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National Implementation of Agenda 21
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Information Provided by the Government of Turkey to the
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This country profile has been provided by:
Name of Ministry/Office: Ministry of Environment
Date:
Submitted by: Süleyman Nazif Baydar, Head of Foreign Relations Dept.
Mailing address: Eskisehir Yolu 8. Km. 06530 Ankara, Turkey
Telephone: (90-312) 285 1705
Telefax: (90-312) 285 3739
E-mail:
Note from the Secretariat: An effort has been made to present all country profiles within a common format, with an equal number of pages. However, where Governments have not provided information for the tables appended to Chapters 4 and 17, those tables have been omitted entirely in order to reduce the overall length of the profile and save paper. Consequently, there may be some minor inconsistencies among the formats of the different country profiles.
All statistics are rendered as provided by the respective Governments.
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| APELL | Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level |
| CFC | chlorofluorocarbon |
| CGIAR | Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research |
| CILSS | Permanent Inter-State Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel |
| EEZ | exclusive economic zone |
| ECA | Economic Commission for Africa |
| ECE | Economic Commission for Europe |
| ECLAC | Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean |
| ELCI | Environmental Liaison Centre International |
| EMINWA | environmentally sound management of inland water |
| ESCAP | Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific |
| ESCWA | Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia |
| FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
| GATT | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade |
| GAW | Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO) |
| GEF | Global Environment Facility |
| GEMS | Global Environmental Monitoring System (UNEP) |
| GEMS/WATER | Global Water Quality Monitoring Programme |
| GESAMP | Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution |
| GIPME | Global Investigation of Pollution in Marine Environment (UNESCO) |
| GIS | Geographical Information System |
| GLOBE | Global Legislators Organisation for a Balanced Environment |
| GOS | Global Observing System (WMO/WWW) |
| GRID | Global Resource Information Database |
| GSP | generalized system of preferences |
| HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
| IAEA | International Atomic Energy Agency |
| IAP-WASAD | International Action Programme on Water and Sustainable Agricultural Development |
| IARC | International Agency for Research on Cancer |
| IBSRAM | International Board of Soil Resources and Management |
| ICCA | International Council of Chemical Associations |
| ICES | International Council for the Exploration of the Sea |
| ICPIC | International Cleaner Production Information Clearing House |
| ICSC | International Civil Service Commission |
| ICSU | International Council of Scientific Unions |
| IEEA | Integrated environmental and economic accounting |
| IFAD | International Fund for Agricultural Development |
| IGADD | Intergovernmental Authority for Drought and Development |
| IGBP | International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (ICSU) |
| IGBP/START | International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme/Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training |
| ILO | International Labour Organisation |
| IMF | International Monetary Fund |
| IMO | International Maritime Organization |
| INFOTERRA | International Environment Information system (UNEP) |
| IOC | Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission |
| IPCC | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
| IPCS | International Programme on Chemical Safety |
| IPM | integrated pest management |
| IRPTC | International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals |
| ITC | International Tin Council |
| ITTO | International Tropical Timber Organization |
| IUCN | International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
| MARPOL | International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships |
| OECD | Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development |
| PGRFA | plant genetic resources for agriculture |
| PIC | prior informed consent procedure |
| SADCC | South African Development Co-ordination Conference |
| SARD | sustainable agriculture and rural development |
| UNCTAD | United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |
| UNDP | United Nations Development Programme |
| UNDRO | Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator |
| UNEP | United Nations Environment Programme |
| UNESCO | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
| UNFPA | United Nations Population Fund |
| UNICEF | United Nations Children's Fund |
| UNIDO | United Nations Industrial Development Organization |
| UNU | United Nations University |
| WCP | World Climate Programme (WMO/UNEP/ICSU/UNESCO) |
| WFC | World Food Council |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| WMO | World Meteorological Organization |
| WWF | World Wide Fund for Nature (also called World Wildlife Fund) |
| WWW | World Weather Watch (WMO) |
Social Developments:
The total population of Turkey reached 62.7 million in 1996. The annual population growth fell from 2.17 to 1.78 in 1996. The total fertility rate, which was estimated as 3.4 in the period of 1985-1990, dropped to 2.69 in 1994. Infant mortality rate is 42.2 (in thousand) in 1996. Life expectancy at birth for males is 65.9 and, for females, 70.5. The total life expectancy is 68.2 for the year 1996. The educational level of the country's population is still insufficient. The total literacy rate is 80.5%, with 88.8% for males and 72% for the female population. For the same period of time, the schooling rates are 5.1% in pre-school education for the 4-6- year-old age group, 100% in primary schools, 65.6% in junior high schools, 53% in high schools and 26.7% in higher education, including 12.5% in formal higher education. When comparing schooling rates according to gender, there is a significant difference between the male and female population. According to the 1990 Population Census, 55.26% of the eligible male population and 59.6% of the eligible female population is in primary school. In junior high, the rate is 10.85% for males and 7.57% for females. In high school, the percentages shift to 10.74% of the males and 8.28% of the females, and, in higher education, 4.47% of the eligible male populationis enrolled as compared to 2.57% of the female population. The basic health indicators such as infant mortality, child mortality below the age of 5, mother mortality, and immunization rate have not improved sufficiently. This insufficiency stems not only from the problems concerning the health sector, but also from factors such as the environment, nutrition, housing, distribution of income, provision of clean drinking water and water for use. The total fertility rate in 1973 was 5.5%; in 1978, it was 4.3%; in 1983, 4.1%; in 1988, 3.4%, and in 1993, 2.7%. The total mortality rate dropped to 6.5 (in one thousand) in 1990 from 11.6 (in one thousand) in 1970. The mother mortality rate presists as a problem; in 1970 it was 2,084 out of one hundred thousand; in 1981 it was 132, and the projection of mother's mortality for now is between 40-60 in one hundred thousand. The unemployment rate went up to 10.5% in 1994. Similarly , the level of underemployment reached 9.3%. In urban areas, the unemployment rate among educated young people is high, whereas the proportion of women in the labour force is low. Employment in the agricultural sector with low-productivity continues to account for over 45% of the total employment, which is about 20.4 million. Employment in the public sector, which makes up 40% of the total paid employment, remained the same in the period of 1991-1995. Salaries and wages have increased at high rates in real terms in the period of 1990-1994. Wages of workers in the public sector have increased by a factor of 2.04, whereas in the private sector they increased by 1.5. During this period, policies were implemented for improving income distribution, and the share of wage and salary-earners in the GDP was raised. Due to a high urbanization rate, infrastructure and superstructure investments in the cities continue to be inadequate in meeting the needs of the increasing population. Housing problem arising in line with the population, and migration and high urbanization continue to prevail. The social security institutions in Turkey have increasing financial problems. The imbalance between the active and passive insurers requires organizational changes. The removal of bottlenecks encountered in the continuous and effective provision of family planning services for the groups who need them, in ensuring cooperation among the sectors concerned and in education and proper employment of the personnel, is of great importance.
Economic Developments
The main objectives of the Sixth Five-Year Development Plan (1991-1995) have been implemented, including speeding up of the industrial growth, bringing down the chronic inflation rate, increasing the role of the private sector, giving priority to investments in resources allocation, all within a structure open to international competition. The functions of the state to set and supervise rules with regard to the realization of economic activities through market mechanisms in order to raise welfare were the other objectives during that period. But the country was not ready to withdraw the state from economic activities, such as production and distribution. The increase in domestic interest rates and the mounting public deficits have speeded up the inflow of hot-money and led to excessive appreciation of the Turkish lira in real terms. Together with this development, the real increase in labour costs and the decrease in direct and indirect incentives have caused the Turkish economy to lose its competitiveness. The rapidly deteriorating internal and external balances caused a serious crisis in money, capital and exchange markets in the early 1994. Because of this development, on April 5, 1994, the Economic Measures Implementation Plan was put into effect with a view to stabilizing the economy. In the 1990-1993 period, the GNP growth rate reached an average of 6% annually, but in an unstable manner. During the same period, high public deficits and the expansion in domestic demand backed up by an inflow of short-term capital, formed a driving force for growth. As a result of the stability measures, the GNP at fixed prices decreased by 6% in 1994. As a result, the ratio of public sector borrowing to GNP, which rose to 11.7% in 1993, came down to 8.2% . Thus, in the Sixth Plan Period, fixed GNP grew by an average of 3.5 percent annually. In 1990-1993, the average price increase was about 60%. In conclusion, the developments during the Sixth Plan period made it clear that the consumption-based growth, backed by public sector deficits and short-term capital inflow, is not sustainable. They underlined the need for implementing monetary and fiscal policies in harmony with each other, as well as the importance of developing the domestic macro policies in the context of an international economic environment characterised by liberalisation of foreign trade and capital movements.
Forests:
The First Forestry Assembly was held in 1993. Decisions were taken on the following topics: forestry legislation, reforestation and erosion control, national parks and wildlife, forestry and forest villagers, institutional strengthening, extension issues, international relations, conservation, planning and management of forests, forest products, forest cadastral studies, ownership status of forests, forests and the environment. Turkey has signed and adopted the reolutions taken at the Strasbourg and Helsinki Ministerial Conferences on the Protection of Forests in Europe, and established a National Follw-up Committee consisting of experts responsible for technical coordination of each resolution. Necessary studies on adjusting the accepted criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management to national forestry issues are being conducted. Two important laws on forestry issues have entered into force: 1) The Law on National Mobilisation for Afforestation, Reforestation and Erosion Control, and 2) The Law on the Development of Forest Villagers. The interest rates of credits given to support forest villagers have been reduced, and new legal and financial arrangements have been undertaken to encourage the private sector and farmers to be involved in and contribute to plantation activities. The National Environmental Action Plan and Action Plan for Biological Diversity have been prepared and submitted to related agencies for Approval. Turkey signed the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity in 1992 and ratified it in 1997. The Convention on Combating Desertification was signed in 1994 and the ratification process is underway. Three international symposiums, namely 1) for cedrus libani; 2) pinus brutia; and 3) in-situ conservation of plant genetic resources have been organised since UNCED. In addition, the Second Expert Level Follow-up Meeting of the Helsinki Ministerial Conference was held in Turkey in 1995.
