E/CN.9/1999/1.
*
98-40271 (E)
020299
United Nations
E/CN.9/1999/3
Economic and Social Council
Distr.: General
22 December 1998
Original: English
Commission on Population and Development
Thirty-second session
22–24 March 1999
Item 3 of the provisional agenda*
Follow-up actions to the recommendations of the International
Conference on Population and Development
Report of the Technical Symposium on International
Migration and Development of the Administrative Committee
on Coordination (ACC) Task Force on Basic Social Services
for All
Report of the Secretary-General
Summary
The Commission on Population and Development, in its resolution 1997/1, took note
with interest of the holding of a technical symposium of experts on international migration
under the auspices of the Working Group on International Migration of the Administrative
Committee on Coordination (ACC) Task Force on Basic Social Services for All and requested
the Chairperson of that Task Force to report back to the Commission at its thirty-second
session in 1999. The present report responds to that request. It summarizes the deliberations
that took place during the Technical Symposium on International Migration and Development,
which was held in The Hague, the Netherlands, from 29 June to 3 July 1998.
E/CN.9/1999/3
2
Contents
Paragraphs
Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1–3
3
I.
The dimensions of international migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
3
II.
International migration and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5–6
4
III.
Analysis of factors generating international migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7–11
4
IV.
Addressing the employment of migrants in an irregular situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12–13
6
V.
Improving the position of immigrants and foreign residents in receiving countries:
social and cultural issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
7
VI.
Releasing the development potential of return migrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
7
VII.
Responding to the arrival of asylum-seekers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16–17
8
VIII.
Panel session on future policy directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18–19
8
IX.
Dissemination of the results of the Technical Symposium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
9
Annex
List of documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
E/CN.9/1999/3
3
Introduction
1.
The Technical Symposium on International Migration
and Development was held in The Hague, the Netherlands,
from 29 June to 3 July 1998. It was organized by the United
Nations Working Group on International Migration of the
Administrative Committee on Coordination (ACC) Task
Force on Basic Social Services for All as part of the follow-up
activities for the implementation of the recommendations
adopted at the International Conference on Population and
Development (Cairo, 1994), the World Summit for Social
Development (Copenhagen, 1995) and the Fourth World
Conference on Women (Beijing, 1995). The Government of
the Netherlands hosted the Symposium, which was held at the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands. The
Governments of Austria, Norway and the Netherlands
provided financial support. The Symposium was attended by
49 invited experts from 33 countries; representatives of the
organizations and agencies organizing the Symposium,
namely the United Nations Secretariat (the Population
Division, the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) and
the Economic Commission for Latin America and the
Caribbean (ECLAC)), the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Office
of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA),
the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the
International
Organization
for
Migration
(IOM);
representatives of other intergovernmental organizations;
representatives of the host country, the Netherlands;
representatives of non-governmental organizations; and
scholars from universities and research institutes in the
Netherlands and other countries. The Symposium was chaired
by Dirk van de Kaa (Netherlands) and Stephen Castles
(Australia) served as Rapporteur. High-level representatives
of the organizing agencies addressed the opening session,
which was highlighted by a keynote address delivered by a
senior official of the Netherlands Government.
2.
The Symposium examined salient policy issues on
international migration and development; considered ways
of improving knowledge on the causes of migration; and
assessed the effectiveness of migration policies and related
measures at the country level. With respect to migration for
employment, the Symposium discussed the problems arising
from the irregular employment of international migrants and
provided insights about the effectiveness of measures taken
by countries of origin to protect their migrant workers abroad.
The social and cultural situation of long-term migrants in a
variety of contexts was analysed and measures to prevent their
marginalization were assessed. Recognizing the importance
of return migration, the Symposium examined its implications
for the development of countries of origin and the problems
posed by large and unexpected return flows. Lastly, the
Symposium devoted particular attention to forced migration
and the changing responses to it in the various world regions.
