MISSION READINESS AND STRESS MANAGEMENT

United Nations

Office of Human Resources Management
New York, March 1995





Produced by the Staff Counsellor's Office and the Training Service of the Office of Human Resources Management, United Nations Secretariat, New York, 1995.

OHRM extends a special appreciation to the Department of National Defence, Canada, and its Directorate of Health Treatment Services for granting permission to use materials from their publications entitled "Preparing for Deployment Stress' and 'Preparing for Critical Incident Stress.'

For information about this booklet, contact:

Brian Kidwell / kidwell@un.org / (212)963-6128, or
Jean-Guy Morisset / morisset@un.org / (212)963-2530

This Internet version was completed on 2 May 1996.

Table of Contents


Foreword

Glossary

Part 1: Introduction to Mission Readiness

Part 2: Facts about Stress Management

Part 3: Deployment Stress

Part 4: Critical Incident Stress

Part 5: Homecoming

Part 6: Appendices


Foreword

Welcome to Mission Readiness

What is mission readiness? How can one possibly prepare for the unexpected? What can a civilian staff member do to be ready for the stress of quasi-military situations that may be encountered in mission service?

Some of these questions will be answered in the present booklet. It is our feeling in OHRM that staff can do a great deal to prepare themselves if they are provided with a few basic tools and some basic information.

Mission readiness is seen as a long-term process which starts as soon as you consider the possibility of mission service, continues during the assignment and even involves some follow-up when you return. The Organization will strive to provide you with some helpful tools so that you may be as effective as possible in handling these aspects of preparation, which only you can handle.

This booklet is a start and will be revised as needed. We hope it will be useful to those who cannot be physically present for formal "Mission Readiness Seminars". We hope it will help you design your own personalized readiness plan so that you may enjoy the challenge of serving the organization on the front lines.






Dennis J. Halliday
Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management

Glossary
Critical incident (CI) - an event outside the range of normal human experience which is distressing to almost everyone. Such events are usually sudden and life-threatening, and often involve physical or emotional loss.

Cumulative distress - stress which builds up over time. Some issues may be large and of long duration, while others may be small or just part of the problems of everyday life.

Debriefing - a process designed to lessen the impact of a critical incident; a structured intervention by specially trained staff. It occurs in an organized group meeting and is designed to allow and encourage those involved in a critical incident to discuss their thoughts and reactions in a safe, non-threatening environment. Ideally, it takes place 48 to 72 hours after the critical incident.

Defusing - a process which allows those involved in a critical incident to describe what happened and to talk about their reactions directly after the event; to provide information about normal stress reactions and support services.

Deployment - field assignment away from your normal place of duty and/or headquarters, usually unaccompanied by partner or family.

Distress - stress, when it occurs too often (frequency), lasts too long (duration) and is too severe (intensity), may create distress.

Spouse - a marriage partner; either a wife or a husband. (in the following document, when the term spouse is used, the terms partner, mate or companion may be substituted.)

Stress - any demand or change that the human system (mind, body, spirit) is required to meet or respond to.

Part 1: Introduction to Mission Readiness
The Staff Counsellor's Office and the Training Service of the Office of Human Resources Management have developed a readiness checklist and a mission readiness evaluation form to help ensure that your mission assignment will be rewarding, positive, and as stress-free as possible. First, let's look at the checklist.

This document is designed to be your guide toward mission readiness.

When you review the items you will notice that some are so common and so routine that they are often overlooked. Others are extremely important to your personal well-being, but are uncommon and therefore are often not remembered.

As you work toward being mission-ready, each completed item can be checked off the list. Once you have completed all the items, please review your list with your local counsellor.* If you discover that you are not yet fully prepared to accept mission life, the counsellor will assist you in your efforts to become mission-ready.

Staff Counsellors at UN duty stations:

There are some circumstances which might convince you to postpone accepting a mission assignment at this time. These circumstances might include any of the following: pending legal action; family crisis; pending marital separation or divorce; an unresolved traumatic experience; treatment for a chronic disease; treatment for alcohol or drug abuse.

Please consider that if any of these or similar circumstances are affecting your life or the lives of your family members, it could be extremely distressful to accept a mission assignment before they are resolved.

The checklist is followed by a Mission Readiness Self-evaluation Form. Working through the form should help you to determine whether you are ready for mission work.