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1. Name of Key National Sustainable Development Coordination Mechanism(s)/Council(s).
No information.
Contact point (Name, Title, Office): Telephone: Fax: e-mail: Mailing address:
2. Membership/Composition/Chairperson:
2a. List of ministries and agencies involved:
2b. Names of para-statal bodies and institutions involved, as well as participating of academic and private sector bodies:
2c. Names of non-governmental organizations involved:
3. Mandate role of above mechanism/council:
4. If available, attach a diagram (organization chart) showing national coordination structure and linkages between ministries:
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| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | |
| STATUS REPORT: Turkey passed the Agreement of
the WTO and its annexes on January 26 1995, which brings new
standards on trade and environment. Turkey is a member of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) and the Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (COMCEC). Turkey is member of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation in the framework of which trade and environment relations among member countries are also promoted.
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1. Decision-Making Structure: No information.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 3: COMBATING POVERTY
The relatively low income of the rural population is the main
cause for regional and urban-rural disparities in Turkey. It
is estimated that 68.7% of the poor households are rural. Most of
the poor are from the East and Southeast Anatolia
(30.3%), whereas only 1.4% from the Aegean-Marmara region. About
70% of the poor earn their living from agriculture.
The Government agricultural product subsidies and tax exemptions
are insufficient to alleviate the disparities. In addition to
agriculture, a large number of the poor are found in small family
enterprises. Since there is no persistent long-term basis for
rural development, the difference in the level of welfare between
the rural and urban areas is gradually increasing, and the
migration of the rural population into big cities is leading to
excessive aggregation, increased unemployment and problems
with regard to settlement, housing, environment, infrastructure,
transportation, education, health and public security.
Focus of national strategy
As stated in the Seventh Five-Year Development Plan
(1996-2000), Turkeys national strategy to combat poverty is as
follows:
- Achieving a fair income distribution and improving social welfare
are the main objectives.
- In economic and social policies, taking account of the economic
efficiency criteria, the alleviation of poverty and
imbalances in income distribution together with the improvements in
social welfare will be given priority.
- The Social Aid and Solidarity Promotion Fund will be reorganized
to effectively improve the welfare of social groups
living below the povrty line.
- The social security system will be extended so as to cover the
whole population.
- In agriculture, income distribution will be improved through
direct cash grants to registered small farmers.
- An unemployment insurance scheme will be established through
which all residents will be insured, and the premium
requirements of those who cannot afford it will be met by the
State.
Highlight activities aimed at the poor and linkages to the
environment
Within the framework of a sustainable development approach,
the integration of environmental policies into all social
and economic policies has gained an importance.
It is rather a global phenomenon that poverty steadily grows
and deepens. (According to various analyses of the United
Nations , some 1.1 billion people, half of whom live in extreme
poverty, are defined as "poor", as pointed out during the
World Summit for Social Development in Copenhagen in 1995.) Turkey
is not an exception to this actual and historical
fact. The lack of sufficient housing, which is both a basic need
and a very important consumption item for human well-being,
reflects the extent of poverty which many socio-economic groups
experience. "Gecekondu", which is the Turkish
version of squatter housing seen in every developing country,
providing shelter for the urban poor and "have-nots" in and
around especially big cities (metropolises), invades more and more
rural (agricultural) lands every day. Of the estimated
total urban population of 37.8 million (i.e. 60.9% of the total
population) in 1995, nearly a quarter still lives in genekondu-type
settlements. Although important provisions have been made for
planning, housing and services, including legal efforts
such as the "Gecekondu Law, No: 775." of 1966 and the "Gecekondu
Amnesty Law, No: 2981," of 1984, the sheer number
of gecekondu has risen up from an estimated 240,000 during the
First Five-Year Development Plan (1963-1967) to an
estimated 2,000,000 at the beginning of the Seventh Five-Year
Development Plan (1996-2000). New types of housing have
been introduced, including the 1980s-like "mass housing" scheme
which provids for credits to housing cooperatives through
the newly established "Housing Development Administration" and the
"Mass Housing Fund" (1984), the formation of
gecekondus has not been stopped due both to scarcity of national
financial resources and to the rising poverty levels.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: While abject poverty (defined as
pervasive poverty below biological or nutritional standards) may
not
be a problem in Turkey, extensive relative poverty is, and the
number of poor with less than adequate nutrition, housing and
health standards has been increasing in recent years.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
| STATISTICAL DATA/INDICATORS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1985 | Latest 1996 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unemployment (%) | 11.2 | | Population living in absolute poverty
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| Public spending on social sector %
| Other data
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 4: CHANGING CONSUMPTION
PATTERNS
National policy objectives/focus
A national policy discussion on changing production and
consumption patterns was held in Turkey in 1993, together with
the governmental authorities, consumer groups, NGOs at large, the
media and the National Standardization Body. The
importance of product standards, the adoption of a national scheme
for an environmental quality management system and
public awareness-raising were stressed as the means to achieve the
objectives of Chapter 4. On the basis of the discussion,
the Directorate General for the Protection of Consumers and
Competition was set up in the Ministry of Industry and Trade,
and the Act on the Protection of Competition, as well as several
regulations on consumer protection, were adopted.
The Ministry of Environment has signed declarations and
protocols with different sectors of the economy to decrease
their environmentally harmful loads. For example, a declaration was
signed with the Cement Industry Union whereby the
cement industry representatives made a firm promise to decrease and
control the environmental pollution produced by this
sector. In 1995, production of cars equipped with catalytic
converters was initiated with a protocol between the Ministry of
Environment and the car manufacturers.
Arrangements which have been made by taking into consideration
the protection of the environment, in order to settle the
issues on guarantee, maintenance and repair services assuring
reliability of all kinds of goods used by the consumers, are
still inadequate. The need for the harmonization of product
standards with the European Community still persists.
National targets No information.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: See status report.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
| Latest 1995 | |||||
| GDP per capita (current US$) | |||||
| Real GDP growth (%) | |||||
| Annual energy consumption per capita (Kg. of oil equivalent per capita) | |||||
| Motor vehicles in use per 1000 inhabitants | |||||
| Other data
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Government policies affecting consumption and production.
1. Goals and Agents (Stakeholders)
Indicate with a (X) those agents which your Governments policies are meant most to influence.
| Agents Goals | |||||
| Material efficiency | |||||
| Energy efficiency: | |||||
| Transport | |||||
| Housing | |||||
| Other | |||||
| Waste: | |||||
| Reduce | |||||
| Reuse | |||||
| Recycle |
Comments:
2. Means & Measures and Agents (Stakeholders)
Indicate with an (R) those agents who assume primary responsibility for any of the policy measures indicated; indicate with an (I) the agents for which the impact is expected to be especially significant.
| Agents Means & Measures | |||||
| Improving understanding and analysis | |||||
| Information and education (e.g., radio/TV/press) | |||||
| Research | |||||
| Evaluating environmental claims | |||||
| Form partnerships | |||||
| Applying tools for modifying behaviour | |||||
| Community based strategies | |||||
| Social incentives/disincentives (e.g., ecolabelling) | |||||
| Regulatory instruments | |||||
| Economic incentives/disincentives | |||||
| Voluntary agreements of producer responsibility
for aspects of product life cycle | |||||
| Provision of enabling facilities and
infrastructure (e.g., transportation alternatives, recycling) | |||||
| Procurement policy | |||||
| Monitoring, evaluating and reviewing performance | |||||
| Action campaign | |||||
| Other (specify) |
Comments:
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 5: DEMOGRAPHIC DYNAMICS AND
SUSTAINABILITY
| NATIONAL PRIORITY: | ||||
| STATUS REPORT: The high population
growth rate, which now stands at over 2% per year, and the high
maternal and
infant mortality rate, call for further investments in the national
population policies. According to the national statistics,
ninety-three precent of the total population is covered by national
social security schemes. Private social security schemes
have been encouraged to expand these services to the whole
population. The 6th and 7th Five-Year Development Plans
have identified targets and implementation strategies for the
establishment of wide-coverage unemployment insurance
schemes, creating a skilled labour force, and upgrading the
existing employment benefit systems. In addition, the
interlinkages between demographic and environmental issues have
been given a priority in the national five-year
development plan.