By covering such a variety of issues and paying particular
attention to the assessment of migration policy, the
Symposium made a significant contribution to the review and
appraisal process of the Programme of Action of the
International Conference on Population and Development.1
A total of 30 substantive papers were presented to the
Symposium, including various country case studies. The
annex to the present report provides a list of the papers
presented. By undertaking a thorough examination of salient
policy issues, the Symposium sought to advance the
knowledge required for a better management of orderly
migration in ways that would prove beneficial to both sending
and receiving countries.
3.
The Symposium underscored the fact that international
migration posed major challenges to the international
community, challenges made all the more daunting by the
pervasiveness of negative public perceptions about
international migration and the generally limited recognition
of the significant contributions made by migrants to the host
societies. A factor that contributed to common
misapprehensions about international migration was the
deficiency of international migration data.
I. The dimensions of international
migration
4.
The most recent worldwide estimates of the number of
international migrants, dating from 1990, indicated that there
were 120 million international migrants at that time,
accounting for about 2 per cent of the world’s population.
Between 1965 and 1990, the number of international migrants
had grown at a moderate rate of 1.9 per cent a year, although
the pace of growth increased between 1985 and 1990.
Overall, international migrants accounted for 4.5 per cent of
the population of developed countries in 1990, compared with
a relatively stable 1.6 per cent for developing countries.
However, international migrants tended to be unevenly
concentrated in certain countries and subregions. A number
of developed countries, including Germany and the United
States of America, had been receiving large numbers of
migrants since 1985. In the developing world, in addition to
the flows of refugees in Africa and Asia, significant numbers
of migrant workers had been converging on the oil-producing
countries of Western Asia since 1985, and Japan and the
E/CN.9/1999/3
4
newly industrialized countries of the Pacific Rim became
unilaterally taken measures to tighten its borders and reduce
important magnets for labour migration. Furthermore, the
undocumented migration, although it still favoured the
disintegration of nation States during the aftermath of the cold
admission of migrants with needed skills. Regional
war resulted in substantial population movements among the
cooperation on the management of international migration
newly independent States and these movements were also
was considered to have serious limitations when, as in
directed to third countries. Female participation in
Southern Africa, countries with 40-fold income differentials
international migration, while it did not increase markedly in
had a common border.
percentage terms at the global level (the proportion rose from
47 to 48 per cent of all migrants between 1965 and 1990),
became more evident in some regions and in certain types of
flows.
II. International migration and
development
5.
The examination of the interrelations of international
migration and development suggested that the stage of
development in which countries found themselves, by
determining the degree of their articulation with the world
economy, had a significant influence on the international
migration that they experienced. The globalization of capital
and trade flows as well as the emergence of regional economic
cooperation mechanisms was already having an impact on
migration. Moreover, there was evidence that when regional
trading blocs included countries at different stages of
development, economic integration was likely to stimulate
migration. Thus, in the case of the North American Free
Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between Canada, Mexico and the
United States, migration flows from Mexico to the United
States were well established and had not abated since the
Agreement was ratified. Furthermore, even assuming that
Mexico’s economy would grow at a robust pace, migration
was expected to continue at moderate levels until at least
2030. Consequently, it was considered important to seek
bilateral solutions to the problems such migration raised and
to find ways of accommodating it. In Southern Africa, the
Republic of South Africa had long been the main magnet of
migration in the region, although the problems facing the
country in the post-apartheid era were reducing its capacity
to absorb migrant labour. The reduction in legally sanctioned
labour migration to South Africa was having deleterious
effects on the development prospects of neighbouring
countries, many of which depended on the remittances
generated by labour migration. Economic cooperation among
countries in the region was being pursued through various
intergovernmental organizations such as the Southern African
Development Community (SADC). SADC had also attempted
to coordinate efforts for the management of international
migration but with little success so far. South Africa had
6.