Mission Readiness Checklist

Family Welfare

Review, discuss and complete the elements listed in this section with your spouse or another responsible adult (ra.). This can help to avoid an unnecessary emergency or disaster-related problems. 

a.	Mission discussed with family?	    		
b.	Mission extension possibilities discussed?
c.	Family support system established?			
d.	Quick access to emergency phone numbers?
e.	Family communication plan established, 
	including exploring the use of electronic mail,
	fax, etc. (mission address, phone #s, fax #s,
	UN pouch)?
f.	Guardianship agreements completed?
g.	Passports and visas current for all family?
h.	Power of Attorney current/completed?
i.	Wills: yours and spouse's completed?
j.	UN insurance beneficiaries designated?
k.	Pension fund number available to responsible
	adult (ra.)?
l.	Birth certificate available to ra.?
m.	Social Security # recorded and known to ra.?
n.	Marriage certificate available to ra.?
o.	High-risk-mission insurance current?
p.	All insurance policy data available to ra.?
q.	Military discharge documents available to ra.?



Banking Information

If your bank records are orderly and accurate before you depart on a mission, deposit and withdrawal problems from your mission location can be reduced or eliminated. 

a.	Name and address of all banks or credit
	union accounts available to ra.?
b.	Direct-deposit account established?
c.	Savings/checking accounts established?
d.	Is ra. able to access bank accounts?
e.	Credit card numbers known to ra.?
f.	Other important banking information reported?






Business and Finance


Make sure your finances are in good order before you depart so that
your financial affairs will run smoothly in your absence.



a.	Stockbroker name and certificate #s available?
b.	Bond company and certificate #s available?
c.	Mutual fund company and certificate #s
	available?
d.	Business and finance records in a safe place
	where ra. has access?
e.	Family budget well planned?
f.	Outstanding bill/loan payment method current?
g.	Signed UN contract available to ra.?
h.	Income-tax data available to ra.?
i.	Home/apartment: sold? rented? sublet?
j.	Personal-property high-dollar-item insurance?










Auto Repairs and Maintenance


Avoid automobile worries during your absence by checking on the items
listed in this section.



a.	Auto repair book available to ra.?
b.	Next service on auto due?
c.	Warranty book available to ra.?
d.	Tire rotation due?
e.	Oil change due?  
f.	Tune-up required?
g.	Dealer's address available? 










Home Security, Repairs and Maintenance


Feel at ease about home security by reviewing and completing the
information requested in this section.



	
a.	Heating & refrigeration repair phone #s ?
b.	Plumbing repair phone ?	 
c.	Electricity repair phone ?
d.	Small appliance repair phone # ?
e.	Roofing repair phone # ?   
f.	Keys secure with responsible adult?
g.	 Mail and newspapers re-routed?












Climate and Clothing


Prepare yourself to be a person for all seasons.  Investigate the
climate and terrain of your mission location - and be ready.



					
a.	Cold weather needs?
b.	Hot weather needs?
c.	Rainy weather needs?
d.	Type of footwear required?
e.	Hats & gloves required?










Geopolitical and Cultural Awareness


UN staff members on peace-keeping mission assignments must be aware of
the local customs, languages and taboos.  Investigating the items
listed in this section will allow you to integrate more quickly and
comfortably into the local work environment.



a.	Geographical location known?
b.	Government type known?
c.	Major ethnic groups known?
d.	Traditions and customs (dos and don'ts) known?
e.	Major religions known?
f.	Primary languages spoken?
g.	Basic language skills developed?
h.	Basic language skiffs training material
	obtained?
i.	Major industries known?
j.	Income per capita known?
k.	Natural resources known?
l.	Health and disease index known?












Health Promotion


Physical fitness and a healthy lifestyle are not developed overnight, so you are encouraged to act on the
elements of this section well in advance of your mission.  This will have a strong impact on your
effectiveness and your sense of well-being when you are in the field.




	
a.	Do you know your nutritional needs?
b.	Do you have plans for attaining an appropriate
	physical fitness level?	
c.	Stress management information?
d.	Substance-abuse awareness: "The Big Three"
	(nicotine, alcohol & caffeine)?
e.	Awareness of sexually transmitted disease
	(STD) prevention?
f.	Lifestyle balance (work, play, rest, sleep)?
g.	Recreational and educational need awareness?
h.	Hobbies and free-time use?
i.	Have you remembered your extra pairs of
	eyeglasses or contact lenses?
j. 	Health and dental care plans established for
	 self?
k.	Health and dental care plans established
	for your family?










