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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes and Projects
No information is available.
StatusNo information is available.
Challenges
Related to Trade, technical and financial assistance are in great need in the areas of trade facilitation, human resource capacity building, setting up of export promotion organization etc.
Capacity-building, Education, Training and Awareness-raising
No information is available.
Information
The e-mail address of Ministry of Commerce is myan.com@mtpt400.stems.com.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
No information is available.
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This information was provided by the government of Myanmar to the 8th session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development. Last Update: December 1999.
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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
There is no specific decision-making authority for consumption and production patterns. However, the National Commission for Environmental Affairs (NCEA) has guidelines for sustainable consumption and production patterns in the Myanmar Agenda 21 prepared and published in 1997.
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
There are some sectoral laws that address issues related to production and consumption patterns. Standards and codes of practice are yet to be set. The same is true for specific policy and economic instruments. Myanmar is in the process of developing Natural Environmental Framework Legislation that world address aspects of sustainable consumption and production patterns.
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies, and Plans
This national Agenda 21, published by the NCEA, outlines programmes and activities for sustainable consumption and/or production patterns. Guidelines are also included on the following issues:
The Myanmar Agenda 21 contains guidelines to address the above-mentioned issues.
Among the major programmes contained in the Myanmar Agenda 21 are these:
These programmes focus on environmental, economic, social or cultural aspects of sustainable consumption and production.
Decision-Making: Major Group Involvement
Major Groups are involved in decision-making through promotion of public education and awareness.
Status
Current levels of efficiency in the usage of energy, water and other materials by
industries and by households are not high.
There are no national targets for enhancing energy and material efficiency, waste
reduction, recycling, public transport and quality of life. The ministries concerned
established their own sectional targets for enhancing energy and material efficiency.
With respect to methods or processes that have been adopted by industry, industries
have their own means in accordance with their capacities to attain sustainable production.
Private individual as well as government departments carry out R & D as well as
demonstration projects on a small-scale basis.
A few examples of projects and activities that have had significant impacts in changing
unsustainable consumption and production patterns are the following:
Challenges
Priority constraints to implementing effective programmes to address the issues related to promoting sustainable consumption and production are
Capacity-Building, Education, Training and Awareness-raising
Workshops and seminars are organised to promote public education and awareness.
Information
Decision-makers are provided information through the distribution of relevant material
and documents and through the media.
There is as yet no auditing or monitoring system in place to oversee enforcement of
relevant laws, regulations and standards.
The development of indicators is being considered within the context of the preparation
of Natural Environmental Framework Legislation that world address aspects of sustainable
consumption and production patterns.
Research and Technologies
Clean and environmentally sound technologies are promoted and applied in production
through training and incentives.
Progress, however, is constrained by a lack of know-how.
Financing
The activities in this area are financed by the national budget and external assistance.
Cooperation
Myanmar does not participate in any special cooperative programme that focuses mainly on sustainable consumption and production patterns.
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This information was provided by the Government of Myanmar to the seventh session of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development. Last update: April 1999.
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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
The Myanmar Investment Commission on 17th June 1994, notified that all projects already permitted by the Commission under the Union of Myanmar Foreign Investment Law 1988, shall compulsorily install Sewage Treatment Plant, Industrial Waste Water Treatment Plant and other pollution control procedures soonest and abide with the sanitary and hygienic rules and regulations set by the authorities concerned.
In the future proposals that are to be submitted to the Commission, either under the Union of Myanmar Foreign Investment Law or the Myanmar Citizens Investment Law, shall incorporate the provision in their contracts that they shall undertake proper sewage and industrial wastewater treatment systems and other environmental control systems. The systems so used shall be in accordance with the rules and regulations specified by the respective Development Committees and local authorities.
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes and Projects
No information is available.
Status
No information is available.
Challenges
No information is available.
Capacity-building, Education, Training and Awareness-raising
No information is available.
Information
No information is available.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
No information is available.
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This information was provided by the government of Myanmar to the 8th session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development. Last Update: December 1999.
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No information is available.
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| Myanmar | All Countries | Home |
No information is available.
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| Myanmar | All Countries | Home |
No information is available.
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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
The the national level, the Ministry of Hotels and Tourism is responsible for decision-making in this area. At the local level, it is the Directorate of Hotels and Tourism and the Forestry Department of the Ministry of Forestry.
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
The Myanmar Tourism Law was enacted in 1990 to ensure the development of
sustainable tourism. This Law contains some penalties to businesses for practices that
damage the environment.
Eco-tourism and nature based tourism are being promoted by undertaking projects in
locations which are more or less close to existing tourist destinations so that more
opportunities for tourism promotion are expected. For example, Fopa mountain park, Sein Ye Camp and Inlay water birds
sanctuary sanctuary are new sites for Eco-tourism.
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies, and Plans
The National Commission for Environmental Affairs ( NCEA ) has formulated and published
the Myanmar Agenda 21, which is the plan of action for sustainable development in
the country.
Among other issues, this national Agenda 21 addresses the following:
Both eco-tourism and nature-based tourism are integral parts of the national Agenda 21.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes and ProjectsNo information is available.
Status
Tourism plays a pivotal role in the Myanmar Economy, creating employment opportunities
and having a multiplier effect within the economy. In terms of foreign exchange, Myanmar
received US $ 34 million from the tourism sector in 1997-98.
Visitor arrivals have shown a significant growth in recent years. In 1987-88, there
were 41,000 visitors. During 1998, tourism arrivals through Yangon gateway stood at
200,000 and 300,000 through the border checkpoints along Thai-Myanmar and China-Myanmar,
totalling 500,000. The projection in the future is 500,000 through Yangon gateway alone.
Challenges
Priority constraints include a limited budget allotment for infrastructure development and the lack still of a world-wide awareness of Myanmar.
Capacity-Building, Education, Training and Awareness-Raising
Training that is available for employees in the tourism industry to assist them in understanding, applying and promoting sustainable tourism includes the following:
In addition, the Directorate of Hotels and Tourism is negotiating with Lincoln
University of New Zealand to implement a tourism training project to educate policy-makers
in the concept and develoment of sustainable tourism.
To promote sustainable tourism, the Ministry of Hotels and Tourism publishes brochures,
pamphlets and other literature.
Information
The following information is available to assist both decision-makers and the tourist industry in promoting sustainable tourism:
- Interrelationship between Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage, Tourism Development and Environmental Conservation;
- Tourism Promotion: Enhancement of the Image of Myanmar as Cultural Destination; and
- A new approach to Green-based Travel in Myanmar; the Potentials and Opportunities.
Research and Technologies
The Yangon City Development Committee, chaired by the Mayor of Yangon, sends directives to Hotel and Tourist establishments for environmental management.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
Encouragement is given to private sector to participate in PATA, WTM, ITB, ATM,
Cultural and Travels in South East Asia and Pacific.
Myanmar is a Member of the ASEAN and BISMT-EC and participates in bilateral agreements
on tourism cooperation with Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam.
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This information was provided by the Government of Myanmar to the seventh session of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development. Last update: April 1999.
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