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1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Interior, the
State Institute of Statistics (SIS), Hacettepe
University and the Institute of Demographic Studies are primarily
responsible for demographic issues in Turkey. In
addition, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Environment,
the Ministry of Forest, the State Planning Organization
(SPO) and the State Institute of Statistics are engaged in
integrated policy coordination in the field of population,
environment and development. A Demographic Dynamics and
Sustainability Working Group has been set up under the
National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) to coordinate the
different actions in the field of population, environment and
sustainable development.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
| Latest 1996 | ||||
| Population (Thousands) mid-year estimates | ||||
| Annual rate of increase (1990-1993) | ||||
| Surface area (Km2) | ||||
| Population density (people/Km2) | ||||
| Other data
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 6: PROTECTING AND PROMOTING
HUMAN HEALTH
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Market growth and urbanization
of the Turkish population over the past two decades have had a
major impact on the health status and on the disease patterns
throughout the country. Investments in health, education and
poverty alleviation have led to the improvement of overall health
in Turkey. Better education, especially for women and
girls, has increased the populations understanding of the leading
threats to good health, the ability to care for their families,
and the probability that they will seek appropriate access to
health services. In addition, the number of doctors, nurses,
clinics and hospitals has increased. A better supply of food,
clean water, safe sanitation, decent housing and basic education
is now available to most of the people, although regional and
urban-rural disparities still exist among the countrys 60
million population.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: The second Health Project financed by a World
Bank loan and availing of management services
assistance through the UNDP will help to improve the effectiveness,
efficiency and equity of the 4.6% of GNP (US$ 98 per
capita per year) currently consumed by the health sector in
Turkey.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
| | | Latest
1996 | Life expectancy at birth | Male Female
Infant mortality (per 1000 live
births)
| Maternal mortality rate (per 100000
live births)
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| Access to safe drinking water (% of
population)
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| Access to sanitation services (% of
population)
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| Other data | * 1980 - 1991
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AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 7: PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE HUMAN
SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT
Local authorities are under pressure for the increased service
requirements, ranging from the disposal of immense
amounts of solid wastes to the provisions of parks and play areas.
Due to their financial dependency on the central
government and legislation limiting their capacity in
decision-making, the local authorities in Turkey are unable to
provide
these services at the required level.
The Government of Turkey had a dual role in its preparatory
work for the Habitat II Conference. As the host country ,
Turkey was responsible for all the necessary arrangements for the
conference. On the other hand, Turkey prepared, in close
cooperation with a considerable number of public agencies and NGOs,
a National Plan of Action. It is based on an enabling
strategy, addressing the issues of human settlements in both urban
and rural areas, including the assessments of shelter,
infrastructure and service needs, the review of the effectiveness
of existing urban policies and the identification of issues and
bottlenecks to local development that call for action. Issues
pertaining to poverty alleviation and job creation, pollution
reduction and environmental improvement as well as community
participation and new modes of governance are also
addressed in the Plan.
In addition to what has been said in Ch.3 above, the
financial bottleneck existing for the poor people wanting to attain
homes in cities can be emphasised by giving some figures obtained
from practical experiences of housing cooperatives
producing licensed housing: As of today, each fourth completed
housing unit in Turkey is realized by cooperatives. Since
the great initial public push created in 1984, housing cooperatives
financial crediting power has diminished from a fixed
percentage rate of 83 to below 30% in 1995. And while the inflation
level has prompted the prices of construction materials
to grow 154 times (within the same time period of 11 years), the
housing co-operatives credit allowances have grown only
55 times. So the number of poor people in housing cooperatives has
steadily been falling during the last decade, a fact
contributing to the increase in slum construction and figures.
Apart from this, land is a very limited resource. Sixty-three
percent of Turkey is affected by soil erosion. In addition,
92% of the total land area and 95% of the total population are
under the risk of medium to high level seismic movements.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: The ever increasing population
living in cities and the urban-rural disparity have become the top
priority issues in Turkey. Among others, increasing housing demand
and traffic problems result from this phenomenon. Due
partially to the insufficient supply of serviced land for housing
within or around the city, there has been an extreme increase
in unlicensed (illegal) housing, often without even the most basic
amenities. Insufficient land supply and the lack of viable
investment alternatives in the Turkish economy in general have
given rise to speculative investments in the real estate
markets, making it even more difficult for the low-income
households to attain homes. Financing of housing, primarily by
individual savings, is another aspect of the problem.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of the Interior
and the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement are
responsible for decision-making under this chapter. See also
capacity-building.
With regard to legislation in this field, the (City) Planning Law,
No: 3194/1985; the Gecekondu (Squatter Housing) Law,
No: 775/1966; the Mass Housing Law, No: 2985/1984 and the Public
Housing Law, No: 2946/1983 are the main laws
governing housing policies in Turkey.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: A technical
cooperation project to promote sustainable human settlement
development was initiated in October 1994, between the Government
of Turkey and the UNDP, and it is being executed and
financed (US$ 1.6 million) by the Prime Ministry Housing
Development Administration.
3. Major Groups: See status report.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
| Urban population in % of total population | |||
| Annual rate of growth of urban population (%) | |||
| Largest city population (in % of total population) | |||
| Other data
| |||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 8: INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT IN DECISION-MAKING
In 1995, Turkey launched a preparatory process for the
development of a National Agenda 21 under the UNDP technical
cooperation programme entitled the National Programme for
Environmental Institution and Management in Turkey. The
final product is expected to be a consensus document which will
identify actions to ensure the integration of social,
environmental and economic concerns and policies at all levels. The
NEAP and the Seventh Five-Year Development Plan
(1996-2000) are used as an important reference in the formulation
of the National Agenda 21.
As part of the preparations, Agenda 21 was translated into
Turkish, and a Task Force, with representatives from the
Ministry of Environment, State Planning Organization, NGOs,
academic institutions, local authorities, private sector and
the UNDP was established to lead the preparatory work. A National
Committee involving representatives from all relevant
government agencies, NGOs, local authorities, academic
institutions, private sector and the media has also been set up to
draft the action plan, and regional workshops have been organized
to review the drafts.
Environmental impact assessment became a legally required
procedure on 7 February 1993, and it is currently under
revision.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Turkey has a National
Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) for the years 1996-2000. It is a
binding
document to the public sector and serves as a guidance document to
the private sector. In addition, certain sectors such as
tourism, industry, energy, transport and agriculture are working
for the integration of environmental considerations into this
work.
1. Decision-Making Structure (please also refer to the fact
sheet): See status
report and Chapter 40.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: See status
report.
3. Major Groups: See status report.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 9: PROTECTION OF THE
ATMOSPHERE
The Montreal Protocol and its Amendments
Montreal Protocol signed in 1991;
London Amendment signed in 1995;
Copengahen Amendment signed in 1995.
The latest report to the Montreal Protocol Secretariat was prepared
in 1996.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
No immediate plans to ratify the UNFCCC.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter : In order to
protect the atmosphere,
the Government of Turkey promotes policies and programmes in the
areas of energy
efficiency (UN, EE 2000), environmentally sound and efficient
transportation (EC,
EURO 93), industrial pollution control, sound management of marine
resources, and
management of toxic and other hazardous waste. Studies on air
pollution have been
carried out by Turkish universities. The most important of these
studies are the
following: Monitoring of Heavy Metal Pollution of Traffic Origin in
Eskisehir,
Atmospheric Lead Pollution in Ankara, Chemical Composition of
Atmospheric Aerosols
in Rural Sites of North-West Anatolia.
Turkey does not participate in the strengthening of the
Global Climate
Observing System because the national capacity to predict the
effects of emissions
on the climate or to develop methodologies to identify threshold
levels of
greenhouse gases is poor. Observations of transport emissions are
selective and
limited. Currently, there are 73 settlements and 76 provincial
centers to monitor
the levels of suspended particles and SO2. In 1993, a Transboundary
Air Pollution
Station was established in Cubuk, near Ankara, and the Government
promotes exchange
of information in this respect both at the national and
international levels.
In order to have a less polluting and safer transport system,
Turkey stresses
the importance of EIA. Safety aspects, cost-effectiveness of
alternative systems
and the development of sustainable transport technologies have been
addressed in
part. In big cities, steps have been taken to establish mass
transport systems. For
the reduction of air pollution from transport, Turkey intends to
follow the
developments in the European Union. In 1995, production of cars
equipped with
catalytic converters was initiated with a protocol between the
Ministry of
Environment and car manufacturers.
With regard to achieving sustainable energy development and
efficiency, the
Government considers the development and use of safe technologies,
promotion of R&D
relating to appropriate methodologies, public awareness-raising,
product labeling,
and EIA as the most important means.
To reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere from
industrial activities, industries are encouraged to develop safe
technologies. The Government gives high priority to the promotion
of R&D relating to appropriate methodologies, EIA
within industry as a whole, life-cycle analysis of products and
eco-audits.
Concerning the phase-out of CFCs and other ozone depleting
substances, the phase-out of Annex A and Annex B
substances is planned to be completed by the year 2000.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Environment
is primarily responsible for decision-making under this
chapter. The Ministry of Health is responsible for transboundary
atmospheric pollution control. The Air Quality Control
Regulation, which entered into force in 1986, has not been revised
in the light of Agenda 21. Regulations related to
industrial accidents are being planned.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: There is no
national early detection system. The national capacity-building and
training to perform observations and assessments is not adequate.
The Government provides training in the area of
transboundary atmospheric pollution control.
3. Major Groups: NGOs have contributed to the activities
under the programme area "scientific basis for decision-making".
The private sector has contributed to the activities under the
programme area "preventing stratospheric ozone
depletion".
