Click here to go to the following issues:
Economic Aspects | Natural Resource Aspects | Institutional Aspects | Social Aspects |Moldova
Click here to go to these sections:
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
Legislation has been enacted to reduce the use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. The legislation relates to the production, sale and use of pesticides, mineral fertilizers, bio-stimulators of growth of plants in agriculture and forestry. A significant reduction has been achieved.
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes and Projects
No information is available.
Status
In 1991, the Parliament approved the Concept of the Agrarian Reform and Social
Development in Rural Areas which includes environmental protection demands to a great
extent. Legislation has been provided to implement the Concept which calls for
afforestation, maintaining natural pedologic processes, the introduction of crop rotation,
minimization of soil processing, optimal use of mineral nutrients and an integrated system
of plant protection. The extent of irrigation and land drying is to be reduced.
The privatization of land is the core of the reform. A land inventory has been carried
out, prices for land plots have been set and land distribution was initiated. The right to
land distribution and management was given to local authorities. By July 1996, local
authorities had received 53,000 applications for farming land; of this, land has already
been distributed to 36,000 persons. However, many farms have not been registered properly
and the established plans have not always been respected in the process of land
distribution. The reform process is also hindered through lack of technical, material and
financial support. Furthermore there are no consulting or training facilities, especially
for new and inexperienced farmers and there is a lack of technical equipment for
small-scale farming. Since then only urban plots have been subject to privatization. The
question of transforming agricultural land was discussed by Parliament in December 1996.
Moldova is considered to be one of the top-ranking agricultural nations in the world,
due to the chernozem soil which is rich in humus and constitutes 75% of the land. However,
the integrity of the soil has been compromised after years of intensive,
chemically-supported agriculture. Disregard for crop rotation and a high degree of
agricultural specialization and concentration resulted in the application of large amounts
of fertilizers and pesticides and in soil degradation. It is estimated that the quality of
the soils has declined by 25% to 30% during the last decades. Further problems result from
livestock production: there is a lack of technologies for waste water treatment and for
the treatment of offal.
Challenges
The effects of erosion cause additional problems. It is estimated that about 80% of the country's territory is affected by erosion and that the country loses 20 to 25 million tons of its most fertile top soil annually. Apart from natural causes, unsound agricultural practices are the main causes of soil erosion, e.g. the exploitation of low-productive areas.
Capacity-building, Education, Training
and Awareness-raising
No information is available.
Information
No information is available.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
No information is available.
* * *
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 5th Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, April 1997. Last update: April 1997.
For country reports on Plant Genetic
Resources, click here.
For general national information on the
agriculture sector in the Republic of Moldova, click here:
To access the FAOSTAT Data Base for
information by country, item, element and year, click here:
Click here to link to the Biosafety
Information Network and Advisory Service (BINAS), a service of the United Nations
Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), which monitors global developments in
regulatory issues in biotechnology.
Click here to link to Country and
Sub-regional Information on Plant Genetic Resources of the Food and Agricultural
Organization of the United Nations.
Click here to go
to Web Site of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, which includes information on the Codex
Alimentarius and the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme.
Click here to access the Web Site of the
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).
Click here to access the sixteen
international agricultural research centers that are members of the CGIAR.
| Moldova | All Countries | Home |
Responsibility is
the Ministries of: Environment and Territorial Development; and Health.
At
the District level there are established Environmental Protection and Natural
Resources Use Sections and Health Divisions (under the District Council).
The general objective of protection of environment in
our republic is defined by the Constitution of the Republic of Moldova (art. 37,
art. 46, art. 59 and etc.).
For example:
Art. 37 (1) requires that:
“ Each person has a right for the ecologically safe
environment as well as for safe food and other goods for house use”.
Art.
37 (2) requires that:
“ The country guarantees for each person the right
for free access to environmental information, conditions of life and labor,
quality of food and goods of house use and for distribution of this
information“.
