Looking Back
‘Terror in the Soul’
Remembering Auschwitz
By Tom Luke
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Sixty years ago, in January 1945, Auschwitz was “liberated”. Some of the people commemorating this event are surviving witnesses, whose numbers are rapidly diminishing and will soon reach complete extinction.
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| Secretary-General Kofi Annan opening “Auschwitz: The Depth of the Abyss”,
an exhibit at UN Headquarters in commemoration of the sixtieth anniversary
of the liberation of the Nazi concentration camps in Europe. UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe
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To some, Auschwitz is already an historical notion, a symbol of horror; to others, it is an impersonal subject for (academic) speculation. There are also thriving schools of “thought” questioning the sums of murdered and even the existence of gas chambers, insinuating that Auschwitz was an ordinary labour camp where inmates died of natural causes. Such and other questions are nowadays bandied around, while eyewitnesses still exist.
Auschwitz was a web of concentration camps and sub-camps. The central one contained installations of torture, pseudo-medical experimentation and execution, but most of its inmates were exploited as slaves in nearby industrial complexes until their final collapse. On the other hand, Auschwitz-Birkenau, situated a couple of kilometres from the central camp, was used for mass extermination. Trains transporting millions from all over Europe arrived there, and stunned people were instantly lined up on the platform and marched toward a selection point where within seconds, with the flick of a finger, their fate was sealed. The victims, sent to the “wrong” side, had no idea what was expecting them. Gas chambers with adjacent crematoria metamorphosed thousands into smoke and ashes every night. Creatures, disguised as human forms, watched the agony of the damned through peepholes.
But even those who were directed from the arrival platform into the precincts of camp Birkenau received only a reprieve. They were instantly dehumanized, stripped naked, shaved from head to toe, clad in flimsy pyjamas, beaten, tortured, starved, counted and recounted. If there is absolute humiliation, this was it. Moments after arrival, terror struck their souls as they understood the significance of flames and smoke rising towards the sky on the horizon. Statistics of those murdered can be quantified, terror in the soul cannot. Other selections followed, able-bodied adults were marshalled into detachments, tattooed and marched or transported off for slave labour in concentration camps disseminated through the Nazi realm. Those who stayed behind knew, as they weakened, that for them there was only one way out. That was Auschwitz-Birkenau, a product of the human brain.
As the Second World War drew to a close, the extermination installations in Auschwitz-Birkenau were blown up by the Nazis themselves. It is interesting to note that the “master race”, being aware of the monstrosity of their actions, tried to cover up (the magnitude of) their crime. By January 1945, the remaining inmates who could walk were evacuated by means of so-called “death marches”, and all those left behind were to be shot. But the Eastern front approached inexorably and there was not enough time left to accomplish the last act upon the damned. And so the most pitiful who did not die in the intervening days of frost, disease or starvation lived to see the arrival of the Red Army.
Let us not jubilate. No one hastened to liberate Auschwitz or any other concentration camp. The Soviets had no choice but to battle and defeat the Nazi machine, or be destroyed. In the course of their movement forward, the Soviets redrew borders, occupied and enslaved the eastern lands of Europe, imposed communist dictatorships, and introduced prisons for inconvenient citizens. They replicated the proven model of the Soviet Gulag where, too, millions died. The liberation of the remains of Auschwitz was a coincidental by-product.
For that matter, neither did the Western Allies deviate from their set military planning and strategy so as to advance the liberation of concentration camps, nor did they slow the extermination operations. It is common knowledge that the Allies and the Soviets possessed information about the purpose and mechanics of Nazi atrocities, and yet not even the bombing of rail tracks carrying human cargo to extermination was judged worth the effort.
One would have thought that after the experience of the Second World War humanity would come to its senses. Still, since 1945, further millions of innocent men, women and children have been, and continue to be, deliberately enslaved, tortured and assassinated by certain members of the world community. Their purpose: holding on to or acquiring power in the name of nationhood, class, creed or whatever “respectable” doctrine or agenda. Moreover, society seems to be replete with fanatics who openly preach death to infidels. Meanwhile, in comfortable chambers at safe distance from scenes of mass murder, distinguished ladies and gentlemen deliberate as to whether one particular case or another qualifies as genocide.
While remembering Auschwitz, it must be borne in mind that for the vast majority of victims liberation came too late. |
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| Tom Luke, a retired United Nations staff member, was born in the Czech Republic and is now an Australian citizen. He was a prisoner in concentration camps from 1942 to 1945 and experienced and witnessed the events described in this article. |
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In commemoration of the sixtieth anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz, an exhibition entitled “Afterwards, it’s just a part of you” took place from 18 January to 25 February 2005 at UN Headquarters in New York. The exhibit documents the long-term positive effects of visits by youth groups—from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, South Africa and the United States—to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp.
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| Artwork from “Auschwitz: the Depth of the Abyss”, an exhibit held at UN Headquarters from 24 January to 11 March 2005, featuring the only surviving visual evidence of the mass murders at Auschwitz-Birkenau. The exhibit was sponsored by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel and curated by Yad Vashem, Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Remembrance Authority, Jerusalem. |
Using disposable cameras, young people had themselves photographed and shared their feelings about their visits to the camps, accompanied by survivors. They spoke of their journey as a very powerful experience affecting their outlook on life in general, and on political and moral issues, such as racism and anti-semitism, in particular.
Included in the exhibit were works of Dutch photographer Pieter Boersma, who has created a visual record of the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp over the past fifteen years, with exhibit installation designed by Dutch visual artist Antoon Versteegde, whose bamboo-constructions are well known. The concept was developed by
historian and exhibition-maker Carry van Lakerveld of Amsterdam and Christoph Heubner of the International Auschwitz Committee, Berlin, which produced the exhibit with the support of Volkswagen Coaching GmbH (Germany), LOT Polish Airlines, Lufthansa and the International Youth Centre, Oswiecim (Poland).
Statements were made by Auschwitz survivors Roman Kent and Kurt Goldstein, as well as by Under-Secretary-General Shashi Tharoor of the United Nations Department of Public Information, which co-sponsored the exhibition. A media encounter and viewing took place in conjunction with the exhibit opening. For more information visit www.un.org/events/UNART. |
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