Life-Saving Skills


Life-saving skills in countries where first aid and medical assistance are often remote can be of vital
importance to you and your co-workers.



a.	First aid certification current?
b.	CPR certification current?
c.	Do you know your blood type?
d.	Swimming ability, at least 200 metres?








Transportation and Communication Skills


Gaining skills in these areas will enable you to be independently mobile and to communicate well
should an emergency situation arise.




										YES	NO

a.	Operation of a vehicle with manual transmission?
b.	Operation of 4-wheel-drive vehicle?
c.	Auto-repair troubleshooting ability?
d.	Two-way-radio operation ability?
e.	Satellite telephone operation skills?












Security Awareness


For your own safety, and that of your co-workers, it is essential that you read and follow the
instructions in the security section of your peace-keeping mission orientation booklet..



It is wise to consider taking the following items, for emergency use, to the mission area:




small pack
Swiss army knife
first aid kit
water bottle
flashlight
extra batteries	
candies
matches
short-wave radio for international news programmes



Once you arrive in the mission area you should request a security briefing as soon as Possible.









Medical Screening


No staff member will be cleared to go on mission without first receiving a thorough screening and
briefing by the Medical Service.


Medical screening completion date: _________________________________



a.	All required medications obtained
	before departure?
b.	Dental check-up before mission departure?














Mission Readiness Self-Evaluation Form




Introduction to the Form


This is not a selection test.  It is a training and research tool designed by a group of international non-governmental organizations (NGOS) to help their staff and project participants understand themselves and
track their own personal development.


A number of key personal characteristics were identified in various surveys on effective social action and
in studies carried out by international exchange programmes as well as by the Canadian business
community.  These characteristics (or personal profile) appear to be closely related to success in working
with people and could be especially relevant in situations of challenge and stress, where people of different
backgrounds need to work closely together.


This self-evaluation form will be helpful in reviewing your own suitability for mission assignment.  Bear in
mind that people with the appropriate profile will probably find it easier to contribute to a team and will feel
that their mission experience is rewarding.  On the other hand, if your scores indicate a low level of
compatibility with the profile, the mission environment may not be suitable for you.


You should consider this self-evaluation very carefully, along with all other information you may have,
before making a final decision.  You may want to share your thoughts with people who know you well and
whom you know well, and you should not hesitate to call the Staff Counsellor's Office if you have any
questions about the form or its meaning for you.











Instructions:	Under each of the following categories (a through k), choose the statement that best
applies to you.  Circle the number to the left of the chosen statement.  When you have completed each
category, transfer the number of the selected statement to each of the categories on the score-sheet at
the end of the evaluation.




Personal Management Skills


A.	Positive Attitudes (Initiative, Self-Esteem, Confidence)

1)	I feel I have little control over what happens to me.
2)	I know and respect my personal needs.
3)	I am self-confident.
4)	I have the initiative, energy and capacity to accomplish what I
	set out to do.
5)	I can recognize my strengths and weaknesses, know and respect my
	own limitations and learn from my mistakes.






B.	Adaptability, Flexibility

1)	Change is disruptive; I avoid it if possible.
2)	I try to limit changes in my environment and life patterns.
3)	Changes are inevitable and I accept them.
4)	Change can bring improvement, I believe change can be a positive
	force.
5)	I embrace change as a source of renewal; I promote change.






C.	Responsibility

1)	I prefer situations of limited responsibility where I am not
	accountable for final outcomes.
2)	I take responsibility for what I am assigned to do.
3)	I try to participate in the definition of my responsibilities.
4)	I exercise my judgement in situations where my responsibility
	has not been defined.
5)	I accept responsibility for all actions and decisions in which
	I have participated.






D.	Analytical Thinking

1)	Following my own instincts always serves me well.
2)	I can see issues from other perspectives, but it's difficult
	to know what to believe.
3)	I will consider the views and opinions of others before I form
	an opinion, and I can revise my position in the light of new
	information.
4)	I can identify pertinent information and resources, and seek
	them out.
5)	I am able to structure and process multiple sources of information
	to evaluate situations, solve problems and make decisions.












Workplace Skills



D.	Leadership

1)	I have no particular desire to lead, nor skill in leading.
2)	I attempt to lead occasionally without much success.
3)	I am occasionally successful in leading, largely by luck.
4)	I know what situations are appropriate for my leadership style.
5)	I can adjust my leadership style to the situation at hand.






F.	Decision-Making

1)	I tend to go with the flow of events.
2)	I express my point of view in decisions affecting me.
3)	I am decisive about things that affect me.
4)	I express my point of view in decisions affecting other people.
5)	I feel confident making decisions that affect other people.