4. Finance: In 1995, Turkey contributed US$ 36,912 to the
Vienna/Montreal trust funds. In 1994, Turkey received US$
6,165,000 for the implementation of ozone-related activities. An
agreement on financial assistance of US$ 14 million
through the World Bank is underway. Two projects where the
implementing agency is UNIDO have already been approved
by ExCom together with a financing level of about US$ 2
Million.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Turkey participates
in the Cooperative Programme for the Monitoring and
Evolution of Long Range Transmission Air Pollutants in Europe
(EMEP), and in the Global Ozone Observing System.
| Latest 1995 | ||||
| CO2 emissions (eq. million tons) | ||||
| SOx " | ||||
| NOx " | ||||
| CH4 " | ||||
| Consumption of ozone depleting substances (Tons) | ||||
| Expenditure on air pollution abatement in US$ equivalents (million) | ||||
| Other data Main sources of CO2 : energy (90%), industry (6%), forestry (4%) NOx : energy (70%), agriculture (30%) CH4 : agriculture (70%), industry/energy (20%), coal mining (10%) Due to lack of infrastructure, Turkey does not participate in the Global Climate Observing System. Turkey participates in the Global Ozone Observing System. * while 1995 consumption is 6,847 tons, it is 4,613 ODP tons. | ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATED APPROACH TO
THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF LAND
RESOURCES
With regard to the advancement of scientific understanding in
this field, pilot projects to test research findings have been
launched and information systems have been strengthened. Turkey
promotes the integration of planning and management
of land resources also through regional and international
cooperation.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: In order to develop an integrated
approach to the planning and management of land resources, the
Government of Turkey has developed policies and policy instruments.
Planning and management systems have been
improved, and public participation promoted.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Prime Ministers State
Planning Organization, the Ministry of Public Works and
Settlement, the Southeastern Regional Development Agency, local
governments and municipalities, the Ministry of
Environment and the Ministry of Agriculture are primarily
responsible for the planning and management of land resources.
The relevant legislation in this field are the Cabinet Decree
No. 540 for SPO (1994), the Planning Law No. 3194 (1985),
the Environment Law No. 2872 (1983), the Law of Village No. 442
(1924), the Cabinet Decree No. 338 for SRDA (1989),
the Law of Municipalities No. 1580 (1930) and the Law Related to
the Administrations of Greater City Municipalities No.
3030 (1984).
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: The Government
promotes education and training and the strengthening of
technological and institutional capacity in this field.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 11: COMBATING
DEFORESTATION
The Ministry of Forestry has started to encourage the private
sector and farmers to establish private plantations by means
of new and innovative regulations. In addition, the Law on
Development of Forest Villagers has entered into force, and the
interest rates of the credits given to support forest villagers
have been reduced.
Other measures taken to combat deforestation include tree
breeding activities, establishment of germ-plasma banks and
in-situ and ex-situ conservation programmes.
Unique and threatened forest ecosystems and the forests
located within high sloppy areas are not subject to forest
production. These kind of areas are classified as protected forests
or protected areas. Regeneration by using clear cutting
methods in large forest areas has not been implemented since
1992.
Issues which have been addressed only in part so far are the
following: development of public education in forestry,
identification of research and information exchange linkages, using
indigenous knowledge, remote sensing, EIA, carrying
out investment analysis and feasibility studies, promotion of
small-scale forest based industries, assessment of forest
industry efficiency and promotion of ecotourism.
Turkey supports the development of a legally binding
instrument on management, conservation and sustainable
development of all types of forests.
The First Forestry Assembly was held in 1993. The decisions
taken by the Assembly were being considered all important
forestry activities expressed by the UNCED at Rio, 1992.
In 1997, the XI World Forestry Congress was held in Turkey.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Some 26 % of Turkeys surface
area is covered by forests, and approximately 50% of these forests
are already degraded. In addition to afforestation, erosion control
and range improvement measures, the National
Mobilization and Erosion Control Act was put into force in 1995.
The main objective of the act is to ensure participation and
contribution of all related governmental and non-governmental
organizations, private sector and local people, and to provide
additional financial resources for combating deforestation and
erosion control activities at national level.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Forestry
(reest. in 1991) is primarily responsible for the forestry
sector in
Turkey. The legislation related to forestry is the Forest Law
No.6831, the National Park Law No. 2873, the Hunting Law
No.3167 and the Law on the Establishment and Duties of the Ministry
of Forestry No.3800. The National Mobilization Law
for Afforestation and Erosion Control No.4122. The Ministry of
Forestry is also the responsible body for sustainable
management of mountain forests.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: The number of
trained staff working in the field of forestry is adequate at
central
planning and grass roots levels but below par at the district
level. This is mainly due to the general shortage of trained staff
in Turkey. More measures are needed to improve post-graduate
education possibilities in forestry. All forest-related
mountain development issues and forest management practices on
mountain forests areas are carried out by 4 General
Directorates, 27 Forest District Directorates and 280 Forest
Enterprises of the Ministry of Forestry in Turkey.
3. Major Groups: All major groups are encouraged to
participate in the forestry planning at different levels.
4. Finance: The share of the forestry sector in the
government budget has been about 1.6% in recent years. (The budget
for
1990 was US$ eq. 880 million, for 1994 US$ eq. 840 million and for
1997 US$ eq. 998 million)
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Turkey is not yet
a member of the International Tropical Timber Agreement
(ITTA). With regard to the development of new indicators, Turkey
follows the developments under the Ministerial
Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe in this field.
The FAO funded project on the development of appropriate
methods for community forestry has been implemented. Turkey signed
the decisions taken by the Strasbourg and Helsinki
Ministerial Conferences on the Protection of Forests in Europe.
| Latest 1996 | ||||
| Forest Area (Km2) | ||||
| Protected forest area | ||||
| Roundwood production (solid volume of roundwood without bark in mill m3) | ||||
| Deforestation rate (Km2/annum) | ||||
| Reforestation rate (Km2/annum) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 12: MANAGING FRAGILE
ECOSYSTEMS: COMBATING DESERTIFICATION AND
DROUGHT
International Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries
Experiencing
Drought and/or Desertification
Particularly in Africa was signed in 1994. It was translated
into Turkish and sent to the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs on 5 March1996 to be transmitted to the Prime Ministers
office. It has been negotiated by the Environment
Commission and accepted on 21 November 1996. The Convention has
been taken into the agenda of the Parliament of
Turkey for ratification.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter: In Turkey,
some 109,124 km are deserts, and some 374,441 km are in
danger of desertification. These areas are usually inhabited. The
impacts of desertification on humans include, for example,
illnesses of the respiratory system as well as unemployment because
the agricultural land has become useless.
Desertification in Turkey is mainly caused by improper land-use,
excessive grazing and fuel wood and plant collection.
Moderate impacts result from improper farming and natural causes
such as wind erosion and flooding.
The measures taken by the Government to combat desertification
include providing early warning information to
decision-makers, preparation of drought preparedness and relief
schemes, and intensified soil conservation. Public
awareness-raising is also considered very important. Managers and
technical committees which involve representatives of
related institutions and NGOs were established for the purpose of
preparing a National Action Programme and the
implementation of the Convention. The Managers' Committee involves
specialists regarding the subject. The Technical
Committee has identified the draft topics of the National Action
Programme by negotiating the subject in two meetings on
18 June1996 and 05 July 1996. After that, the relevant
institutions, universities and NGOs were asked to send their own
studies under the determined topics by 15 August 1996. The Draft
Programme was prepared by using collected information
and it will be rectified by managers and technical committees.
Turkey has 77 million hectares of surface and of this, 20
million hectares are located in arid and 31 million hectares are
located in semi-arid climatic regions. In addition, more than 75%
of the land are prone to different levels of erosion. Taking
into account huge areas affected by soil erosion, more preventive
measures and additional financial resources are needed.
For this reason, a mobilization for reforestation, afforestation
and erosion control Act entered into force in 1995.
Erosion control and anti-desertification activities were
started in 1955 by the Ministry of Forestry. Until today, some
major activities carried out are as follows:
- Reforestation works; 2.5 million hectares;
- Erosion control works; 284.000 hectares;
- Range improvement works; 80.000 hectares.
The annual programme is 50,000 hectares for reforestation and
25,000 hectares for erosion control works.
Public awareness is one of the key issues for combating
desertification. Some Turkish NGOs are also dealing with this
subject effectively. They are supported by the Government.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Forestry and
the General Directorate of Rural Services are mainly
responsible for combating desertification in Turkey. The National
Mobilization Law for Afforestation, Reforestation and
Erosion Control entered into force in 1995. The Ministry of
Forestry is responsible for implementing this Law.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: The number of
professional staff responsible for desertification issues is not
adequate (poor) at all levels of decision-making.
3. Major Groups: Major groups participate occasionally in
the planning process in this field.
4. Finance: No information
5. Regional/International Cooperation: The World Bank and
the Government of Turkey have financed the Eastern
Anatolian Watershed Rehabilitation Project (US$ 110 million for the
upper catchment of Euphrates), and the FAO and the
UNDP have financed a Project on Measuring erosion and Mapping of
the Mediterranean Coast (US$ 50,000). In addition to
financial support, they have provided human resources.
| Latest 199_ | ||||
| Land affected by desertification (Km2) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 13: MANAGING FRAGILE
ECOSYSTEMS: SUSTAINABLE MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT
Unique, typical representative and/or threatened forest
ecosystems within the mountainous areas have been established
under different categories of protected areas. Such protected
ecosystems are taken into account in forest management plans
and no sylvicultural intervention is allowed in these areas.
In order to provide sustainable management of mountain
forests, the Ministry of Forestry has started to implement some
pilot projects with the support of some international organizations
and in collaboration with other related organizations
which are working in the same areas. One of them is the Integrated
Watershed Management Project. This project has been
implemented in the upper Euphrates basins (Eastern part of the
country) for erosion control. The Project has also aimed at
supporting farmers in order to improve their living standards in
the catchment base. In the medium term, the Ministry of
Forestry will arrange its regulations related to forest management
plans in such a way that agricultural lands, forests,
settlement areas, water resources, touristic activities and endemic
and endangered species of flora and fauna are taken into
account.