The Symposium examined the extent to which such
factors as poverty and environmental degradation caused
South-to-North migration. An econometric analysis relating,
inter alia, income levels and deforestation in countries of
origin to their rates of emigration to developed countries
showed that low income levels reduced emigration while
incomes beyond a certain threshold increased emigration. In
addition, growing levels of deforestation tended to increase
emigration. These findings and a review of those from other
studies indicated that the links between poverty or
environmental degradation and international migration were
complex. Because of the high costs involved in international
migration, poverty generally reduced the capacity to migrate
unless other factors forced people to engage in “survival
migration”. Environmental degradation was mainly expected
to have an indirect effect on migration by affecting economic
conditions which in turn could stimulate departure. However,
environmental crises could be the direct cause of population
movements, most of which tended to occur within State
borders.
III. Analysis of factors generating
international migration
7.
It was noted that the analysis of the causes of
international migration was hampered by the lack of adequate
data. The Symposium took note of the specialized migration
surveys carried out by the Netherlands Interdisciplinary
Demographic Institute (NIDI) under the auspices of the
European Union (EU) to gather the data needed to assess both
the proximate and the root causes of migration from
developing to developed countries. The surveys, which
covered both countries of origin and countries of destination,
gathered comparable information on both international
migrants and persons in the countries of origin who did not
migrate, thus providing the ideal reference group for the
analysis of the causes of migration. They also made an effort
to gather information at the individual, household and
community levels, thus allowing the analysis of both the
micro- and macrolevel factors leading to migration. The
surveys were carried out on statistically representative
samples so that their results would have the generality that
E/CN.9/1999/3
5
many other studies lacked. The survey results were expected
Asian countries of origin had adopted a series of measures to
to be available for analysis by the end of 1998.
protect female migrants. However, their enforcement was
8.
Remittances were recognized as an important
mechanism through which international migration could
influence development. The Symposium reviewed the high
levels of remittances received by the main countries of origin
and took note of efforts made to incorporate the use of
remittances into a revised economic theory of migration (the
“new economics of labour migration”) according to which
migration was seen as a means by which households could
diversify risk and gain access to the capital needed for
productive investment in contexts where local financial
institutions could not make capital available at reasonable
cost. From this perspective, remittances were expected to play
a key role in improving the productive capacity of households
10. Having noted that economic globalization had important
with members abroad. To test this hypothesis, information on
implications for the international movement of workers, the
the allocation of the full income received by households,
Symposium focused on developments regarding the migration
whether from migrants or not, was necessary. The Symposium
of highly skilled personnel. Such migration, which had
noted that studies relative to communities with the requisite
become a major element of contemporary flows, took many
data had corroborated that remittances had a positive effect
forms, including the movement of professional transients,
on the allocation of household income to productive activities;
business transfers and the permanent migration of highly
that is to say, remittances were indeed being used to enhance
skilled persons. However, the data on the issue were poor,
productive capacity and could therefore have a positive effect
inconsistent and seldom differentiated by sex. Yet there was
on the economic development of the communities of origin.
evidence that both developed countries and the newly
However, the possibility that the economic environment that
industrializing economies of the developing world had been
encouraged out-migration might also tend to limit the
taking special measures to attract workers with needed skills.
potential of remittances to stimulate development could not
Nevertheless, there were still many instances in which
be discarded. Poor market infrastructure and lack of credit receiving countries set barriers to the recognition of
facilities made it difficult to realize the development potential qualifications obtained abroad, thus preventing skilled
of remittances. The Symposium noted that, by dealing with
migrants from practising the occupations for which they were
such constraints, countries of origin could increase the
best suited. There was also growing concern among
potential positive contributions of remittances to broad-based
developing countries about the loss of skilled personnel vital
income growth.
for their development. Because skilled persons tended to
9.
The high levels of participation of women in
international migration since at least 1960 were underscored
by the Symposium. Growing opportunities to secure
employment abroad had been responsible for increasing the
visibility of female migrant workers, especially in Asia.
