Cuntry or area
1975
1980
1985
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996 Asia
Eastern Asia China
3.57
2.31
2.2
2.31
2.20
2.00
2.00
1.86 .. .. Hong Kong
2.75
2.06
1.47
1.19
1.22
1.26
1.23
1.22 .. .. Japan
1.93
1.74
1.74
1.51
1.51
1.47
1.43
1.47 .. .. Macau ..
1.87a
..
..
1.64
..
1.41
1.43 1.36
.. Republic of
Korea
3.23
2.70
1.67
1.58
1.70
1.77
1.73
1.72 .. .. South-eastern Asia Singapore
2.11
1.74
1.62
1.72
1.82
1.82
1.83
1.80 1.77
.. Western Asia Armenia
2.79
2.34
2.55
2.63
2.58
2.35
1.97
1.70 1.63
.. Cyprus
2.01
2.46
2.38
2.42
2.33
2.49
2.27
2.23 2.13 2.08 Georgia
2.52
2.21
2.26
2.20
2.15
1.79
..
.. ..
.. Europe Eastern Europe Belarus
2.20
2.00
2.07
1.91
1.80
1.75
1.61
1.57 1.39
.. Bulgaria
2.24
2.05
1.95
1.81
1.65
1.54
1.46
1.37 1.24 1.24 Czech
Republic
2.43
2.07
1.95
1.89
1.86
1.72
1.67
1.44 1.28 1.18 Hungary
2.38
1.92
1.83
1.84
1.86
1.77
1.69
1.64 1.57 1.46 Poland
2.27
2.28
2.33
2.04
2.05
1.93
1.85
1.80 1.61 1.60 Republic of
Moldova
2.55b
2.36c
2.66d
2.39
2.26
2.21
2.10
1.95 1.76
.. Romania
2.62
2.45
2.26
1.83
1.56
1.51
1.44
1.41 1.34 1.30 Russian
Federation
1.99b
1.89c
2.06d
1.89
1.73
1.55
1.39
1.40 1.34
.. Slovakia
2.55
2.32
2.25
2.09
2.05
1.98
1.92
1.66 1.52 1.45 Ukraine
2.02
1.95
2.02
1.89
1.81
1.72
1.55
1.50 1.40
.. Northern Europe Denmark
1.92
1.55
1.45
1.67
1.68
1.76
1.75
1.81 1.81
.. Estonia
2.04
2.02
2.12
2.05
1.79
1.69
1.45
1.37 1.32 1.30 Finland
1.69
1.63
1.64
1.78
1.8
1.85
1.81
1.85 1.81 1.76 Iceland
2.65
2.48
1.93
2.31
2.19
2.21
2.22
2.14 2.08 2.12 Ireland
3.40
3.23
2.50
2.12
2.08
1.99
1.93
1.86 1.87 1.91 Latvia
1.96
1.90
2.09
2.02
1.86
1.73
1.51
1.39 1.25 1.16 Lithuania
2.20
2.00
2.10
2.00
1.97
1.89
1.67
1.54 1.49 1.43 Norway
1.98
1.72
1.68
1.93
1.92
1.88
1.86
1.87 1.87 1.89 Sweden
1.78
1.68
1.73
2.14
2.12
2.09
2.00
1.89 1.74 1.61 United
Kingdom
1.81
1.89
1.80
1.83
1.82
1.79
1.76
1.74 1.71 1.71 Southern Europe Bosnia and
Herzegovina
2.35
1.88
1.89
1.7
..
..
..
.. ..
.. Croatia
1.91
1.92
1.82
1.63
1.53
1.48
1.52
1.47 1.48
.. Greece
2.28
2.23
1.68
1.43
1.38
1.39
1.34
1.36 1.32 1.31 Italy
2.21
1.68
1.45
1.36
1.33
1.33
1.26
1.22 .. .. Malta
2.17
1.98
1.99
2.05
2.04
2.12
2.01
1.89 1.83 2.01 Portugal
2.52
2.19
1.73
1.57
1.57
1.54
1.52
1.44 1.41 1.44 Slovenia
2.16
2.11
1.72
1.48
1.46
1.34
1.34
1.32 1.29 1.28 Spain
2.80
2.21
1.64
1.36
1.33
1.32
1.27
1.21 1.17 1.15 Yugoslavia
2.31
2.26
2.21
2.08
2.08
1.92
1.91
1.85 1.88
.. Western Europe Austria
1.83
1.65
1.47
1.45
1.5
1.49
1.48
1.44 1.40 1.42 Belgium
1.74
1.69
1.51
1.62
1.66
1.65
1.60
1.55
1.55
..
France
1.93
1.95
1.82
1.78
1.77
1.73
1.66
1.65 1.70 1.72 German
Dem. Rep
1.54
1.94
1.73
1.52
0.98
0.83
0.78
0.77 0.84 0.93 Germany,
Fed. Rep. of
1.45
1.45
1.28
1.45
1.42
1.40
1.39
1.35 1.34 1.39 Germany
..
..
..
..
..
1.29
1.28
1.24 1.25 1.29
Luxembourg
1.52
1.50
1.38
1.62
1.60
1.67
1.69
1.72 1.67 1.76
Netherlands
1.66
1.60
1.51
1.62
1.61
1.59
1.57
1.57 1.53 1.53
Switzerland
1.61
1.55
1.52
1.59
1.58
1.58
1.51
1.49 1.48 1.50
Latin America and the Caribbean Caribbean Bahamas
2.54
2.87
2.48
2.03
..
1.95
..
.. .. Barbados
2.23
1.88
..
1.57f
..
..
..
.. .. Cuba
..
1.64
1.90
1.83
1.69
..
..
.. ..
Martinique
3.69g
..
2.14
2.02
1.93
1.93
..
.. .. Trinidad
and Tobago
3.12
3.20
3.21
2.40
..
..
2.03 Northern America Canada
1.82
1.71
1.63
1.71
1.7
1.69
1.66
.. .. United
States of
America
1.77
1.83
1.84
2.08
2.07
2.07
2.05
2.07 .. Oceania Australia
2.22
1.92
1.89
1.91
1.85
1.89
1.87
1.85 .. New
Zealand
2.33
2.05
1.93
2.18
2.16
2.12
2.10
2.04 2.03