Turkey signed the Strasbourg Resolution 4 of the Ministerial
Conference on the Protection of European Forests on
Adapting the Management of Mountain Forests to New Environmental
Conditions in 1990.
The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan has not
been completed yet. They will contain three main topics
which are Step, Forestry and Wetlands Ecosystems. Mountain
Ecosystems have also been included in the Forestry
Ecosystems subject. After the completion of the strategy and
action plan, projects and plans of Mountain Ecosystems will
be developed by Turkey.
At the same time, same projects in Turkey already contain
mountain ecosystems concept to some extent. For instance,
the pilot project of in-situ conservation of plant genetic
resources had recognized two mountain areas (Mountain Kaz and
Mountain Bolkar) as a gene management zone.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: The greatest part of forest land
lies within the mountain ecosystems. Nearly all forestry activities
in
Turkey are subject to the management of mountain development. The
main problems of mountain areas are unplanned
settlements, some illegal curing, over-grazing, forest fires and in
some regions, damages caused by insects.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 14: PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
The following control practices and some instituional measures
should be taken against water erosion in agricultural
areas: contour farming, stuble mulch tillage, rotation practices,
strip cropping, terracing, grassed waterways, setting up of an
organization (similar to the Soil Conservation Service in USA)
etc.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Turkey is intensively
affected
from water erosion. Almost 90% of the land area is effected by
water
erosion. It is the most severe problem for agricultural areas,
affecting more than 16,000,000 ha of the cultivated areas.
The distribution of erosion areas in Turkey
Erosion degree ha %
0 None 5,166,627 6.64
1 Slightly 5,611,892
7.22
2 Moderate 15,592,750
20.04
3 Severe 28,334,933
36.42
4 Very severe 17,366,463
22.32
Rock surface 2,930,933
3.77
Wind Erosion 839,630
1.08
Others 2,790,994
3.59
1. Decision-Making Structure: The General Directorate of
Rural Services is mainly
responsible for agriculture and rural development in Turkey.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
| Latest 1995 | ||||
| Agricultural land (Km2) | ||||
| Agricultural land as % of total land area | ||||
| Agricultural land per capita | ||||
| Latest 1995 | ||||
| Consumption of fertilizers per Km2 of agricultural land as of 1990 | ||||
| Total population | ||||
| Agricultural population | ||||
| Agricultural land (m2 per capita) | ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 15: CONSERVATION OF
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
Convention on Biological Diversity ratified in 1996.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora has
been ratified in 1994.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter: Turkey is rich
in terms of biodiversity. There are 250
wetlands with a total area of approx. one million hectares. More
than 420 species of native and migratory birds nest there,
and 9,000 plant species of which 3,000 are endemic, have been
recorded in the various regions of the Country.
Turkey has carried out a comprehensive baseline survey on the
state of the biodiversity. Habitat destruction is the
most serious cause of the loss of flora and fauna. Over-harvesting
and pollution cause moderate losses. In addition,
moderate fauna losses result from forest fires, and moderate flora
losses, from urbanization.
The Global Environment Fund (GEF) has financed an In-Situ
Conservation of Genetic Biodiversity Project in Turkey.
This five-year project, with the total costs of US$ 5.7 million,
began in 1993, and it will identify and establish in-situ
conservation areas for the protection of genetic resources and wild
relatives of important crops and forest tree species not
indigenous in Turkey. The project components include site surveys
and inventories, gene management zones, data
management, adopting a three-year national plan, and institutional
strengthening.
Since 1993, the GEF has also financed a project for the
Environmental Management and Protection of the Black Sea
(BSEP) (total costs US$ 32.60 million). The BSEP Programme has
three primary objectives: (1) to strengthen and create
regional capacities for managing the Black Sea ecosystem; (2) to
develop and implement an appropriate policy and legal
framework for the assessment, control and prevention of pollution
and the maintenance and enhancement of biodiversity;
and (3) to facilitate the preparation of sound environmental
issues. The Programme Coordination Unit was established in
Istanbul in 1994. The project is to run for three years
The conservation of biological diversity in Turkey is provided
by decisions of the Central Hunting Commission for
animals, birds and reptiles, and by the establishment of protected
areas such as national parks, nature reserves, nature parks,
wildlife reserves and specially protected areas. The National Parks
Law, the Hunting Law, the Forest Law and the
Environment Law are the main legal instruments for this issue.
For the conservation and enhancement of biological diversity,
natural regeneration remains the preferred method of
regeneration in the forest ecosystems in Turkey. The establishment
and conservation of forest-related species diversity are
assisted by the sylvicultural techniques practiced under the
management plans and programmes. In this context, the
preservation of taxa which are naturally associated with those
occurring most frequently in the forests are encouraged. In
order to maintain genetic diversity, monoculture is avoided and
local provenance are preferred in afforestation works.
Biological control methods are encouraged for combating insects in
forests.
A National Environmental Action Plan and a related Biological
Action Plan have been prepared and submitted to
relevant Ministries for approval. A National Biodiversity
Strategy and Action Plan are under preparation by the
coordination of State Planning Organization with the financial
support of the World Bank and technical support of the
Ministry of Environment. The Strategy and Action Plan contain three
main topics which are Stepp Ecosystems, Forestry
Ecosystems and Wetlands Ecosystems.
Turkey has signed and approved the decisions taken by the
Helsinki Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests
in Europe which includes a resolution on the Conservation of
Biodiversity of European Forests.
A National Scientific Committee on the conservation of natural
resources was established in 1995. This committee aims
at supporting activities on research, inventory, extension,
protection and sustainable use of biodiversity, and at providing
better co-ordination among universities, governmental and
non-governmental organizations and the private sector. This
committee comprises representatives of universities and related
governmental and non-governmental organizations.
In 1994, five Turkish wetland sites (Goksu Delta, Seyfe Lake,
Burdur Lake, Kus-Manyas Lake and Sultan Marshes) were
included into the Ramsar wetlands List and Turkey became the 83rd
contracting party of the convention.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Environment,
the Ministry of Forestry and the Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Affairs are responsible for the decision-making regarding
the conservation of biological diversity and genetic
resources. An Inter-Ministerial Steering Committee has been set up
to coordinate national actions under the GEF In Situ
Conservation of Genetic Biodiversity Project, including approving
criteria for selection of gene management zones,
reviewing surveys and inventory studies, setting priorities for
training and approving the budget.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: A training
programme has been established under the GEF In-Situ Conservation
of Genetic Biodiversity Project.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: The GEF, UNDP and the World Bank have financed
some in situ and ex situ projects as well as the IUCN,
Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, and the WWF.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: See status
report.
| Latest 199_ | |||
| Protected area as % of total land area | |||
| Latest 199_ | |||
| Number of threatened species | |||
| Other data
| |||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 16: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
- Biotechnology Techniques in Turkey by the TUBITAK Marmara
Research Center, Research Institute for Genetic
Engineering and Biotechnology (US$1.2 million) with the support of
the NATO Science for Stability (SFS) Programme
(US$950,000);
- The Establishment of Hybridoma, Recombinant DNA and transfer
Technologies at TUBITAK Gebze by the TUBITAK
Marmara Research Center, Research Institute for Genetic Engineering
and Biotechnology (US$430,000) with the support of
the UNDP and UNIDO (US$188,000);
- The Establishment of a Molecular Biology Laboratory by the
Bogazici University, Department of Biology (US$310,000)
with the support of the UNDP and UNESCO (US$268,000).
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: There are no specific policies
or plans to promote the use of biotechnology in Turkey. The most
significant projects in the field have been the following:
1. Decision-Making Structure: The TUBITAK-MAM Research
Institute for Genetic
Engineering and Biotechnology and Ankara University
Biotechnological and
Implementation Centre are mainly responsible for biotechnology
research and
development in Turkey.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 17: PROTECTION OF THE
OCEANS, ALL KINDS OF SEAS, INCLUDING ENCLOSED
AND SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS, AND COASTAL AREAS AND THE PROTECTION,
RATIONAL USE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR LIVING RESOURCES
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Turkey is not a
party to the UN Convention of the Law of the
Sea. Articles of the convention are taken into consideration to
the extent that they reflect customary international law.
See also the attached tables on the next pages.
Turkey has a national policy on oceans. The establishment of an
integrated coastal area management programme,
encompassing the EEZ in the Black Sea, is planned.
Turkey played a leadership role in launching an international
environmental programme for the Black Sea Region in 1993.
The Global Environment Facility (UNDP) has financed this
Environmental Management and Protection of the Black Sea
(BSEP) project (total costs US$32.60 million), which has three
primary objectives: (1) to strengthen and create regional
capacities for managing the Black Sea ecosystem; (2) to develop and
implement an appropriate policy and legal framework
for the assessment, control and prevention of pollution and the
maintenance and enhancement of biodiversity; and (3) to
facilitate the preparation of sound environmental issues. The
Programme Coordination Unit was established in Istanbul in
1994. It is assisted by a pollution monitoring network involving
universities and other public institutions. The project is to
run for three years.
International support is needed in terms of monitoring, technical
and financial support for the inventory of pollution from
land-based sources and for the control of all kinds of waste from
maritime transport, combating oil spills at sea and in ports,
and for contingency plans in case of accidents at sea.
With regard to the sustainable use and conservation of marine
living resources of the high seas, Turkey attaches vital
importance to the UN Conference on Straddling Fish Stocks and
Highly Migratory Fish Stocks and plans to take into
consideration the principles set by the Conference. Turkey also
considers the FAO Code of Conduct of Responsible Fishing
an important development for the sustainable use and conservation
of marine living resources under national jurisdiction and
plans to develop national policies in harmony with the Code.