Although the rising participation of women in labour
migration implied that they had the opportunity of earning
11. The Symposium noted that the free temporary
better salaries abroad, it remained true that most female
movement of persons as service providers had been formally
migrant workers tended to be concentrated in low status
accepted under the General Agreement on Trade in Services
occupations that provided minimal or no prospects of socio-
(GATS) and that labour-abundant countries might consider
economic mobility in the receiving State. Furthermore,
developing their human resources so as to enhance their
women working in certain occupations, such as domestic and
service providing capabilities and thus reduce migration
entertainment services, were particularly vulnerable to
pressures. In addition, developing countries might consider
exploitation and harassment. In Asia, a complex set of cooperative arrangements among themselves to develop
institutions had developed to organize and manage the
service packages that could strengthen their position in
migration of workers, including female workers. Aware of the
bidding for international contracts.
risks faced by women migrating on their own to work abroad,
difficult and violations continued to occur. In developed
regions, the migration of women had taken place, mostly
under family reunification but this did not mean that migrant
women were devoid of economic motivations for migration.
In fact, the labour force participation of female migrants in
developing countries was usually moderate to high despite the
fact that, in certain countries, women who had been admitted
as dependants did not automatically have the right to work.
The risks involved in international migration notwithstanding,
the Symposium considered that the migration experience had
the potential of enhancing the status of female migrants and
contributing to their empowerment.
migrate to countries with flourishing economies, developing
countries with stagnant economies had difficulty in both
attracting and retaining skilled personnel. International
collaboration was judged necessary to ensure that developing
countries were not deprived of the skills needed to sustain
development.
2
E/CN.9/1999/3
6
IV. Addressing the employment of
migrants in an irregular situation
12. Noting that many countries had been experiencing a
growing informalization of their economy, the Symposium
focused attention on the interrelations between irregular
employment (that is to say, employment violating the
standards set by labour laws and regulations) and
international migration. The cases of five countries —
Germany, Hungary, Italy, South Africa and Venezuela —
were considered. Although irregular employment could
involve national workers, foreigners had a higher propensity
to take up such work because of their weak legal position and
social vulnerability. Both irregular migration and the irregular
employment of migrants resulted from the conflict between
a real demand for unskilled workers and restrictive migration
policies that banned or hindered their admission. In countries
with economies in transition, the political and economic
transformation that they were undergoing also contributed to
the increase of irregular migration. Governments’ attempts
at using further regulation to reduce irregular employment had
often failed and increased the vulnerability of migrants.
Despite the fact that migrants taking up irregular employment
were contributing to the economic prosperity of the host
society, public perceptions about irregular migration were
often extremely negative and were fuelling xenophobic or
racist reactions. By continuing to target irregular migrants as
if they were the sole source of the problem, Governments
might be exacerbating the problem. To be effective, policies
to combat irregular migration should take a holistic approach
based on a better understanding of the economic role of the
informal sector, the need for unskilled labour, and the
interests of employers engaged in hiring workers under
irregular conditions. Further preconditions for more effective
policy formulation included improved monitoring of irregular
movements and irregular employment, and more information
on the employment and social situation of irregular migrants.
13. Given the continued significance of migration for
employment, the Symposium examined the effectiveness of
the special institutions and procedures that had been
established by a number of countries of origin to protect the
basic rights of their workers employed abroad. The case
studies considered focused on Bangladesh, Mexico, Morocco
and the Philippines. The need for protection arose because
of different circumstances in diverse settings. In some cases
it was necessary because of the weak labour institutions in the
countries of destination, while in others it stemmed from the
irregular status of migrants in the country of employment.
