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Economic Aspects | Natural Resource Aspects | Institutional Aspects | Social Aspects |Ethiopia
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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
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Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
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Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
Various
policy measures to combat poverty have been spelt out, of which the long-term
economic development strategy, the Agriculture Development-Led Industrialization
(ADLI), is the most important one. The aim of this strategy is to help Ethiopia
achieve sustainable economic growth and equity, including regional equity and
self-reliance or independent national development.
The strategy currently in the course of adoption, namely the "Poverty Reduction Strategy", is an important step towards the realization of this long-term economic development of the country on a sustainable basis. The enabling policy environment and the implementation of the finalized Poverty Reduction Strategy can provide major opportunities for combating poverty in the country.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
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Programmes and Projects
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Status
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Challenges
The
outstanding challenge for Ethiopia, which has existed for a long time, remains
the difficulty of achieving improvement in the standard of living of the
population in the face of rapid population growth. The Household Income,
Consumption and Expenditure Survey (HHICE) shows that, although poverty is
widespread in the country, it is more prevalent in the rural areas where
forty-seven percent of the population is poor compared to thirty-three percent
in the urban areas. The level of satisfaction in the basic needs of shelter,
health and education is very low.
There are many constraints facing the fight against poverty, including a dearth of food aid, inadequate health services for the rural poor, and inadequate social infrastructure (schools, water supplies, high rates of illiteracy). Weak technical capacity and poor financial resources are also major constraints. Social and natural calamities both contribute to maintaining the pervasiveness of poverty in Ethiopia.
Capacity-building, Education, Training
and Awareness-raising
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Information
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Research and Technologies
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Financing
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Cooperation
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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
For the purpose of coordinating the implementation of this policy, the government established the National Office of Population (NOP) at the federal level, and Regional Offices of Population at the regional level.
Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
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Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
The adoption of the National Population Policy in 1993, with the major goal of harmonizing the rate of population growth and the capacity of the country for the development and rational utilization of natural resources, is meant to maximize the level of welfare available to the population over time.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
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Programmes and Projects
In 2000, awareness of modern methods of family planning among women of reproductive age was 80.8 percent against 63 percent in 1990. Health facilities are being expanded in rural areas and RH/RP (reproductive health/reproductive planning) services integrated into existing health facilities.
Status
No information available.
Challenges
Rapid population growth, attributed mainly to the high fertility rate in the country, is one of the major problems for sustainable development in Ethiopia. According to the National Family and Fertility survey conducted in 1990, the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) was 7.7 children per woman, and the annual growth rate of the population of the country was 3 percent. Rapid population growth increases the demand for resources and the rate at which these resources are exploited.
Capacity-building, Education, Training and Awareness-raising
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Information
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Research and Technologies
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Financing
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Cooperation
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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
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Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
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Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
The health sector should be the most important social service sector in a country. The Government plans to realize its health development objective through a twenty-year health development strategy, with a series of five-year investment programmes, of which the first Health Sector Development Programme (HSDP) covered the period 1997/98 to 2001/02. Health and development are intimately interconnected. The principal objectives are: to meet the basic health needs of the rural, semi-urban and urban populations; to provide the essential specialized health services; and to coordinate the involvement of citizens, the health and other health-related sectors, and relevant non-health sectors in seeking solutions to health problems.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
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Programmes and Projects
See under Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans.
Status
By 2002, the change to a decentralized regional system of health care was well underway with the larger and better organized regional governments having made considerable improvements to their health care systems. In Ethiopia, an estimated 60 to 80 percent of health problems are due to infectious communicable diseases and nutritional problems.
Challenges
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Capacity-building, Education, Training and Awareness-raising
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Information
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Research and Technologies
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Financing
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Cooperation
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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
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Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
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Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
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Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information available.
Programmes and Projects
Education is the basis for ensuring sustainable development in any nation. The non-formal education programmes being implemented are expected to make a significant input in the efforts to create awareness on issues, and skills to tackle effective environmental management for sustainable development. However, there has been no systematic study of their impact. Relevant environmental issues incorporated in non-formal education syllabi are: family planning, population growth and its implications, the role of women in development, environmental health, resource management, environmental development and community participation. Environmental education is also an integral part of the formal school curricula.
Status
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Challenges
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Capacity-building, Education, Training and Awareness-raising
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Information
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Research and Technologies
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Financing
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Cooperation
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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
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Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations
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Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies and Plans
The National Urban Development Strategy will be based on the national policy framework and local governments' experience of preparing local development strategies for urban centres.
Decision-Making: Major Groups Involvement
No information available.
Programmes and Projects
The Capacity-Building for Sustainable Urban Development in Ethiopia Project has the objective of assisting the Government in developing a well-coordinated urban development strategy and operational guidelines for regional and local municipalities. This Project is focusing on urban management, housing development, integrated infrastructure development, municipal finance management and upgrading of institutional capacity. It is designed to enhance the capacity of local authorities to address poverty reduction and sustainable human settlement development, and to prepare a National Urban Development Strategy and Implementation Framework.
The Market Towns Development Project (MTDP) is one of the more recent projects focusing on housing and related basic services in urban development. The Low-Cost Housing Project provides major services, which include: support to municipalities to solve their housing problems; training in basic construction trades and in modern technologies; training in construction and project management as well as in housing design; the provision of access to credit for housing; training in enterprise promotion for new local contractors, in assessment of housing projects, and in the elaboration of housing strategies and the implementation of initiatives to develop public-private partnerships. The Urban Field Development Pilot Project (UFDE/P.P/) was intended to provide easy access to urban land and generate employment opportunities in low-income urban settlements. Plots for housing were allotted to selected candidates for Urban Field Development Activities.
Status
A few urban centres account for a large proportion of the total urban population. The national urban system is dominated by the only big city, Addis Ababa, with a limited number of intermediate urban centres and numerous small towns characterized by the absence of a well-structured urban hierarchy. The 1996 tenure status of households in urban areas showed 52 percent owner occupancy, 41 percent rental occupancy, 6.9 percent rent free and 0.1 percent other forms of occupancy, while in 1998 the percentages became 46.9, 45.5, 6.0 and 0.3, respectively.
Challenges
The task of providing adequate housing and related facilities for the rapidly expanding urban population is indeed burdensome. The majority of the urban populace in Ethiopia live in traditional type non-planned housing with low levels of services. Studies have been undertaken in all nine regional states and one urban administration in order to identify and assess urban settlement problems. The problems relate to urban infrastructure and services like housing and access to basic facilities, urban environment and sanitation, urban land management, and to socio-economic conditions- e.g., poverty and unemployment, legal and institutional problems, and problems of resource mobilization problems. The studies also indicate that poor or inadequate access roads and drainage are serious urban infrastructure problems. It is also appreciated that an overall strategy for settlement development in both rural and urban areas is required.
Capacity-building, Education, Training and Awareness-raising
See under Programmes and Projects.
Information
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Research and Technologies
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Financing
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Cooperation
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