly informed of relevant developments in this regard and to submit a progress report by the end of March 1996. I also call on the international community to reconsider urgently its current level of support to ECOMOG and to ensure that the necessary logistic assistance is provided to enable the force to carry out its demanding responsibilities.
Observers Others Total
Bangladesh 5 7 a/ 12
China 7 7
Czech Republic 6 6
Egypt 11 11
Guinea-Bissau 5 5
India 8 8
Jordan 6 6
Kenya 8 8
Malaysia 8 8
Pakistan 6 6
Uruguay 5 5
Total 75 7 82
a/ Medical staff.