G.	Organization

1)	I often find myself unable to fulfil my commitments.
2)	I know it's important to organize myself, but it's often
	very hard to do.
3)	I know how to use and structure my time well.
4)	I can set realistic goals and priorities in work
	and my personal life.
5)	I can plan and manage time, money and human resources
	to achieve goals.






H.	Teamwork

1)	I find teamwork situations inefficient and full of conflict.
2)	I usually prefer to work alone.
3)	I respect the thoughts and opinions of
	others in a team situation.
4)	I work for group decision-making and support the outcome.
5)	I am most productive in team situations.












Social Skills


I.	Communication

1 )	I don't feel comfortable talking about my experiences,
	or expressing my opinions and beliefs to others.
2)	It is a real effort for me to express myself but I try.
3)	I feel comfortable talking to small groups of people
	I know (colleagues, family, etc.).
4)	I can talk to larger, unfamiliar audiences.
5)	I actively seek opportunities to express myself.






J.	NetWorking

1)	I tend to work independently.
2)	Support and information from others would probably
	be good sometimes, but I don't know how to go about finding it.
3)	I know where and when to look for Information and advice.
4)	I can maintain a network of persons for information,
	advice and support.
5)	I believe the most effective work is accomplished
	through networks.






K.	Public Relations

1)	I have no particular interest or talent in meeting the public.
2)	I am able to express my ideas clearly -
	in writing, orally, or both.
3)	I can participate in a public relations campaign.
4)	I feel I can contribute a lot to a public relations effort.
5)	I feel confident leading a public relations campaign.











Instructions: Transfer the number of the statement selected from
each category to the following score-sheet, Add the numbers from categories
a through k; this is your Self-evaluation Score.  Refer to guidelines
below for interpreting your score.




				 		    SCORE

Self-Evaluation Category

a.	Positive Attitudes			_______________
b.	Adaptability, Flexibility		_______________
c.	Responsibility				_______________
d.	Analytical Thinking			_______________
e.	Leadership				_______________
f.	Decision-making				_______________
g.	Organization				_______________
h.	Teamwork				_______________
i.	Communication				_______________
j.	Networking				_______________
k.	Public Relations			_______________

TOTAL SCORE (a through k)			_______________











Guidelines for Interpreting Scores


A total of 40 and above indicates a high level Of Compatibility with the profile, while a total of 20 or
less indicates a low level of compatibility, Generally speaking, higher scores would be more desirable
for mission service.


As you review Individual Items, you should note your strengths (higher scores) as well as other areas
(lower scores) where positive steps can be taken to improve your mission readiness.













Part 2:   Facts about Stress Management



What is stress?  Stress can be defined as any demand or change that the human system (mind, body
and spirit) is required to meet or respond to.  There are normal stressors such as those consistent with
life: breathing, blood circulation, walking, eating, talking and even playing.  These functions are common
to us all and are part of everyday life.  Without these stressors and other physical demands on our human
system we would not continue to live.



The more you know and understand about stress, the better prepared you will be to manage and control
its effects.  Stress becomes a problem when it occurs too often (frequency), lasts too long (duration),
and is too severe (intensity).  In these circumstances distress occurs.  It is extremely important to note
that what may be distressful for one person may not necessarily be distressful for someone else.  Your
perception of the event, that is, the degree of threat you feel, and the amount of control you have over the
circumstances most often determine the degree of distress you will experience.



Some factors which influence your perception and your control of distress are who you are and what your
past experiences have been.  Your education, your skills, your philosophical approach to life, your age,
your sex, your fitness level and your personal esteem are all factors which can influence the degree to
which you will be affected by a given distressful event or a series of events.



According to Dr. Hans Seyle, given the frequency, intensity and duration of a situation, anyone can
become a distress victim.  He defined a concept called the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)* as
follows:



The Alarm Phase: In the presence of a threatening or dangerous stressor the person reacts with the "fight
or flight" response.  This is a reaction which causes our adrenalin to increase and prepares us to run or
to fight.  If we respond in a physical way, such as by running, fighting, or even with verbal aggression,
much of the stress-produced fear, anger or hostility can be greatly reduced or dissipated altogether.  The 'fight or flight" response is a
primitive physical protective reaction; in today's society it may not be appropriate to respond to some
threats in a physical manner.




___________

*Goldberg, Philip, Executive Health: How to Recognize Stress Danger Signals and Manage Stress
Successfully, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1979; pp. 25-26.