The legislative framework in place or planned: On a base of the Decision Concerning the Application in the
Republic of Moldova of the Vienna Convention and of the Montreal Protocol
provisions, no.300, March 03, 1998 was fulfilled: Organized both evidence of production, consumption,
import-export of ODS and products which contain these substances. For this:
§
Was elaborated and
approved the form to present annual statistics data “Production,
consumption, import-export of ODSs controlled by the Montreal Protocol and the products, which contain these
substances”; and
§ Ban import-export of the ODSs and the products, which contain these substances from the States not Party
On a base of the decision Concerning the Settlement of specified activity in the Republic of Moldova, no.859, August, 13, 1998 was fulfilled: §
Ban without a
license the production, import-export and consumption inside the republic of
the ODSs, controlled by the Montreal Protocol and the products, which
contain these substances;
§
licensing of production,
import and consumption inside the republic of the ODSs controlled by
the Montreal Protocol; and
\\On
a base of the Law on Licensing Certain Tips of Activities, no. 290, June 17,
1999, Ministry of Environment delivers licenses for:
§
production, import-export
and consumption inside the republic of the ODSs,
controlled by the Montreal Protocol, and the products, which contain these
substances.
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
Law on Change and Adding to the Law on Protection of
Environment (nr.1539 – XIII from 25.02.1998);
Law on the Payment for Environmental Pollution
(nr.1540 – XIII from 25.02.1998); and
Regulation on Ecological Fund (nr.988 from 21.09.1998).
The main goal of the Law on
the Payment for Environmental Pollution is the implementation of the “Polluter
pays” principle and stimulation of environmental activities at industrial
enterprises in the process of restructuring and privatization.
Also, strategic directions of environmental
protection, including atmospheric air protection were included in the following
documents:
Presently the following documents are under development:
-
Total exclusion of use of leaded petrol;
-
Supplying the auto vehicles with neutralizers and
catalysts;
-
Reduction
of sulphur in fuel; and
- Enhance the use of gaseous fuel for transport.
The proposals to introduce modifications in the Law on
payment for environmental pollution are under development and their goal is
in introducing the payment provisions for some goods that have environmental
impact. List of goods that are supposed to be regulated by some economic
instruments will include the following:
Substances depleting ozone layer and products containing
those substances;
Plastic packaging including PVC;
Heavy fuel oil medium-sulphur and high-sulphur;
Luminescent lamps;
Pesticides, including POPs pesticides and pesticides
contained Hg;
Cigarettes;
Auto vehicles accumulators;
Detergents;
Mineral oils;
Naphtaline and other products.
Greenhouse gas emissions - Presently the following document is under development:
First
National Communication in the framework of UNDP project “Enabling Moldova to
prepare its first National Communication in response to its commitments to the
UN FCCC”. Chapters “Inventory
of greenhouse gases” and “Diminishing of greenhouse gases” are included in
this communication, where the measures for reduction of priority greenhouse
gases and other gases such as Nox, NMVOCs, CO etc. were developed.
Substances
that deplete the ozone layer: The
Government of the Republic of Moldova started the implementation of the National
Program on gradual submission of substances depleting ozone layer in Republic of
Moldova, approved by Decision of the Government of the Republic of Moldova
(nr.1064 from 11.11.1999).
The strategic goals of the
Government are as follows:
Transboundary
air pollution: Republic of Moldova is a party of the international conventions: on
Long-range Transboundary Air
Pollution (Geneva, 1979). In
the framework of this Convention Republic of Moldova signed in 1998 two Aarhus
Protocols: on Heavy Metals and on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes and Projects
On
a base of the Provisional Agreement, July 13, 1999 closed between Ministry of
Environment and Department of Standards, Metrology and Technical Supervision:
§
Ministry of Environment
delivers licenses on a base of technical examination and certificates of
technical security, delivered by the Department of Standards, Metrology and
Technical Supervision.
According to
the Action Plan of the National Programmer on Gradual
Submission of Substances
Depleting
Ozone Layer in the Republic of
Moldova were fulfilled:
§
Elaborated Government
Decision regarding the Regulation on Commercial Regime and Settlement of Use of
Halogenated Hydrocarbons Depleted Ozone Layer;
§
Prepared Government and Parliament Decisions
regarding the ratifications of the London and Copenhagen Amendments to the Montreal
Protocol, both Decisions are sent to all interested ministries and departments
to be coordinated;
§
Delivered, in collaboration
with National Committee for Ozone Problems, the annual quotas for import of the
ODSs and products, which contain controlled substances.
Status
No information is available.
Challenges
Moldova also suffers from the effects of transboundary air pollution. It is estimated that air pollution resulting from other countries, particularly from Ukraine, Romania, Czech Republic and Slovakia, contributes four to five times more pollution to Moldova's air than national sources. It is quite evident that worldwide policy on the reduction of GHG emissions should be obligatory and uniform for all the states. Large majority of generally coordinated activities should exhibit favorable results.