Comprehensive assessment of the state of the environment of coastal
and marine areas are carried out frequently.
Studies have been started to protect the coastal areas which
consist of endangered marine turtles and their nesting areas, in
Mediterranean coastal zone. These species are also protected by the
international arrangements in which Turkey takes part.
The Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural
Habitat, also known as the Bern Convention, entered
into force in Turkey in 1984 and placed the Government under the
obligation of protecting the sea turtles as well as their
breeding and nesting grounds along the Mediterranean Coastal
System. In addition, these species are protected by the
Barcelona Convention under which an action plan has been adopted
for the protection of the sea turtles. Within the
framework of these conventions, in 1990, the Marine Turtles
Monitoring Commission was set up under the coordination of
the Ministry of Environment in order to conserve the marine turtles
in Turkish Mediterranean coasts. The Environment
Management Plan has been designed for the same important coastal
areas for marine turtles.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Environment,
the Ministry of Human Settlements, the Ministry of
Tourism and local authorities are responsible for decision-making
under this chapter. The Under-Secretariat for Maritime
Affairs is the operational focal point of REMPEC and the national
focal point of the Emergency Response Activity Center of
the BSEP.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: National databases
contain information on the periodic measurements of main
pollutant parameters at sea, on goods transported by sea, a
register of ships and seafarers, information on the ship accidents
and ports, activities in the coastal areas, and on the marine
degradation caused by sea based activities. Turkey has access to
technology to identify the major types of pollution from the
land-based sources within the framework of the Med-Pol, the
BSEP and METAO projects.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: See status report.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Turkey participates
in the following international scientific programmes: The
Black Sea International Oceanographic Research Programme COMSBLACK
(with the Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Research Programme POEM BC (with IOC); Modeling for Black Sea
Ecosystem TU-BLACK SEA; The Regional
Cooperation Programme of Oceanography Institutes in the Black Sea
(with NATO); Monitoring of Selected Trace for
Transportation and Flux Modeling in the Black Sea (with IAEA); The
Comparative Assessment Programme for Primary
Production, Transportation and Coastal-High Sea Interaction in
Accordance with Sea Wifs and CZCS Data (with NATO).
MARPOL 73/78 and its annexes I, II and V have been found difficult
to implement. Turkey also participates in the
development of socio-economic and environmental indicators,
systematic observation systems, the Global Ocean Observing
System, and in the mussel watch programme, but not in
clearing-houses. See also Status Report.
| Latest 199- | ||||
| Catches of marine species (metric tons) | ||||
| Population in coastal areas | ||||
| Population served by waste water treatment (% of country's total population) | ||||
| Discharges of oil into coastal waters (metric tons) | ||||
| Releases of phosphate into coastal waters (metric tons) | ||||
| Releases of nitrate into coastal waters (metric tons) | ||||
Chapter 17 (Oceans) Continued:
| Check the boxes in the column below left: | Check the boxes in the column below right: |
| For level of importance use: | For level of implementation use: |
| *** = very important | *** = fully covered |
| ** = important | ** = well covered- gaps being addressed |
| * = not important | * = poorly covered |
| N = not relevant | O = not covered; N = not relevant |
TABLE I. THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED BY THE APPROPRIATE COORDINATING MECHANISM FOR INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL AND MARINE AREAS AND THEIR RESOURCES.
| a. Preparation and implementation of land and water use and siting policies. | ||
| b. Implementation of integrated coastal and marine management and sustainable development plans and programmes at appropriate levels. | ||
| c. Preparation of coastal profiles identifying critical areas including eroded zones, physical processes, development patterns, user conflicts and specific priorities for management. | ||
| d. Prior environmental impact assessment, systematic observation and follow-up of major projects, including systematic incorporation of results in decision-making. | ||
| e. Contingency plans for human induced and natural disasters. | ||
| f. Improvement of coastal human settlements, especially in housing, drinking water and treatment and disposal of sewage, solid wastes and industrial effluents. | ||
| g. Periodic assessment of the impacts of external factors and phenomena to ensure that the objectives of integrated management and sustainable development of coastal areas and marine environment are met. | ||
| h. Conservation and restoration of altered critical habitats. | ||
| I. Integration of sectoral programmes on sustainable development for settlements, agriculture, tourism, fishing, ports and industries affecting the coastal areas. | ||
| J. Infrastructure adaptation and alternative employment. | ||
| K. Human resource development and training. | ||
| L. Public education, awareness and information programmes. | ||
| M. Promoting environmentally sound technology and sustainable practices. | ||
| N. Development and simultaneous implementation of environmental quality criteria. |
TABLE II. TECHNOLOGY (MARINE ENVIRONMENT)
| A. Apply preventive, precautionary and anticipatory approaches so as to avoid degradation of the marine environment, as well as to reduce the risk of long-term or irreversible adverse effects upon it. | ||
| B. Ensure prior assessment of activities that
may have significant adverse impacts upon the
marine environment. | ||
| C. Integrate protection of the marine environment into relevant general environmental, social and economic development policies. | ||
| D. Develop economic incentives, where appropriate, to apply clean technologies and other means consistent with the internalization of environmental costs, such as the polluter pays principle, so as to avoid degradation of the marine environment. | ||
| E. Improve the living standards of coastal populations, particularly in developing countries, so as to contribute to reducing the degradation of the coastal and marine environment. | ||
| F. Effective monitoring and surveillance within the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of fish harvesting and transportation of toxic and other hazardous materials. |
TABLE III. SEWAGE RELATED ISSUES
| A. Sewage related problems are considered when formulating or reviewing coastal development plans, including human development plans. | ||
| B. Sewage treatment facilities are built in accordance with national policies. | ||
| C. Coastal outfalls are located so as to maintain acceptable level of environmental quality and to avoid exposing shell fisheries, water intakes and bathing areas to pathogens. | ||
| D. The Government promotes primary treatment of municipal sewage discharged to rivers, estuaries and the sea, or other solutions appropriate to specific sites. | ||
| E. The Government supports the establishment and improvement of local, national, subregional and regional, as necessary, regulatory and monitoring programmes to control effluent discharge. Minimum sewage effluent guidelines and water quality criteria are in use. |
TABLE IV. OTHER SOURCES OF MARINE POLLUTION, THE GOVERNMENT HAS:
| A. Established or improved upon, as necessary, regulatory and monitoring programmes to control emissions, including recycling technologies. | ||
| B. Promoted risk and environmental impact assessments to help ensure an acceptable level of environmental quality. | ||
| C. Promoted assessment and cooperation at the regional level, where appropriate, with respect to the input of point source pollutants from the marine environment. | ||
| D. Taken steps to eliminate emissions or discharges of organohalogen compounds from the marine environment. | ||
| E. Taken steps to eliminate/reduce emissions or discharges or other synthetic organic compounds from the marine environment. | ||
| F. Promoted controls over anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen and phosphorous that enter coastal waters where such problems as eutrophication threaten the marine environment or its resources. | ||
| G. Taken steps to develop and implement environmentally sound land-use techniques and practices to reduce run-off to water courses and estuaries which would cause pollution or degradation of the marine environment. | ||
| H. Promoted the use of environmentally less harmful pesticides and fertilizers and alternative methods for pest control, and considered the prohibition of those found to be environmentally unsound. | ||
| I. Adopted new initiatives at national, subregional and regional levels for controlling the input of non-point source pollutants which require broad changes in sewage and waste management, agricultural practices, mining, construction and transportation. | ||
| J. Taken steps to control and prevent coastal erosion and siltation due to anthropogenic factors related to, inter alia, land-use and construction techniques and practices. |
TABLE V. ADDRESSING CRITICAL UNCERTAINTIES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE. IN ORDER TO IMPLEMENT THIS PROGRAMME AREA THE GOVERNMENT IS CARRYING OUT THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES:
| A. Coordinating national and regional observation programmes for coastal and near-shore phenomena related to climate change and for research parameters essential for marine and coastal management in all regions. | ||
| B. Providing improved forecasts of marine conditions for the safety of inhabitants of coastal areas and for the efficiency of marine operations. | ||
| C. Adopting special measures to cope with and adapt to potential climate change and sea-level rise. | ||
| D. Participating in coastal vulnerability assessment, modelling and response strategies particularly for priority areas, such as small islands and low-lying and critical coastal areas. | ||
| E. Identifying ongoing and planned programmes of systematic observation of the marine environment, with a view to integrating activities and establishing priorities to address critical uncertainties for oceans and all seas. | ||
| F. Research to determine the marine biological effects of increased levels of ultraviolet rays due to the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. | ||
| G. Carrying out analysis, assessments and systematic observation of the role of oceans as a carbon sink. |
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 18: PROTECTION OF THE
QUALITY AND SUPPLY OF FRESHWATER RESOURCES:
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATED APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENT,
MANAGEMENT AND USE OF WATER RESOURCES
Drinking water resource management is the most important subject
for sustainable development. For this reason a project
titled as "Protection Sapanca Lake as a Drinking Water Resource"
was implemented by the Ministry of Environment. The
philosophy of the project was integrated management of potable
water resources and beneficial use and protection of the
basin. On the basis of the project, a plan was prepared for the
beneficial use and protection of the basin and presented as
1/25,000 scale maps. These maps, which included land use limitation
criteria, will be used by land use planners during the
preparation of a 1/25,000 scale basic land use plan.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: The total amount of usable water
is estimated to be 111 billion m3/year or 47 % of total resources.
