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Disabled Persons Bulletin
Introduction
This double issue of the Bulletin contains reports on the discussion of
disability policies and programmes at the World Summit for Social Development
and the fiftieth session of the United Nations General Assembly.
The Bulletin also includes a feature article on the land mines crisis
and a brief review of 1995 project cycle activities of the United Nations
Voluntary Fund on Disability.
Contents
World Summit for Social Development
(Copenhagen, 6-12 March 1995)
The Summit adopted the Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development and
the Programme of Action of the World Summit for Social Development,
1/
which reflect the strong commitment of the international community to place
people at the centre of development and the high priority accorded that goal
both now and into the twenty-first century. The Summit was attended by 117
heads of State or Government.
Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development
The Declaration attempts to respond to the material and spiritual needs
of individuals, their families and communities. Summit participants stated
that social development and social justice cannot be attained in the absence
of peace and security or in the absence of respect for all human rights and
fundamental freedoms. The Declaration notes that economic development, social
development and environmental protection are interdependent and mutually
reinforcing components of sustainable development, and provide a framework for
efforts to achieve a higher quality of life for all people.
While addressing the needs and interests of all persons, the Declaration
directs special attention to specific and disadvantaged groups of society,
including persons with disabilities. The Declaration states that people with
disabilities are one of the world's largest minorities - more than one in 10 -
who are too often forced into poverty, unemployment and social isolation. The
Declaration moreover notes that in many countries, it is likely that older
persons may be vulnerable to social exclusion, poverty and marginalization.
The Declaration sets forth 10 Commitments to further the Summit goal of social
progress, justice and the betterment of the human condition, based on full
participation for all.
Programme of Action of the World Summit for Social Development
The Programme of Action provides a framework for facilitating
fulfillment of the Commitments enunciated in the Declaration by promoting an
enabling environment based on a people-centered approach to sustainable
development.
The Programme of Action discusses a number of ways to increase
opportunities for all, such as job training, ensuring appropriate educational
opportunities and designing policies that stimulate broad-based growth and
expanded employment. In formulating policies to further those goals,
Governments are urged to consider ratification and full implementation of
International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions related to the employment
rights of persons with disabilities. In chapter IV D of the Programme of
Action, Governments are urged to:
"Promote the United Nations Standard Rules on the Equalization of
Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities and develop strategies for
implementing the Rules. Governments, in collaboration with
organizations of people with disabilities and the private sector, should
work towards the equalization of opportunities so that people with
disabilities can contribute to and benefit from full participation in
society. Policies concerning people with disabilities should focus on
their abilities rather than their disabilities, and should ensure their
dignity as citizens." (para. 75(k))
Since the Standard Rules, reflect the commitment of Governments to
establish minimum standards for rights of persons with disabilities, the
Programme of Action recognizes the Rules as a defining instrument for people
with disabilities.
The final chapter of the Programme of Action deals with implementation
and follow-up, the principal means of which include (a) systematic evaluation
and review of national strategies in terms of integrated approaches to social
development (including action by bilateral and multilateral agencies to
support implementation of the strategies), (b) involvement of civil society
through strengthened community organizations, non-governmental organizations
and other interested parties in policy implementation, and (c) mobilization of
financial resources, including appropriate protection of social development
measures in economies undergoing adjustment and the reformulation of debt
payment schemes.
The Summit and the non-governmental community
The World Summit for Social Development provided important opportunities
for Governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to share ideas on
development from the social perspective. Among the 14,000 participants who
attended the Summit were delegates from 186 countries; 3,500 representatives
from 811 non-governmental organizations; and over 2,800 journalists.
In addition, some 12,000 NGO representatives and other participants
gathered for the Non-Governmental Organizations Forum'95.
Many of the issues discussed at the Summit, such as social equity with
respect to employment, education and training, and poverty alleviation
measures, can easily be applied to the lives of people with disabilities.
The excerpts below are taken from NGO statements at the Summit, and
reflect the range of disability concerns - from prevention to social awareness
- that were considered at the Summit.