Moldova has only two hydroelectric power stations and is forced to import almost all its energy resources. Given this situation, the potential of renewable energy sources has been explored. It has been found that solar energy is particularly applicable to the country and that there is also a potential for the use of wind energy. Biogas is relatively unexplored in Moldova, but the agricultural base presents a strong potential for biogas production and utilization. Tax exemptions have been introduced for the installation of energy-saving technologies. The energy supply system also suffers from a high degree of energy losses due to inappropriate technologies and lack of control.
The economical blockade in
1990, organized by Russia, inevitably caused the necessity to find out new means
and unofficial ways of fuel supply for our industry, transport and population.
Not all the fuel resources imported have been registered, evaluated and
published. There are still a lot of doubts, concerning the reliability and
accuracy of the statistical data
for 1990.
It should be mentioned that unofficial fuel import resources that have appeared during the blockade remained, were perfected and became illegal resources of imported fuel. Such type of fuel is not included in the official statistical data and causes inadequacies in UN-DOWN calculation method for energy consumption. Especially it was obvious in recent years when statistical data do not coincide with the submitted data from the governmental institutions, consuming primary energy resources.
Capacity-building, Education, Training
and Awareness-raising
Moldova does not manufacture any substances under
Montreal protocol. The successful implementation of the various components of
the Refrigerant Management Plan (trainings, and implementation
of legislation, regulations and economic instruments) will lead to the effective
phase out of CFC in the refrigeration sector (approximately 49 ODP tons).
COMPONENT
!
EXPECTED IMPACT
_______________________________!___________________________________________
Institutional Strengthening
! Effective monitoring and coordination of all phase-out
! activities
Training
of Trainers in Good
! By 2000:
Refrigerant
Management Practicies !
– Elimination of 1.9 ODP tonnes CFC-11
! – Reduction of 12.5 ODP tonnes CFC-12
! – Reduction of 0.042 ODP tonnes CFC-113
! – Reduction of 0.028 ODP tonnes CFC- 22
! Further:
! – Containment of refrigerant during service
! and retrofitting.
Development
and application
! – Reduction of imports
of
economic and policy
! – Consumption controlled to the freeze level
instruments
! requirements
_____________________________________________________________________________
Training
on selection and
! – Effective development and implementation of
establishment
of economic and
! proposed legislation/regulations/economic
policy instruments
! instruments
Training
in Monitoring and Control
! – Appropriate implementation of revised harmonized
Of
CFC and CFC equipment
! customs code for better record keeping
! – Accurate data for reporting purposes
National
Recovery and Recycling
! – Termination of imports of refrigerants by 2008 or
Project
! earlier, through use of recovered
and recycled
! refrigerants, particularly for domestic equipment until
!
end of their economic life.
Information
No information is available.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
The Ministry of Environment and Territorial Development of
our country developed a draft of the New Concept of Environmental Policy of the
Republic of Moldova and one of the items of this concept is international
cooperation. The Republic of
Moldova is party of the international conventions:
-
on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (Geneva,
1979);
-
on
Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo,1991); and
-
on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal
Basel), - and other conventions.
The stipulations of the national legislation established the
procedure of international cooperation, exchange of the information, access to
information and other stipulations. Cooperation in the CIS framework:
§
The Republic of Moldova has ratified its accession to the Commonwealth
of Independent States (CIS), except for all political or military agreements.
Only the economic union agreements were accepted in April 1994, when Moldova
became a member of the Interstate Economic Commission. The Republic of Moldova
is also a member of the Interstate Ecological Council (IEC) of CIS. This
organization was created in 1992. Its main functions are:
Coordinating environmental policies;
Cooperation
with Ukraine:
The
Republic of Moldova signed the Cooperation Agreement between the Ministry of
Environment and Territorial Development of the Republic of Moldova and the
Ministry for Environmental Protection of Ukraine in the different fields of
environmental protection: air, soil, water, flora and fauna, chemical
contamination in soil, processing and utilization of industrial and household
waste and other fields.