Exploitation of migrants when in the hands of labour
recruiters and other intermediaries was also a common
problem requiring State intervention. Countries of origin
varied in the extent to which Governments had adopted
proactive policies for the protection of migrant workers. In
the Philippines, where institutional arrangements to organize
and control the recruitment of migrant workers were well
developed, an assessment of their efficiency as perceived by
policy makers, non-governmental organizations and the
migrant workers themselves was carried out. Though
preliminary and still subject to methodological improvement,
the study revealed that there was considerable satisfaction
with the institutions and policies in place. In other countries
where such institutions were either lacking or less developed,
similar assessments did not seem possible. Furthermore, it
was pointed out that countries of origin were often in a weak
position to protect their migrants abroad, since the authorities
in countries of destination generally had the power to
establish conditions of work and, in case of violations, might
not have the will or the means to protect the migrants
involved. Countries that considered the export of labour a
vital part of their economic strategies often lacked the market
power or the political will to demand effective protection of
their citizens as a condition for deployment. Employers keen
on minimizing costs as well as recruitment agents and labour
brokers required close supervision to prevent their abuse of
power and the consequent mistreatment of migrants. The
Symposium considered that the best framework within which
to ensure the effective protection of migrant workers was a
partnership between the Governments of countries of origin
and those of countries of employment, since their common
interest ought to be the equitable treatment of migrant
workers. Countries of employment, in particular, had an
interest in preventing the exploitation of foreigners which was
often at the root of their unfair competition with national
workers and which might lead to the polarization of the host
society. Ensuring the protection of the rights of migrants was
considered a key precondition for migration to be mutually
beneficial. In achieving that goal, heed had to be paid to the
standards set by existing international human rights
instruments and ILO conventions on the rights and treatment
of migrant workers. The Symposium stressed that, where
actively pursued, policies by countries of origin did have a
positive effect on the protection of migrants abroad and
contributed to making migration more orderly.
V. Improving the position of
immigrants and foreign residents in
receiving countries: social and
cultural issues
E/CN.9/1999/3
7
14. Aware that, because of the increasing number of to the impact of return migration by considering the cases of
international migrants and the diversification of migration
Jamaica, Jordan, the State of Kerala in India, Senegal and
flows, more countries were hosting sizeable populations of Turkey. Ideally, return migration should occur on a voluntary
long-term foreign residents, the Symposium decided to focus
basis. However, there were many circumstances in which
on the issues raised by their status in the host society.
return was less than voluntary, particularly when changed
Particular attention was given to the economic integration, conditions in the country of employment, such as those
social mobility, educational opportunities and cultural identity resulting from a recession, political instability or war,
of resident foreigners, immigrants and their children. The
produced a large outflow of return migrants. Not only did the
studies considered focused on Australia, Canada and the
conditions of return vary, but so did the impact of return
United States; France, Germany and the Netherlands; Japan;
migration on the countries of origin: In some cases, returning
and Malaysia. The main issue addressed was how to prevent
migrants appeared to have made almost no contribution to
the economic, social and cultural marginalization of resident
development; in others, positive effects appeared to have
foreigners, especially when such marginalization was linked
occurred. Because countries had generally not taken explicit
to ethnicity or race. Experience had proved that, whatever the
measures to facilitate the reinsertion of returnees, an
original intentions of migrants, employers and Governments,
assessment of policy interventions could not be carried out.
migration often led to the settlement of some proportion of It was suggested that the provision of counselling and
all the international migrants admitted by receiving countries. information, as well as assistance in obtaining access to
Therefore, migration policies should take this outcome into
credit, was a factor conducive to a successful reinsertion and
account, especially because the short-term ad hoc measures
to the maximization of the positive effects of return migration.