"On behalf of all organizations of disabled persons at this global
event, we are people first and only secondly do we have
disability. We reject the label of "vulnerable" as it appears in
documents of the Summit; we are fellow citizens with equal rights
and responsibilities. What makes us disadvantaged are the
obstacles that we face in society and its physical, social,
economic, cultural and political structures. We look to this
Summit to break down the barriers to our full participation and
equality.
"All themes of the Summit are highly relevant to us. We are the poorest
of the poor in most societies. Disability increases poverty and poverty
increases disability. We cannot and will not tolerate such conditions
any longer. Disabled persons must be included in the decisions and
above all in the implementation of the Plan of Action of this Summit."
(Statement on behalf of the World Federation of the Deaf, the World
Blind Union, the International League of Societies for Persons with
Mental Handicap, Rehabilitation International and Disabled Persons
International)
"Civilian populations (in internal armed conflicts) are increasingly
victimized. Land mines alone blow off limbs by the thousand every
month. They slow down social and economic recovery of war-torn
societies. Only a total ban on anti-personnel mines will put an end to
the worldwide land mines crisis." (International Committee of the Red
Cross)
"We echo the call made by other NGOs and groups throughout the world for
the Social Summit to adopt a people-centered agenda for social and
economic development that will include nations to ban the production,
stockpiling and supply of land mines." (Representatives of the War-torn
Nations on behalf of the Women's Caucus).
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In connection with the observation of the International Day of Disabled
Persons at United Nations Headquarters in New York, the Department for Policy
Coordination and Sustainable Development, in collaboration with the Department
for Public Information, organized an inter-agency meeting of United Nations
bodies and organizations on 7 December 1995 to review and discuss action in
the field of disability.
The ILO described actions taken and current efforts related to disabled
persons, such as providing technical expertise on small business development
and employment support services in Afghanistan; designing a small enterprise
development programme in Angola; and promoting community-based vocational
training and employment activities in Pakistan. Another recent ILO activity
was the launch, in February 1996, of the Global Applied Disability Research
Network for Employment and Training, which aims to promote increased sharing
of data and methodologies to further the disability-related objectives of the
World Summit for Social Development.
Recent activities of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) on
behalf of persons with disabilities include its work with the Office of the
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the Centre for Human Rights
of the United Nations Secretariat on a joint study, entitled "Impact of armed
conflict on children", which was mandated by the General Assembly 2/.
During the Summit, UNICEF and Rehabilitation International organized a
workshop on the theme "Rights of children with disabilities".
The Statistics Division of the United Nations Secretariat, noted that
there continues to be a lack of sufficient, accurate and up-to-date
information on the nature and extent of disabilities. The Statistics
Division, which developed the International Disability Statistics Data Base
(DISTAT) in 1988 and the Disability Statistics Compendium in 1990, plans to
publish the Manual for the Development of Statistical Information on
Disability Programmes and Policies in 1996. In addition, to assist national
statistical offices in improving their collection and organization of
disability information, it is seeking support to finalize the Handbook on
Census and Survey Methods for Development of Impairment, Disability and
Handicap Statistics.
The Department of Humanitarian Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat
discussed the impact of land mines in increasing the worldwide number of
persons with disabilities. It reported that at least 250,000 land mine
victims worldwide require prosthesis, a figure that increases on average by
800 persons a month. In 68 countries - four more than in 1994 - land mines
are responsible for creating an marginalized group made up entirely of
disabled persons and their dependents. The Mine Clearance Unit of the
Department of Humanitarian Affairs assists countries, at their request, in
assessing their de-mining needs and putting in place mine-clearance programmes
at the grass-roots level.
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Improving accessibility at the United Nations
In a note on monitoring the implementation of the Standard Rules
(A/50/374), 3/ the Secretary-General elaborated on measures taken to
improve accessibility to United Nations facilities and United Nations
information resources for persons with disabilities.
On the initiative of the Department for Policy Coordination and
Sustainable Development of the United Nations Secretariat, a task force was
established at United Nations Headquarters in January 1995 to review concrete
measures by which the Organization could respond more effectively to the needs
of delegates, staff members and visitors with disabilities.
During 1995, the Task Force on Accessibility was instrumental in
improving accessibility to the physical environment at the following United
Nations offices: United Nations Office at Geneva; headquarters of the United
Nations Environment Programme in Nairobi; the United Nations Children's Fund
(UNICEF) in New York; the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations in Rome; and the headquarters of the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Paris.