Cooperation
with Romania:
In
March 1997 the cooperation agreement on environmental protection and the
sustainable use of natural resources was signed between Moldova’s Ministry of
Environment and Territorial Development and Romania’s Ministry of Water,
Forests and Environmental Protection. The
main areas of cooperation are:
Cooperation
with Belarussia: In December 1994,
an agreement was signed with the Belarussian Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection. The two partners committed themselves to coordinating
the drafting of legislation, methodologies, energy- and resource-saving
technologies, to protecting soils and fertility, to using mineral and forest
resources rationally, to protecting the genetic fund of rare animal and plant
species, as well as to sharing information and experiences.
-
on Heavy Metals;
-
on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
Also, the Republic of Moldova participated in
preparing of Gothenburg Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range
Transboundary Air Pollution to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and
Ground-level Ozone. In this Protocol Republic of Moldova included our
obligations regarding the emission ceilings for sulphur, nitrogen oxides,
ammonia and volatile organic compounds for year 2010. Our country signed this
Protocol in conformity with art. 14 of mentioned Protocol.
The plans regarding all the Protocols to Convention on
Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution:
The Republic of Moldova participates in the work of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for an International Legally Binding Instrument for Implementing International Action on Certain Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) – New Global Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. The Republic of Moldova plans to adopt and sign further documents of New Global Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
In 2000 The Gothenburg
Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone. In this
Protocol Republic of Moldova included its obligations regarding the emission
ceilings for sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds
for year 2010.
* * *
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 9th Session of the United
Nations Commission on Sustainable Development. Last update: March
2001.
Click here for national information from the
Web site of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
For the access to the Web Site of the Ozone
Secretariat, click here:
| Moldova | All Countries | Home |
Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
The Convention on Biological Diversity was signed in 1992 and ratified in 1995. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora has not been ratified. Moldova ratified the Convention on Wildlife and Natural Habitats Conservation in Europe (Bern, 1979).
The elaboration of a strategy and policy for biodiversity conservation is the responsibility of the Department for Environmental Protection. The management of protected areas is carried out by the Association Moldsilva (State natural preservation, protected forest areas) and by local governments (natural monuments). A new and comprehensive draft of the Law on the Foundation of Protected Areas was elaborated and submitted to the Government in 1996. In 1996, the Department for Environmental Protection also prepared the "Concept on Biodiversity Protection in the Republic of Moldova".
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes
and Projects
No information is available.
Status
Several protected areas have been created through the past years (the number of State Natural Reservations increased from 1 in 1990 to 3 in 1993 and to 5 in 1995), and there are plans to establish some more national parks and reservations. Protected areas then would cover 2.7% of the national territory. Two hundred five species were included into the national red list for protected species.
Challenges
No information is available.
Capacity-building,
Education, Training and Awareness-raising
No information is available.
Information
No information is available.
Research
and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
No information is available.
* * *
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 5th Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, April 1997. Last update: April 1997
For access to the Web Site of the Convention on
Biological Diversity, click here:
For access to the Web Site of
the CITES Convention, click here:
For the Web Site of the CMS
Convention, click here:
For the Web Site of the Convention on the
Protection of the World's Cultural and Natural Heritage, click here:
For the country-by-country, Man in the Biosphere
On-Line Query System, click here:
Click here to link to the Biosafety
Information Network and Advisory Service (BINAS), a service of the United Nations
Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), which monitors global developments in
regulatory issues in biotechnology.
Click here to go to the Web Site of UNEP's
International Register on Biosafety.
Click here for the International
Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Biosafety WebPages
| Moldova | All Countries | Home |
Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Legislation and RegulationsNo information is available.
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
No information is available.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information is available.
Programmes and Projects
No information is available.
StatusIn 1994 and 1996, Moldova was subject to droughts affecting agricultural production. Scientists consider that drought might become an annual to biannual event in Moldova.
Challenges
No information is available.
Capacity-building, Education, Training and Awareness-raising
No information is available.
Information
No information is available.
Research and Technologies
No information is available.
Financing
No information is available.
Cooperation
The International Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa has not been signed.
* * *
This information is based on Moldova's submission to the 5th Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, April 1997. Last update: 1 April 1997
For access to the Web Site of the Convention to Combat Desertification and Drought, click here:
| Moldova | All Countries | Home |
Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
The establishment of a Central Coordinating Mechanism for Sustainable Development is foreseen in the National Environmental Strategic Action Program. The Ministry of Environment and Territorial Development (METD) was created in 1999. Several specialized institutions and agencies are involved in the cooperation with the METD in the implementation of environmental policy. In the administrative structures for environmental management and in the structure of the METD nowadays is proposed to introduce the natural resources management.