The Adaptation Phase:  When a stressor continues without being resolved, the intensity of the alarm
stimulus is often lessened but not lost, and the person enters what Seyle calls the adaptation phase.  In
this phase, vital biochemical, physiological, psychological and spiritual resources are being spent to sustain
the person against the original distressors.  However, the adaptation or the adjustment to the situation is
not a solution.



The Exhaustion Phase: After an undetermined amount of time - it is different for each person - as a
consequence of long-term distressors or daily cumulative stressors, an individual may begin to exhibit
signs of breakdown.  These dysfunctions may show up in the form of physical, mental or behavioural
syndromes which are symptoms of long-term, unresolved distress, Some common symptoms are:





Physical	   Psychological		Behavioural


Fatigue		   Memory loss			Verbal outburst
Back pain	   Poor concentration		Increase in smoking
Headache	   Decrease in esteem		Increased alcohol use
Ulcer		   Depression			Eating disorders





What can be done to help manage stress?  Most people suffer from stress which builds up over time,
called cumulative distress.  Some issues may be large and of long duration while others may be the
small daily stresses of everyday life.  To manage these and other more acute occurrences, it is important
to learn which distressors affect you most.  Once the major sources of distress
are known, a management and control strategy can be developed to help you avoid the potential
distressors.  As a rule, stress management plans will include learning to do some old tasks in a new way. 
The following guidelines have been effective in stress management strategy development.










Stress Management Guidelines


	- Learn your major distressors
	- Become assertive, not aggressive
	- Manage your time well
	- Get the sleep you require
	- Exercise for endurance and strength at least three
	    times per week
	- Eat a well-balanced diet - portions consistent with your act
	- Avoid excessive use of alcohol, caffeine and nicotine
	- Know and practice your philosophical approach to life
	- Accept creative challenges
	- Plan your free time constructively and productively
	- Learn the healing value of relaxation and meditation
	- The more healthy, fit and well you are, the more resilient
	    you will be against all types of distress!












Part 3:  Deployment Stress




Deployment and Stress


What is deployment?  Deployment is the assignment of personnel or staff to a tour of duty, usually
unaccompanied by spouse, family or significant other.


Throughout their careers, United Nations personnel may be required to serve away from their families for
a variety of reasons and for varying lengths of time.  The term "deployment" usually brings to mind
peacekeeping missions, although assignments away from one's customary place of work may occur in a
number of United Nations programmes and activities.  This information is prepared as a resource for
families experiencing deployment related to United Nations peace-keeping activities, but may be helpful
in any deployment or assignment situation.


What is deployment stress?  Deployment stress occurs as a result of the physical and emotional
demands relating to deployment.  Both the separation and reunion aspects of deployment place additional
demands on families.


Factors Contributing to Deployment Stress



Factors Related to the Individual




	- personal health
	- personal coping abilities
	- previous deployment experience
	- attitude toward the assignment
	- confidence in self and organization
	- sense of security in family relationships





Factors Related to the Separation




	- available preparation time
	- previous family separation experience
	- attitude of family toward assignment
	- important family events during separation
	- confidence in support available to family






Factors Related to the Deployment




	- nature of the mission, especially if ambiguous
	- length of mission, especially if uncertain
	- communication (mail, phone) ease or difficulty
	- geographical location (terrain, weather)
	- living and working conditions
	- confidence in your training and leadership












The Emotional Cycle of Deployment*


	Phase		   	Stage			Time-frame




	Pre-deployment		1. anticipation		1-6 weeks
			     	of loss			before departure

			   	2. detachment and	last week
			      	withdrawal		before departure


	During deployment	3. emotional		first 6 weeks
			      	disorganization		of deployment

			   	4. recovery and		variable duration
			      	stabilization		(between stages 3 & 5)

			   	5. anticipation of	last 6 weeks
			      	homecoming		of deployment


	Post-deployment	 	6. renegotiation of	first 6 weeks
			      	relationships		home

			   	7. reintegration	6-12 weeks
			     	and stabilization


____________
*Adapted from "The Emotional Cycle of Deployment",
by Kathleen Vestal Logan, Proceedings,February 1987, pp. 43-47.











Let's take a look at each of these stages in more detail.