In addition to improving physical accessibility to United Nations
offices and conference facilities, an equally important task is to improve
accessibility to United Nations information and official documents for persons
with visual, hearing or speech impairments. New telecommunication
technologies have made United Nations documents more accessible for users with
disabilities. For instance, selected United Nations documents are available
on the Internet at http://www.un.org, among other sites among concerned United
Nations bodies and organizations. In the field of disability, the United
Nations Internet home page currently provides the text of the Standard Rules
on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities as well as
information on the International Day of Disabled Persons.
Monitoring implementation of the Standard Rules
At the fiftieth session of the General Assembly, Mr. Bengt Lindqvist,
Special Rapporteur on Disability of the Commission for Social Development,
reported on the activities related to his ongoing promotion and monitoring of the
implementation of the Standard Rules (A/50/374, annex). During his first year
as Special Rapporteur, with the assistance of the Department for Policy
Coordination and Sustainable Development, Mr. Lindqvist:
(a) Addressed the Third Committee of the General Assembly at its
forty-ninth session (October 1994);
(b) Convened the first meeting of the Panel of Experts to assist the
Special Rapporteur in the Implementation of the Standard Rules
(New York, 15 and 16 February 1995);
(c) Participated in a number of meetings, conferences and congresses
on disabilities in Africa, Asia and Europe;
(d) Mobilized financial resources to support work related to promoting the
implementation and monitoring of the Standard Rules;
(e) Elaborated first and second-round questionnaires to Governments on
their implementation of the Standard Rules;
(f) Prepared and delivered a report on his activities to the Commission for
Social Development at its thirty-fourth session (10-20 April 1995).
The Special Rapporteur submitted the following recommendations for
consideration by the Commission on Social Development at its thirty-fourth
session:
1. As a general approach to the monitoring of the Standard
Rules, emphasis should be placed on advice, support and
encouragement rather than on measuring, comparing and controlling.
2. In the future, the principal emphasis in monitoring activity
should be on assisting developing countries in their
implementation efforts.
3. Although the overall goal of monitoring activity is to
implement all the Rules, monitoring efforts during the remaining
two years should concentrate mainly on the following six areas:
legislation (rule 15); coordination of work (rule 17);
organizations of persons with disabilities (rule 18);
accessibility (rule 5); education (rule 6); and employment (rule
7).
4. In those six areas, measurable goals (or indicators) should
be derived from the contents of the Standard Rules.
5. The Rapporteur should distribute a second letter to member
States, making in-depth inquiries in the first four areas:
legislation, coordination, organizations of persons with
disabilities, and accessibility.
6. Concerning the survey in the areas of education and
employment, the Rapporteur should consult with UNESCO
and the ILO in their respective fields.
7. The possibility of using a simple index technique in the
evaluation of the results from the second questionnaire should be
considered.
8. The offer made by the Panel of Experts to perform the
evaluation of the survey should be accepted.
The Special Rapporteur plans to convene the third meeting of his Panel
of Experts at United Nations headquarters in June 1996 to discuss the progress
made in monitoring the implementation of the Standard Rules, with the focus on
education and employment. The Panel is also expected to consider the overall
results of the questionnaire.
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The Land Mine Crisis
The international community has become increasingly aware of the
worldwide problem of land mines, which has continued to grow in the past
years. New mines are being placed at rates that outstrip the efforts of the
United Nations and other bodies to remove them. As international conflicts
and regional wars increase, mines continue to be laid without marking, fencing
or mapping, in defiance of international law.
While the land mines crisis began as a military issue, it has become a
humanitarian catastrophe. The United Nations estimates that as a consequence
of recent international and regional strife, there are currently 100 million
land mines in 62 different countries. Mines are rampant not only in combat
zones but in commercial areas and the civilian countryside as well. Each
year, the number of land mines increases by a substantial number. In 1994,
land mines increased worldwide by 1.4 million units, while according to
United Nations estimates, only 200,000 mines were removed.
Land mines pose a worldwide problem in both economic and human terms.