Within the Ministry of Environment and Territorial Development, State Ecological Inspectorate has been established to examine violations of ecological legislation, control the ecological consequences of economic activities and put forward the polluter pays principle. Environmental quality standards have been developed. Several state associations have been established to control environmental protection and to monitor the use of resources. State Forest Service is responsible for the protection of fauna and forests, "Ageom" is monitoring mineral resources and underground waters, "Apele Moldovei" is controlling the water resources.
1.
National Agency for Energy Conservation:
-
energy production licenses
-
establishment of the energy tariffs
2.
Ministry of Environment and Territorial
Development
-
sets up admissible emission levels.
3.
Department of Energy and Energy Resources
-
co-ordinate activities in the field of
energy with environment and transport authorities.
Energy divisions in the District (Judet) level; District Offices of the National Agency for Energy Conservation; and Territorial Ecological Agencies (in the Districts).
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
Law on Energy Conservation (1998).
Law on Air Protection (1997).
Law on Payment for Environmental
Pollution (1998).
Governmental Decision “On Strict Energy
Saving” (1993).
Electricity Act (1998).
Law on Transportation through Magistral Pipeline (Nr.
592-XIII from 26.09.1995);
Gas Act (1998).
Energetic Act (1999).
The following legislation regarding atmospheric air protection is in
force:
Law
on Energy Conservation (draft law in Parliament); and National Programme of
Energy Conservation (in preparation).
Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
National Program of Energy Conservation
Energy sector development Programme
(1994):
- Stabilizing the supply of energy;
-
Increasing the use of electricity and heat;
-
Increasing the use of non-conventional energy;
-
Reducing energy consumption per unit of production;
Plan for the demonopolization of the
energy sector (1997):
-
Creating of independent joint stock companies;
National Environmental Action
Plan (1996):
-
Energy conservation, reduce pollution from energy sector;
Energy Efficiency Programme (1998).
Programme of Actions for the Diminution
of the negative impact of Power Production on the Environment (1998).
By 2005 to reducing with 10% the energy intensity of the GDP (2-3% per
year) and use of renewable sources of energy 2,5-3% of total energy amounts.
Strategic goals of the energy policy for the Republic of
Moldova for 2000-2010:
-
Increasing of the energy efficiency and energy
conservation;
-
Supporting of the energy safety;
-
Protecting of the environment.
In the Indicative Plan of Activities in Energy Sector
(Section V “Energy conservation”) of the National Strategy of the Republic
of Moldova for 2000-2010 as activities for 2000-2001 were include:
-
Establishment of the National Fund on energy conservation;
-
Elaboration and implementation of the national programs on management of
the energy consumption and its monitoring;
-
Increasing of the efficiency of the activity of the National Agency on
Energy Conservation.
Between 2000-2005, Republic of Moldova will elaborate
on:
-
The standards of the energy consumption in the buildings, traffic and per
unit of production, etc. and
-
The programs on education and awareness of population in the field of
energy.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
Trade-unions (proposals); National Council for Energy (proposals for
placement of energy enterprises, new equipment, etc, use mass-media for the
promotion of their position in Government and Parliament) and consumer
groups, scientists.
2/3 from the distribution lines are private; 1/3 in the process of privatization;
Production (TEP-1 TEP-2, TEP-B from Chisinau) are
in the process of privatization (till the end of 2000).
Programmes and Projects
Plan
for the demonopolisation of the
electricity sector:
Regional distribution lines (04 to 10
KW);
Privatization retail distributors;
Transfer social activities to public
institutions.
Energy Sector Development Programmed and Energy Saving Programmed.
There are nominal compensations for energy supply to low-income
households.
Main
programmes undertaken to cut down emission of greenhouse gases and reduce GHG
concentration in the atmosphere include:
National Environmental Strategic Action
Program for 1995-2010-2020 period (1995);
National Environmental Action
Plan (1996);
Environmental Performance Review (1999);
National Environment and Health Action
Plan;
Programme for air pollution diminution
from transport (1999);
National Strategy for Sustainable Development
“Moldova 21”;
First National Communication in the framework of UNDP project “Enabling Moldova to prepare its first National Communication in response to its commitments to the UN FCCC”. Chapter “Diminishing of greenhouse gases” is included in this