1.  Anticipation of Loss



Common Reactions


	- fluctuation in energy level and mood
	- fantasizing
	- feelings of sadness, anger, excitement, restlessness,
	    anxiety, tension, frustration, resentment, depression





General Suggestions


	- allow Yourself to feel and express your
	   full range of emotional responses
	- encourage all family members to share their feelings
	- reassure Your partner of Your love and commitment
	- involve the whole family in preparing for the separation
	- create opportunities for warm, lasting memories
	- try to see the deployment as a challenging opportunity
	    for growth
	- remember that the deployment is not forever
	- go through the checklist with partner





For Spouse Departing


	- share honestly all you can about the deployment
	- choose favourite family photos to take with you
	- make a list of important family occasions; take cards with you
	- record audiotapes of yourself reading favourite children's
	    stories
	- participate in mission readiness activities for yourself
	- participate in mission readiness activities for yourself and
	    your family





For Spouse Staying


	- take photos of your spouse doing routine activities
	- build a solid support network for yourself
	- set realistic goals for yourself for the field assignment period
	- have concrete, written plans for an unexpected family crisis
	    and/or emergency











2.  Detachment and Withdrawal

Common Reactions


	- reduced emotional and sexual intimacy
	- feelings of despair, hopelessness, impatience, numbness





General Suggestions


	- accept your feelings as normal reactions to
	    challenging circumstances, and not signs of rejection
	- communicate it openly and honestly as possible
	- be patient with yourself, your partner, your children





For Spouse Departing


	- complete your packing and preparation early
	    so that the last day and evening can be family time
	- accept your excitement about the assignment as
	    natural and normal, without expecting your family to
	    share your feeling





For Spouse Staying


	- try to take good care of yourself - nutrition, sleep,
	   exercise, hobbles, social support
	- ignore rumours, try to rely on official sources of
	    information concerning the departure and the assignment











3. Emotional Disorganization

Common Reactions


	- magical thinking (wishful thinking; using charms or rituals)
	- sleep and appetite disturbances
	- feelings of relief, guilt, anger, numbness, depression,
	    confusion, disorganization, indecision, loneliness,
	    vulnerability, irritability, aimlessness





General Suggestions


	- communicate - keep in touch about everyday events,
	    and share your feelings to maintain the emotional bond
	- date and number your letters so that your spouse can read
	    them in sequence
	- try to end phone calls on a positive note -
	    it may be a long wait before the next call





For Spouse Deployed


	- write separate letters to your children periodically
	- share as much information as you can about your daily
	    life and work





For Spouse at Home


	- maintain the healthy self-care practices you established
	    before the departure
	- participate in a support group, whether formal or informal
	- help your children to express their feelings, and to stay
	    in touch with their absent parent











4. Recovery and Stabilization

Common Reactions


	- concern that your partner is coping so well that
	    you are no longer needed
	- feelings of increased confidence, independence,
	    competence, freedom, pride, isolation, anxiety, depression





General Suggestions


	- enjoy new skills, freedom and independence
	- celebrate signs of positive growth in self, partner, children
	- offer empathy and support to family, friends, colleagues in need





For Spouse Deployed


	- maintain regular contact with family - mail (letters, tapes,
	    gifts), phone calls, faxes, E-mail, Internet, etc.
	- participate in formal debriefings following critical incidents
	- confide in trusted colleagues, clergy





For Spouse at Home


	- share your feelings of pride and self-confidence, reassuring
	    your partner that you still long for the separation to end
	- encourage and assist your children to keep the absent
	    parent a vital part of the family
	- share ideas for care packages with other spouses in
	    support groups











5. Anticipation of Homecoming

Common Reactions


	- increased energy and activity
	- sleep and appetite disturbances
	- feelings of joy, excitement anxiety, apprehension,
	    restlessness, impatience





General Suggestions


	- share your feelings of apprehension as well as
	    excitement and joy
	- share your expectations and desires for the homecoming
	- reassure your partner of your love and commitment
	- include your children in planning for the homecoming celebration
	- plan to have some family time with the children before
	    the "honeymoon"





For Spouse Deployed


	- relay only officially confirmed information about
	    your return (date, time, location) to your family
	- participate in preparation for reunion activities
	    (briefings, workshops)





For Spouse at Home


	- ignore rumours and try to wait patiently for official date,
	    time, location information for your partner's return
	- participate in preparation for reunion activities
	    (briefings, workshops)











6. Renegotiation of Relationship



Common Reactions


	- difficulty re-establishing emotional and sexual intimacy
	- feelings of excitement, disorganization, resentment, frustration
	- grieving over loss of freedom and independence