Since mines have been placed in both commercial and civil areas, they not only
ravage the bodies of their victims but also condemn societies to a
marginalized social and economic existence. Mines planted among electric
power plants, port facilities, road networks and market centres destroy
essential infrastructure and present huge obstacles to the rebuilding of
societies destroyed by war. People continue to use the land either because
they do not realize that the land is mined or because they need to perform
daily routines, such as cultivating fields, fetching water and collecting
firewood. Although refugees wish to return home to rebuild their communities,
land mines impede repatriation attempts.
Data available to the United Nations indicate that 65 million land mines
kill 800 persons each month, and many more people are blinded or maimed as the
mines continue to damage human life. Perhaps the worst example of the land
mines crisis is Cambodia, where both sides used land mines indiscriminately
throughout the Cambodian civil war from 1979 to 1991. Nearly every day,
farmers, travelers, aid workers and soldiers are killed or maimed.
Humanitarian organizations place the number of amputees in Cambodia at 36,000,
and approximately one in every 236 Cambodians has lost one or more limbs due
to land mine injuries.
The blast mine is the most commonly used type of mine in warfare. It is
activated when the victim steps on the mine. The strength of the blast causes
injuries to the legs, often requiring amputation. Secondarily, the blast
causes injuries to the face and other parts of the body. Often, amputation or
blindness will end a worker's productive life because the cost of a prosthesis
is prohibitive. According to the International Committee of the Red Cross, a
child's prosthesis should be replaced every 6 months and that of an adult
every 3 to 5 years. It is estimated that a child of 10 will need to pay the
equivalent of US$3,125 over his or her lifetime for prosthetics alone.
Improvements in access to rehabilitation services and job training for the
physically disabled are essential.
It may be recalled that the World Programme of Action concerning
Disabled Persons calls for concerted international efforts to make a major
breakthrough against disabilities caused by wars. The Programme of Action
states that avoidance of war is one of the most important measures for the
prevention of impairments.
The United Nations has taken a lead in de-mining efforts, but attempts
to clear fields of land mines are becoming increasingly difficult. Due to
increases in technology, current mines are made of plastic with metal
components, which makes them difficult to detect with current metal detectors.
Future mines will be even more difficult to detect because the next generation
of land mines is expected to be made almost entirely of plastic. Ending the
land-mine crisis will not be easy but it remains a critical endeavor since
every day land mines destroy and damage human life.
On 6 July 1995, experts on the landmines crisis held a three-day, high-
level international meeting on land mine clearance at United Nations
Headquarters in New York. The meeting was called by officials from more than
40 countries to mobilize international commitment to addressing the
humanitarian problem caused by the land mines crisis and to provide a forum
for donors to announce pledges to the newly created United Nations Voluntary
Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Clearance. Speakers called for a total ban
on anti-personnel land mines, and participating Governments added
approximately US$7 million to the new Fund.
At the meeting, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees said
that the manufacturing of anti-personnel land mines was a crime against
humanity. The Executive Director of United Nations Children's Fund urged an
outright ban on the production, use, stockpiling, sale and export of anti-
personnel land mines. The representative of Sweden, the President of the
International Committee of the Red Cross and the Director-General of the World
Health Organization called for a total ban on the use of land mines.
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Forty-eighth Annual DPI/NGO Conference
United Nations Headquarters in New York was the site of the Forty-eighth
Annual DPI/NGO Conference (18-20 September 1995), which was organized by the
Department of Public Information and the Executive Committee of Non-
Governmental Organizations that are associated with the Department. The theme
of the Conference was "The United Nations at the turn of the century: global
issues; global actors; global responsibility".
The major goal of the Conference was to examine the ever-changing role
and increasing participation of civil society - NGOs, the media, the business
community, academics, service and trade associations and local authorities -
in the formulation and implementation of United Nations programmes of action.
Recent experience at United Nations conferences suggests that the mobilization
of public opinion and creation of strong partnerships among peoples and
nations are essential to realizing the goals of peace, democracy and
sustainable development. Recently, the United Nations Secretary-General
observed that non-governmental organizations are a basic element in the
representation of the modern world, and their participation in international
organizations is in a way a guarantee of the political legitimacy of such
organizations. Often it is the NGOs that on a day-to-day basis constitute the
link between democracy and peace.