that had been common in many countries were failing to
However, equity considerations (vis-à-vis non-migrants)
prevent marginalization. A comprehensive long-term strategy often precluded the establishment of special credit schemes
was needed to ensure the socio-economic integration of long-
for returning migrants. It was noted that returnees were more
term foreign residents, mainly in regard to their position in
likely to prepare and plan for their return if advised and
the labour market, their access to educational opportunities,
supported by governmental agencies and non-governmental
and their prospects of social mobility. It was also necessary organizations. Maintenance of social networks in the country
to recognize and respect the desire of foreigners to maintain
of origin appeared to be crucial to ensuring a successful
their linguistic, cultural and religious practices. The
reintegration. Cooperation between the Governments of
experience of countries of immigration provided evidence
countries of origin and those of countries of destination, with
regarding which policies were most likely to bring about
the assistance of international organizations and non-
satisfactory results, although it was recognized that policies
governmental organizations, was considered a means of
and practices needed to be adapted to each context. Public
developing better strategies to facilitate return and ensure a
information and education aimed at increasing the public’s
beneficial reintegration process, especially in cases where
tolerance were considered crucial, since even the best policies
large numbers of migrants returned simultaneously.
could not succeed where there was a lack of public
understanding and support for them. The Symposium warned
that the lack of appropriate social and cultural policies having
broad-based public support could lead to social tensions by
making the local population feel threatened and the foreigners
feel insecure and excluded.
VI. Releasing the development potential
of return migrants
15. Despite the tendency of some migrants to settle abroad,
many others had returned to their countries of origin; but,
although return migration was recognized as an important
process, there was limited information on its magnitude and
public authorities did not attach sufficient importance to the
conditions of return. The Symposium aimed to call attention
E/CN.9/1999/3
8
VII. Responding to the arrival of
asylum-seekers
16. Recognizing the growing importance of forced
migration and, particularly, the issues raised by the rising
numbers of persons in need of protection who did not qualify
as refugees, the Symposium considered the changing
responses to the arrival of asylum-seekers in different regions
of the world. It was recognized that people were generally
impelled to migrate by a complex mix of factors, which might
include individual persecution as well as economic needs,
family ties, environmental problems and other considerations.
One of the key problems confronting the institution of asylum
was considered to be the very real difficulty in deciding in the
case of each particular asylum-seeker whether individual
persecution was the major cause of flight. Developed
countries faced with rising costs from the processing of
asylum claims were reluctant to continue supporting refugees
abroad. Developing countries, in turn, were becoming less
generous in admitting and protecting refugees and asylum-
seekers. In order to safeguard the institution of asylum, it
seemed essential to ensure compliance with basic human
rights norms and to safeguard fundamental principles such
as the right to asylum in the event of individual persecution
and the principle of non-refoulement. To address the new
situation, it seemed necessary to search for a range of
measures that responded to the diversity of protection needs,
including the use of flexible responses such as the granting
of temporary protection. It was also crucial to make return
feasible, both for asylum-seekers whose claims for asylum
had been rejected and for those whose period of temporary
protection had ended. To achieve this end, receiving countries
needed to engage countries of origin in a constructive
dialogue with a view to negotiating practical solutions. It was
noted that a number of receiving countries had already
concluded readmission agreements with selected countries
of origin. In implementing return movements, it was
important for the authorities of receiving countries to ensure
the legality and legitimacy of their return practices.
17. In developed countries, asylum procedures had become
the operational mechanism for resolving the dilemma of
migration control versus refugee protection. The rising costs
of processing asylum claims had compromised the availability
of funds to support refugees in poorer countries. To reduce
those costs, receiving countries were adopting increasingly
stringent non-admission policies that had the potential of
preventing bona fide refugees from seeking asylum. In
developing countries, not only was there a growing reluctance
to admit refugees but, in addition, the physical security,
dignity and material safety of those admitted could not always
be guaranteed. In Africa, the economic hardships that many
countries were undergoing had reduced their willingness to
share scarce resources with others. The continued availability
of asylum options depended not only on burden-sharing but
also on a new understanding of the security concerns of the
countries involved. In both developed and developing
countries, public support for refugee and asylum-seeker
protection had been eroding. It was important for
Governments to change public perceptions. Public education
plus effective and well-managed refugee and asylum-seeker
programmes seemed essential to restore public confidence.
VIII.