General Suggestions


	- communicate as openly and honestly as possible - accept your
	    feeling as normal and not a threat to the relationship
	- to be patient with yourself and your partner
	- renegotiate your roles and responsibilities - the workload
	    can again be shared, but perhaps in a new way
	- celebrate together the personal growth each has achieved
	    during the separation
	- continue to participate in support group/network
	- seek professional counselling (clergy, social worker, doctor,
	    psychologist) for continuing signs of critical incident
	    stress, or other concerns











7. Reintegration and Stabilization



Common Reactions


	- feelings of intimacy, closeness, confidence in relationship(s)





General Suggestions


	- relax and enjoy yourself and your family
	- begin Preparation and planning for the next assignment









Remember


The challenges of separation and reunion Provide opportunities for your relationships - a time to evaluate
the changes that have occurred within and between partners; to redefine roles and responsibilities and
synthesize all the changes into a renewed, rejuvenated relationship.













Part 4:  Critical Incident Stress




Critical Incidents


What is a critical incident (CI)? it is an event outside the range of normal experience which is
sudden and unexpected, disrupts one's sense of control, involves the perception of a life threat, and
may include elements of physical or emotional loss.




Some Types of Critical Incidents


	- natural disasters
	- multiple-casualty accidents
	- sexual or other assault
	- death of a child
	- hostage-taking
	- suicide
	- traumatic death in family
	- duty-related death of co-worker
	- war-related civilian deaths





Examples of Critical Incidents


Outbreak of hostilities: United Nations staff members are pinned down in a crossfire situation by rifle,
rocket and mortar.  The staff members are trapped in a house with limited food, no fresh water, and no
heat or light for almost four days.


Evacuation:	United Nations staff members are caught in the middle of a civil war.  The staff members
and their families are evacuated to a safe location, but not before seeing many people brutally beaten or
shot.


Peace-keeping mission: United Nations staff members are attacked in a hotel lobby.  Everyone is robbed,
three are badly beaten, and one woman is beaten and raped.


Project site: United Nations humanitarian workers who are working on a disease prevention project are
hit by a severe tropical storm.  Many local persons are killed and several UN staff members are injured.


While a CI may occur anywhere, anytime, there are occupational groups who are at increased risk of
exposure to psychologically traumatic events.




High-Risk Occupational Groups


	- fire-fighters
	- emergency health-care workers
	- police officers
	- search and rescue personnel
	- disaster relief and humanitarian aid workers
	- United Nations peace-keepers, staff members,
	    observers, monitors










Facts about Critical Incident Stress


What is critical incident stress (CIS)?  "Critical incident stress" is a term for the unusually strong
physical and emotional reactions experienced in the face of a CI.  These reactions could interfere with
one's ability to function during or after the event.  A strong reaction is a normal reaction; few remain
unaffected by a CI, although reactions may differ.  Some reactions are immediate and some may occur
and/or recur days, even weeks later.


Critical incident stress is a normal reaction to an abnormal event.

	Reactions may be:
	- physical
	- cognitive (thinking)
	- emotional (feeling)


	Common Immediate Physical Reactions:
	- nausea
	- muscle tremors
	- sweating
	- dizziness
	- chills
	- increased heart rate
	- increased blood pressure
	- hyperventilation (fast, deep breathing)

	
	Common Delayed Physical Reactions:
	- fatigue
	- exaggerated startle response
	- increased use/misuse of alcohol and drugs
	- sleep-related difficulties:
		-difficulty falling asleep
		-nightmares
		-night sweats
		-restlessness
		-awakening early
		-difficulty awakening


	Common Immediate Cognitive Reactions:
	- confusion
	- difficulty making decisions
	- impaired thinking
	- difficulty in problem solving
	- memory loss
	- calculation difficulties
	- anomia (difficulty remembering the names of things)












	Common Cognitive Reactions:
	- decreased attention span
	- poor concentration
	- memory problems
	- flashbacks (re-experiencing the event)


	Common Immediate Emotional Reactions
	- anxiety
	- anger
	- fear
	- irritability
	- guilt
	- feeling overwhelmed
	- grief
	- hopelessness


	Common Delayed Emotional Reactions
	- feeling abandoned
	- resentment
	- feeling of alienation
	- withdrawal
	- numbness
	- depression







The severity of reactions depends on several factors:

	Factors Related to the Incident
	- suddenness
	- intensity
	- duration
	- available social support


	Factors Related to the Person
	- past experience
	- personal loss
	- perception of threat
	- personal coping abilities




Critical incidents cannot be predicted, nor can critical incident
stress be prevented.  However, you can increase your resistance by
considering the filling aspects of health.