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Rehabilitation International (RI) is a global network of people with
disabilities, service providers and government agencies who are striving for
an improved quality of life for disabled persons. Among its projects for
1995, RI focused on two United Nations global conferences: the World Summit
for Social Development (Copenhagen, 6-12 March 1995) and the Fourth World
Conference on Women (Beijing 4-15 September 1995). RI hopes that its
contribution in those two forums have helped to ensure the rights of disabled
persons.
In addition, RI organized a workshop on the theme "Investing in children
in especially difficult circumstances: using culture to promote health, social
and economic development" during the Tenth Asia and Pacific Regional
Conference of Rehabilitation International (Jakarta, Indonesia, 12-16
September 1995).
In collaboration with UNICEF, RI plans to organize a workshop on 17
September 1996 in Auckland, New Zealand on the theme "Protection of the child,
youth and family" to increase services for children disabled and traumatized
by war. Options to prevent the creation of disability and protect the well-
being of civilians, especially children, will be the focus of the workshop.
Finally, RI is developing an information kit for the United Nations on
the best methods for community-based rehabilitation. This activity is being
co-financed in cooperation with the Arab Gulf Programme for United Nations
Development Organizations (AGFUND) under United Nations Voluntary Fund on
Disability project GLO/88/D10.
More information about RI can be obtained by contacting:
Rehabilitation International
25 East 21st Street
New York NY 10010,
United States of America
Tel: ++ (212) 420-1500
TDD: ++ (212) 420-1752
Fax: ++ (212) 505-0871.
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The International League of Societies for Persons with Mental Handicap (ILSMH)
reports that it has been undergoing some changes recently, among them a
possible change in name. The proposed new name, "Inclusion International",
may prove to be the means for quicker and easier reference, while the old name
would still be used in its four main languages as a description of its
activities.
It is hoped that, like "Greenpeace", the proposed title "Inclusion
International" will become an internationally recognizable name in any
language; the issue has been put to a vote, and the results are expected
shortly.
ILSMH recently elected a new president, Mr. Walter Eigner of Austria.
Mr. Eigner will preside over the ILSMH until its next Congress, to be held in
the Hague in 1998.
Over the next three years, the International League plans to initiate a
series of "open project groups" to address human rights issues, inclusion in
the community, citizenship, the self- determination of people with
intellectual impairments, and family support. There are currently 13 projects
being coordinated and supported by ILSMH member organizations, which now
number 169 in 105 countries. The project groups are "open" in that they are
open to all organizations or individuals as long as they are willing to make a
solid contribution.
For more information on ILSMH contact:
Inclusion International
Galerie de la Toison d'Or
28 Chausse'e d'Ixelles, No. 393/35
B-2050 Brussels, BELGIUM
Tel: (32-2) 5027734
Fax: (32-2) 5022846.
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Background
The Fund was established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 32/133
in connection with preparations for the 1981 International Year of Disabled
Persons. The Assembly decided, in its resolution 40/31, that the Fund would
be renamed the Voluntary Fund for the United Nations Decade of Disabled
Persons (1982-1992), and that its resources would support catalytic and
innovative action to further implement the World Programme of Action
concerning Disabled Persons. In its resolution 47/88, the Assembly decided
that the Fund would continue in the period beyond the Decade as the United
Nations Voluntary Fund on Disability, and that its terms of reference would
include support for action to achieve the target of a society for all by the
year 2010, as endorsed in Assembly resolution 45/91.
With an estimated 10 per cent of the world's population experiencing
some form of disability, the Fund places special emphasis on supporting
catalytic and innovative action to (a) promote greater awareness of
disability issues and the exchange of knowledge and experience; (b) build
national capacities and institutional capabilities for integrated policies and
programmes in the disability field and for national disability legislation;
(c) improve data collection, applied research and evaluation; (d) further
pilot efforts; and (e) promote the wide dissemination of appropriate
disability technologies. Fund assistance has contributed to expanding
technical exchanges in Africa and Asia and to building networks among both
centres for training and research and disability organizations. Recent
actitivies assisted by the Fund have contributed to the introduction of new
and expanded income-generating opportunities among people with disabilities
(Honduras, Jordan and the United Republic of Tanzania); improving the
organization and delivery of rehabilitation services (Mali); and improved
communications opportunities for people with disabilities, through such
measures as support for publication of the Philippine Dictionary for Sign
Language.