Major sources of pollution are domestic and industrial wastewater
discharges and agricultural run off. Approximately 70 %
of the population is adequately served, while 7 % of the population
has no continuous supply. Water quality is monitored
throughout Turkey by local health inspectors within a national
programme. Inspectors have the authority to prosecute
polluters with a broad range of regulations until the contamination
is eliminated.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
| Latest 199- | ||||
| Fresh water availability (total domestic/external in million m3) | ||||
| Annual withdrawal of freshwater as % of available water | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 19: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF TOXIC CHEMICALS, INCLUDING
PREVENTION OF ILLEGAL INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN TOXIC AND
DANGEROUS PRODUCTS
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: No information.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements
of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal
was signed in 1989 and ratified in 1994.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter Turkey signed
the Basel Convention in 1989 and the Convention entered
into force on 20 September 1994. On the basis of the Convention a
national Hazardous Waste Management Regulation was
prepared and published in the Official Paper of 27 August 1995
(No. 22387).
According to this regulation the import of all kinds of
hazardous waste to Turkey is prohibited. In this context, the
import of waste scraps which have economic value for some important
industrial sectors and used textiles are being
controlled in accordance with the "Notice on Substances Controlled
for the Purpose of Protecting the Environment". This
notice was published in the Official Paper on 1 February 1996.
After the ratification of the Basel Convention, the
notification system was applied for the export of hazardous wastes
for
recovery and recycling. According to the notification forms, it
was concluded that 450 ton of anode slime, 250 ton of x-ray
and photographic film containing silver base PET/CTA, 55 ton of
Cu-Anode slimes and 30 ton of PCB transformers have
been exported since 1994.
In addition, the Protocol on the prevention and pollution of
the Mediterranean Sea by transboundary movements of
hazardous wastes and their disposal was signed on 1 October
1996.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 20: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES, INCLUDING
PREVENTION OF ILLEGAL INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN HAZARDOUS WASTES
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Environment
is the Competent Authority of the Basel Convention, and it
promotes policies and programmes in the area of sound management of
hazardous wastes.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues:
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: Turkey contributed to the Basel Trust Fund
US$1,882 in 1994; US$ 10,050.00 in 1995, and US$11,609.00 in
1996.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
| Latest 1994-96 | ||||
| Generation of hazardous waste (t) | ||||
| Import of hazardous wastes (t) | ||||
| Export of hazardous wastes (t) | ||||
| Area of land contaminated by hazardous waste (km2) | ||||
| Expenditure on hazardous waste treatment (US$) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 21: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTES AND SEWAGE-RELATED ISSUES
Out of 34 million people living in urban areas, only 6% are served
with proper treatment facilities. Istanbul, Ankara and
Izmir have begun sewage treatment projects by establishing a
collection system in each city and building waste treatment
plants.
New industrial waste regulations have been approved. Industrial
wastewater is of much importance due to high loads and
toxic nature. Only 20% of the industries have proper treatment
facilities.
In Turkey the Regulation on Control of Solid Waste Management was
published in the Official Paper dated 14 March 1991
(No. 20814). According to this regulation the municipalities are
responsible for the collection, transportation, recycling and
disposal of solid waste.
Deposit schemes and recycling rates are being applied effectively
on packaging waste, and rates of up to 65 % are being
achieved.
Since 1995, theWorld Bank in conjunction with the Ministry of
Environment has financed the Mediterranean
Environmental Technical Assistance Programme (METAP) for developing
a national solid waste management throughout
Turkey. The objectives of the project are
- to take a broad view of Turkish solid waste management
institutions, policies and systems for administration and
control;
- to identify barriers and constraints to successful implementation
of solid waste management; and
- to propose strategies for removing those barriers and constraints
in order to achieve consistent and improved practices and
standards.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Rapid growth of the urban
population is leading to uncontrolled wastewater generation and
pollution
loads. Solid waste production in Turkey amounts to 61,137 tons/day
in 1,974 municipalities. About one per cent of this
waste is deposited in a sanitary landfill, 1.71% is composted,
approximately 81% is dumped into the municipal dumping
sites, and approximately 16% is dumped into water bodies. The
industrial solid waste production is estimated to be
5,379,000 tons per year.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Environment
promotes policies and
programmes in the area of solid waste management.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
| Latest 199- | ||||
| Generation of industrial and municipal waste (t) | ||||
| Waste disposed(Kg/capita) | ||||
| Expenditure on waste collection and treatment (US$) | ||||
| Waste recycling rates (%) | ||||
| Municipal waste disposal (Kg/capita) | ||||
| Waste reduction rates per unit of GDP (t/year) | ||||
| Other data
| ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 22: SAFE AND
ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: No information.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
| |
| Ch. 24: GLOBAL ACTION FOR WOMEN TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND
EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women was ratified on 20 December 1985. 24.a Increasing the proportion of women decision makers. No information. 24.b assessing, reviewing, revising and implementing curricula and other educational material with a view to promoting dissemination of gender-relevant knowledge. Curricula and educational material. 24.c and 24.d formulating and implementing policies, guidelines, strategies and plans for achievement of equality in all aspects of society including issuing a strategy by year 2000 to eliminate obstacles to full participation of women in sustainable development. Policies/strategies etc. 24.e establishing mechanisms by 1995 to assess implementation and impact of development and environment policies and programmes on women. No information. Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): In recent years, the Government of Turkey, in particular the State Ministry for Women, has pursued strengthening the national institutional machinery for the advancement of women.
| |
| Ch. 25: CHILDREN AND YOUTH IN SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT. 25.a establishing processes that promote dialogue between the youth and government at all levels and mechanisms that permit youth access to information and opportunity to present their views on implementing A21. No information. Describe their role in the national process: 25.b reducing youth unemployment No information. 25.c ensuring that by year 2000 more than 50% of youth -- gender balanced -- have access to appropriate secondary education or vocational training. No information. Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information.
| |
| Ch. 26: RECOGNIZING AND STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND THEIR
COMMUNITIES. 26.a establishing a process to empower indigenous people and their communities -- through policies and legal instruments: No information. 26.b strengthening arrangements for active participation in national policies No information. 26.c involving indigenous people in resource management strategies and programmes at the national and local level. No information.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information.
| |
| Ch. 27: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS: PARTNERS FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. 27.a developing mechanisms that allow NGOs to play their partnership role responsibly and effectively. No information. 27.b reviewing formal procedures and mechanisms to involve NGOs in decision making and implementation. No information. 27.c promoting and allowing NGOs to participate in the conception, establishment and evaluation of official mechanisms to review Agenda 21 implementation. No information. 27.d establishing a mutually productive dialogue by 1995 at the national level between NGOs and governments. No information.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information.
|
| Ch. 28: LOCAL AUTHORITIES' INITIATIVES IN SUPPORT
OF AGENDA 21.
28.a encouraging local authorities to implement and monitor programmes that aim to ensure participation of women and youth in local decision making. No information.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information.
| |
| Ch. 29: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF WORKERS AND
THEIR TRADE UNIONS. 29.a full participation of workers in implementation and evaluation of A21. 29.b (By year 2000, (a) promoting ratification of ILO conventions; (b) establishing bipartite and tripartite mechanism on safety, health and sustainable development; (c) increasing number of environmental collective agreements; (d) reducing occupational accidents and injuries; (e) increasing workers' education and training efforts.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information.
|
| 30: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF BUSINESS AND
INDUSTRY. 30.a increasing the efficiency of resource use, including reuse, recycling, and reduction of waste per unit of economic output. 30.b encouraging the concept of stewardship in management and use of natural resources by entrepreneurs.
List any actions taken in this area: No information.
30.c increasing number of enterprises that subscribe to and implement sustainable development policies. No information.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information.
|
| Ch. 31: SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL
COMMUNITY. 31.a improving exchange of knowledge and concerns between s&t community and the general public. Scientific community has already established ways in which to address the general public and deal with sustainable development.
31.b developing, improving and promoting international acceptance of codes of practice and guidelines related to science and technology and its role in reconciling environment and development. No information.
Brief comments on this chapter not already described in chapter 35 (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information.
| |
| Ch. 32: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF
FARMERS. 32.a promoting and encouraging sustainable farming practices and technologies. 32.b developing a policy framework that provides incentives and motivation among farmers for sustainable and efficient farming practices. 32.c enhancing participation of organizations of farmers in design and implementation of sustainable development policies.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): No information.
| |
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 33: FINANCIAL RESOURCES
AND MECHANISMS
Financial resources and mechanisms are also covered under each
sectoral
chapter of Agenda 21 where relevant. This summary highlights
broader
national financial policies, domestic and external (including
ODA)
THE DECREE CONCERNING STATE AIDS FOR INVESTMENTS AND RELATING
COMMUNIQUE STATE AIDS
Environmental Protection Investments Granted by Incentive
Certificates
A loan facility of 50% of the total fixed amount of
investments may be granted
from the Fund sources within the scope of the principles set forth
herein on the
portion of the investments for the protection of the environment
within the scope
of an Evaluation of Environmental Effects Report for,
a) Existing investments located in developed regions (Provinces of
Istanbul and
Kocaeli and areas within the boundaries of the Greater Municipality
of Ankara,
Izmir, Bursa and Adana); and
b) Existing investments or investments to be realized in other
regions by
Municipalities, Provincial Private Administrations, enterprising
committees of
Organized Industrial Zones or relevant companies.
NEW ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS: No information.
ELIMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY UNFRIENDLY SUBSIDIES: No
information.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT:
| ODA policy issues
No information
|
| ODA funding provided or received (Total US$million) | ||||||
| Net flow of external capital from all sources as % of GDP | ||||||
| Other data
| ||||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 34: TRANSFER OF
ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND TECHNOLOGY, COOPERATION AND
CAPACITY-BUILDING
Transfer of environmentally sound technology, cooperation and
capacity-building is
also covered under each sectoral chapter of Agenda 21 where
relevant. This summary
highlights broader national policies and actions relating to
chapter 34.
Information on ESTs can be found through the Internet, books and
periodicals in Turkey. It is sometimes difficult to find
information on different types of ESTs and their application in
different sectors. A Working Group on EST has been
established to prepare for the establishment of an EST centre in
Turkey.
A project to eliminate the use of CFCs and halons consistent with
the Montreal Protocol is an example of the concrete
measures taken to include ESTs as an integral part of technology
cooperation and technical assistance programmes. The
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Programme and the EUREKA Programme
have been introduced to integrate the
economies in transition into technology cooperation.
MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION: No information.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT ON LINKS BETWEEN NATIONAL, REGIONAL
AND INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION
NETWORKS/SYSTEMS:
| Describe any work being undertaken at the national or
local level regarding efforts
to promote clean production processes and/or the concepts of
eco-efficiency. These
processes may include training, preferential financial
arrangements, information
dissemination and changes in legal or regulatory frameworks. No information.
Provide information on the adoption of environmental management systems. National reaction to environmental management system standards such as the ISO 14000 Series and others. Please note efforts made at the national level to promote their adoption and the creation of certification infrastructure in order to facilitate access to these standards to local industry. No information.
List and describe programs or work under way to facilitate the transfer of ESTs to small and medium sized enterprises. Please note efforts to facilitate access to financial resources and other transfer strategies. No information.
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 35: SCIENCE FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
In 1995, there were no plans to revise the legislation and national
policies
regarding information for decision-making to better meet the
objectives of Agenda
21.
STEPS TAKEN TO ENHANCE SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, IMPROVE LONG
TERM SCIENTIFIC
ASSESSMENT, BUILDING OF CAPACITY AND CAPABILITY:
No information.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT ON NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE,
RESEARCH NEEDS AND PRIORITIES:
| Year | |||
| Number of scientists, engineers and technicians engaged in research and experimental development | # | 19-- | |
| Total expenditure for research and experimental development (US$eq.) | $ | 19-- | |
| Other data
| |||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 36: PROMOTING EDUCATION,
PUBLIC AWARENESS AND TRAINING
Turkey has no national strategy on education yet, but the Ministry
of Education and the Education and Publication
Department of the Ministry of Environment, which are responsible
for education on sustainable development, are preparing
one. They also undertake measures to encourage partnerships,
mobilize resources, provide information, and assess the needs
of different population groups. For example, they have initiated
various public awareness-raising campaigns and
competitions between schools and organized a number of meetings,
panel discussions and symposia on the issue. In
addition, the Education and Publication Department of the Ministry
of the Environment has prepared TV firms, theater
plays, and newspaper and billboard advertisements.
a) Reorientation of education towards sustainable
development
The Institutional and Training Council of the Ministry of Education
is responsible for the preparation of curricula. The
curricula at the primary school level have been revised to better
address environment and development as a cross-cutting
issue. Measures are being taken to revise the curricula at the
college and university level. In 1995, there were no plans to
review the curricula at the secondary school level and in
vocational schools.
Environmental issues are usually taught by using printed material
and by organizing special classes on the topic. Schools
and universities have access to different databases in the field of
sustainable development through the Internet.
b) Increasing public awareness : See status report
c) Promoting training
Turkey was planning to start a training programme for teachers
in 1995.
ROLE OF MAJOR GROUPS:
NGOs and local authorities play an important role by organizing
various information campaigns and other activities to raise
public-awareness on sustainable development
FINANCING AND COST EVALUATION OF THE LABOUR ACTIVITIES: No
information.
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT: Education in Turkey is beset by
serious problems, and the major factor underlying the shortfalls is
the
high population growth. Of Turkey's total labour force, some 78%
have primary education or less; about 7% have graduated
from junior high school; 9.7% from high school, and only 5.2% are
university graduates. The total student enrollment in the
1992-1993 school year was 12,186,619 of which 6,956,810 (57,696)
were males and 5,229,809 (45.4%) were females.
| Latest 199- | ||||
| Adult literacy rate (%) Male | ||||
| Adult literacy rate (%) Female | ||||
| % of primary school children reaching grade 5 (1986-97) | ||||
| Mean number of years of schooling | ||||
| % of GNP spent on education | ||||
| Females per 100 males in secondary school | ||||
| Women per 100 men in the labour force | ||||
| Other data | ||||
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 37: NATIONAL MECHANISMS
AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR CAPACITY-BUILDING IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
National capacity building is also covered under sectoral
chapters.
Donors: You may wish to describe here how Agenda 21 has
influenced your ODA
policies in this area.
Developing countries: You may wish to describe any new
national mechanisms for
capacity building - and any changes in technical cooperation.
Local Agenda 21 for Urla - located within the close hinterland of
Izmir and highly affected by the adverse environmental
impacts of rapid economic development in Izmir - is a pilot
initiative supported by the UNDP through the GEF/NGO Small
Grants Programme providing input to the National Agenda 21
preparatory process (for more information, see Chapter 8). A
local committee, involving all relevant stakeholders, has been
established for the preparation of Urla Local Agenda 21 .
NATIONAL PRIORITY:
STATUS REPORT ON NATIONAL ENDOGENOUS CAPACITY
BUILDING:
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 38: INTERNATIONAL
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
| Ch. 38: Brief summary of any particular UN System
response affecting this
country/state: No information.
|
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 39: INTERNATIONAL LEGAL
INSTRUMENTS AND MECHANISMS
| Ch. 39: International Legal Instruments are covered
under the relevant sectoral
chapters. This is a listing of major agreements/conventions (not
already covered)
entered into and relevant to Agenda 21: No information.
|
|
|
| 2.
| International cooperation and trade
|
|
|
| 3.
| Combating poverty
|
|
|
| 4.
| Changing consumption patterns
|
|
|
| 5.
| Demographic dynamics and sustainability
|
|
|
| 6.
| Human health
|
|
|
| 7.
| Human settlements
|
|
|
| 8.
| Integrating E & D in decision-making
|
|
|
| 9.
| Protection of the atmosphere
|
|
|
| 10.
| Integrated planning and management of land resources
|
|
|
| 11.
| Combating deforestation
|
|
|
| 12.
| Combating desertification and drought
|
|
|
| 13.
| Sustainable mountain development
|
|
|
| 14.
| Sustainable agriculture and rural development
|
|
|
| 15.
| Conservation of biological diversity
|
|
|
| 16.
| Biotechnology
|
|
|
| 17.
| Oceans, seas, coastal areas and their living resources
|
|
|
| 18.
| Freshwater resources
|
|
|
| 19.
| Toxic chemicals
|
|
|
| 20.
| Hazardous wastes
|
|
|
| 21.
| Solid wastes
|
|
|
| 22.
| Radioactive wastes
|
|
|
| 24.
| Women in sustainable development
|
|
|
| 25.
| Children and youth
|
|
|
| 26.
| Indigenous people
|
|
|
| 27.
| Non-governmental organizations
|
|
|
| 28.
| Local authorities
|
|
|
| 29.
| Workers and trade unions
|
|
|
| 30.
| Business and industry
|
|
|
| 31.
| Scientific and technological community
|
|
|
| 32.
| Farmers
|
|
|
| 33.
| Financial resources and mechanisms
|
|
|
| 34.
| Technology, cooperation and capacity-building
|
|
|
| 35.
| Science for sustainable development
|
|
|
| 36.
| Education, public awareness and training
|
|
|
| 37.
| International cooperation for capacity-building
|
|
|
| 38.
| International institutional arrangements
|
|
|
| 39.
| International legal instruments
|
|
|
| 40.
| Information for decision-making
|
|
|
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The following ministries and other institutions are primarily responsible for information for the different dimensions of sustainable development:
Economic dimension: In 1995, there were no plans to revise the legislation and national policies regarding information for decision-making to better meet the objectives of Agenda 21. The Ministry of Environment is planning to cooperate with the State Planning Organization and the State Institute of Statistics to integrate environmental and developmental information in the near future. Turkey has carried out inventories of the existing databases relevant to sustainable development. Data usually collected in the field of sustainable development include information about socio-economic issues (population, urbanization, agriculture, industry, tourism, energy, transport, resource exploitation, waste management), water resources (drawoffs and use, restitution and discharge, quality and treatment), soil land-use (land-use, resources and production, salinization and erosion), and biodiversity (state of habitats - threats, evolution - protected and/or sensitive areas). Information is also collected about households, including their income-consumption expenditure, waste generation and consumption patterns. With regard to the technological capacity for sharing information electronically, only a few computers have access to international telecommunications lines. This is due to the high costs of telecommunications and to the insufficient number of trained personnel. Concerning capabilities to access remote sensing data, the SIS has capacity to access data about the annual yield crop. Turkey is planning to develop national indicators on sustainable development as an inter-departmental effort (Ministry of Environment, State Planning organization and State Institute of Statistics) as soon as the Turkish Environment and Development Observatory has been set up under the Mediterranean Action Plan Programme.
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Copyright © United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Comments and suggestions: esa@un.org
1 November 1997