Panel session on future policy
directions
18. The Symposium concluded with a panel discussion that
highlighted the main findings and policy implications of the
debates. The importance of international cooperation based
on an appropriate balance of the concerns of the various
parties was stressed. The international harmonization of
migration and asylum policies seemed a long-term goal which
was most likely to be reached at the regional level. Attention
was drawn to the gulf between formal rights and the actual
treatment of migrants. The need to create conditions favouring
the full participation of migrants in society was underscored.
Despite globalization, States still had considerable power to
control international migration. However, ill-conceived
control mechanisms or disproportionate focus on control
might be contributing to the rise in irregular migration. It was
stressed that nobody wanted to be an illegal migrant. The
challenge was to create conditions that made this unnecessary.
19. The Symposium helped to highlight the need for better
collection and analysis of data on various aspects of
international migration. Lack of reliable information often led
to the perpetuation of myths about migration that were a weak
basis for policy formulation. International migration had
clearly become a major concern in domestic and foreign
policy. A better understanding of its complexities and
dynamics was needed to maximize the benefits of migration
for all concerned.
E/CN.9/1999/3
9
IX. Dissemination of the results of the
Technical Symposium
20. A detailed report of the deliberations taking place
during the Symposium was published as part of the activities
of the Working Group on Migration of the ACC Task Force
on Basic Social Services for All. It has been distributed
among both government officials and interested scholars. In
addition, the unedited papers presented at the Symposium
have been collected in a bound volume that is available upon
request. Selected papers were accepted for publication in a
special issue of the journal International Migration, where
they will appear in revised form in 1999.
Notes
Report of the International Conference on Population and
1
Development, Cairo, 5–13 September 1994 (United
Nations publication, Sales No. E.95.XIII.18), chap. I,
resolution 1, annex.
See Legal Agreements Embodying the Results of the
2
Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, done
at Marrakesh on 15 April 1994 (GATT secretariat
publication, Sales No. GATT/1994–7).
E/CN.9/1999/3
10
Annex
List of documents
Session 2. The dimensions of international migration
1.
International migration levels, trends and what existing data systems reveal
Session 3. International migration and development
1.
Poverty and environmental degradation as root causes of international migration: a
critical assessment
2.
Regional economic integration and international migration: the case of NAFTA
3.
Sub-Saharan Africa: is regional integration a relevant factor affecting the changes taking
place in international migration?
Session 4. Analysis of factors generating international migration
1.
A multi-country approach to studying the determinants of migration
2.
The new economics of labour migration and the role of remittances in the migration
process
3.
The processes generating the migration of women
4.
The need to import skilled personnel: factors favouring and hindering its international
mobility
Session 5. Addressing the employment of migrants in an irregular
situation
1.
The case of Hungary
2.
The case of Germany
3.
The case of Italy
4.
The case of South Africa
5.
The case of Venezuela
Session 6. Enhancing the capabilities of emigration countries to
protect men and women destined for low-skilled
employment
1.
The case of the Philippines
2.
The case of Bangladesh
3.
The case of Morocco
4.
The case of Mexico
E/CN.9/1999/3
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Session 7. Improving the position of immigrants and foreign residents
in receiving countries: social and cultural issues
1.
The case of traditional settlement countries: Australia, Canada and the United States
of America
2.
The case of long-standing receiving countries in Europe: France, Germany and the
Netherlands
3.
The case of a new receiving country in the developed world: Japan
4.
The case of a new receiving country in the developing world: Malaysia
Session 8. Releasing the development potential of return migrants
1.
The case of Jordan
2.
The case of Senegal
3.
The case of Jamaica
4.
The case of Kerala, India
5.
The case of Turkey
Session 9. Responding to the arrival of asylum-seekers
1.
Migrants and asylum-seekers: comparative policy responses
2.
Control versus protection in asylum procedures
3.
Unsuccessful asylum-seekers: the problem of return
4.
The end of asylum? The changing nature of refugee policies in Africa and other
developing regions