The capacity of the Fund to complement in both a technical and a
financial sense other forms of assistance available to Governments and
organizations of persons with disabilities is evident: its seed-money grants
have mobilized more than five times as many additional resources. That
multiplier effect of Fund-supported action demonstrates how its substantive
contributions and seed-money grants on request can strengthen policies and
programmes in the field of disability. If the Fund is to continue to make its
particular contributions to international cooperation to improve the situation
of people with disabilities, it is important that its resource base be
strengthened appropriately.
Activities in 1995
Grants released by the Fund in 1995
During 1995, the Fund provided more than US$150,000 in grants to the
projects listed below. Four grants - to the Dominican Republic, Mauritania,
the Sudan and the Regional Western Asia Workshop - represent the final
instalment of multi-year co-financing grants provided by the Arab Gulf
Programme for United Nations Development Organizations (AGFUND).
Fund grants released during 1995 are described below.
Dominican Republic. Pilot training programme for technicians in
prosthetics and orthotics of the Santo Domingo Institute of
Technology; Asociacio'n Dominicana de Rehabilitacio'n.
Mauritania. Development of National Orthopaedic and Functional
Rehabilitation Centre in Nouakchott; Ministry of Health, Labour
and Social Affairs, in cooperation with the Department of
Technical Cooperation for Development of the United Nations
Secretariat and the United Nations Development Programme.
Sudan. Development of Vocational Training Centre for Disabled
Persons at Soba, Khartoum; Ministry of Social Welfare and
Development, in cooperation with the International Labour
Organization and the United Nations Development Programme.
Regional Africa. Training seminar on establishment and
development of national coordinating committees on disability
(Accra, 21-25 August 1995); Department of Social Welfare of the
Government of Ghana.
Regional Africa. Se'minaire re'gional sur la le'gislation en
faveur des personnes handicape'es (Conakry, Guinea, 4-9 septembre
1995); Fe'de'ration guine'enne pour la promotion des associations
de personnes handicape'es, in cooperation with the Ministry of
Public Works, Social Affairs and Employment.
Regional Western Asia. Workshop for key medical and technical
personnel in prosthetics and orthotics for Western Asia and the
East Mediterranean (Amman, 8-15 October 1993); Ministry of Health
of the Government of Jordan, University Rehabilitation Institute,
Ljubljana, Slovenia, and International Society for Prosthetics and
Orthotics, in cooperation with the Economic and Social Commission
for Western Asia.
Global. Disability prevention: stimulation and monitoring in
selected target areas; Rehabilitation International. Ongoing
project co-financed by AGFUND.
Contributions received by the Fund: 1995
The Fund received nearly US$600,000 in contributions during 1995 from 16
Governments, 4/ the Holy See, AGFUND and the National Committee on
Disability of the United States of America, which generous support is greatly
appreciated. Seven contributions, totalling US$235,000, were earmarked in
whole or in part to support the activities of the Special Rapporteur on
Disability.
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Notes:
1/ The full text of the Declaration and Programme of Action may be found
on the World Wide Web home page of the World Summit for Social
Development, at http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/wssd.htm, as
well as in the Report of
the World Summit for Social Development, Copenhagen, 6-12 March 1995 (United
Nations publication, Sales No. E.96.IV.8), resolution 1, annexes I and II.
2/ See General Assembly resolution 48/157 of 20 December 1993; The study
is to be presented to the Assembly at its fifty-first session, 1996.
3/ The document is on the World Wide Web at the Persons with
Disabilities home page..
4/ Austria, Bangladesh, Benin, China, Columbia, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland,
Ireland, Japan, Malta, Monaco, Norway, Republic of Korea, Turkey, and United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
The Disabled Persons Bulletin is published three times a year in
English, French and Spanish by the United Nations Secretariat. Please
address correspondence to:
Editor, Disabled Persons Bulletin
Division for Social Policy and Development
United Nations Secretariat, Room DC2-1342
New York, NY 10017
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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