	- psychological
	- spiritual
	- social
	- emotional
	- physical


	Some Suggestions for Staying Healthy
	- S	Sensible eating
	- T	Take time to enjoy life
	- R	Rest and relaxation
	- E	Exercise and education (about CIS)
	- S	Social support (family, friends)
	- S	Satisfying expressions of spirituality and sexuality












What Can YOU Do about CIS?



Research and experience with people who have been exposed to traumatic events (critical incidents)
provide a variety of techniques to assist you, both during and after the event.




	During the Critical Incident (CI)
	- recognize the signs of CIS
	- maintain a positive attitude
	- try to control breathing - slow, regular
	- focus on the immediate task
	- stay in contact with others by talking
	- care for yourself - food, water, clothing, rest
	- if prolonged exposure, take breaks and rotate tasks


	After the Critical Incident
	- talk about the event - what you saw, heard, smelled, did, etc.
	    and about your reactions, particularly how you felt
	- practice stress management techniques, such as:
		-deep-breathing exercises
		-progressive relaxation
		-meditation and/or prayer
		-physical activity
		-music, reading
	- use humour, to facilitate acceptance of reactions
	- participate in critical-incident-stress defusing as soon as
	    possible after the event, and later in critical-incident-stress
	    debriefing (CISD)


	Critical-Incident-Stress Defusing
	- Critical-incident-stress defusing occurs in a group
	    meeting of those involved, directly after the event.


	The Purposes of CIS Defusing Are
	- to allow those involved to describe what happened, and to
	    talk about their reactions
	- to provide information about normal stress reactions, about
	    available support services and about details of the
	    follow-up critical-incident-stress debriefing


	Critical-Incident-Stress Debriefing
	Critical-incident-stress debriefing (CISD) is a process	designed
	to lessen the impact of a CI.  It includes:

	- a structured intervention by specialty trained members of a
	    Critical Incident Stress Team
	- an organized group meeting which allows and encourages those
	    involved in a critical incident to discuss their thoughts
	    and reactions openly in a safe, non-threatening environment
	    48 to 72 hours after the critical incident
	- The purpose of critical-incident-stress debriefing is not to
	    provide counselling but rather to provide a safe opportunity
	    to deal with immediate reactions to a stressful traumatic event.






Remember:  Reactions to a critical incident are normal symptoms experienced by normal people
following an abnormal event.  These symptoms can temporarily interfere with a person's ability to cope
at work or at home.


For most people, most symptoms will diminish both in intensity and in frequency within a few days or
weeks.  This process will be greatly assisted by a formal CISD and by discussing concerns with trusted
family members, friends and, if you wish, a trained counsellor.












	Common Concerns Following A Critical Incident
	- sleep disturbances
	- fear of event repetition
	- feelings of guilt, anxiety, anger, fear
	- fluctuating moods
	- preoccupation with the event
	- feeling of isolation
	- startle reaction




	Suggestions for Coping Skills to Assist Recovery


	DO:
	- expect the incident to bother you
	- remind yourself that your reactions are normal
	- spend time with family, friends and co-workers
	- maintain a balanced diet with minimum caffeine and sugar
	- exercise on a daily, moderate basis
	- take time for leisure activities
	- learn as much as possible about CIS
	- talk to trusted family, friends, counsellor
	- mimize use of alcohol and drugs
	- treat yourself especially well - you deserve it!


	DON'T:
	- think you are going "crazy"
	- try to resist recurring thoughts, dreams or flashbacks
	- withdraw from family, friends, co-workers
	- think you are the only one who has been affected
	- drink alcohol excessively
	- abuse medication
	- have unrealistic expectations for recovery - it takes time!


	Suggestions for Family and Friends
	- listen carefully
	- spend time with the affected person
	- offer your assistance and listening ear
	- reassure them that they are safe and normal
	- help them with routine tasks like cleaning, cooking, caring
	    for the family
	- allow them some private time
	- don't take their anger (or other feelings) personally
	- tell them you are sorry such an event has occurred and you
	    want to understand and assist them
	- call for help or support as soon as you feel you need it












Critical Incident Stress Summary



A critical incident is an event outside the range of normal experiences which is sudden and
unexpected, disrupts one's sense of control, involves the perception of a life threat and may include
elements of physical or emotional loss.


There are actions that can be taken before, during and after a critical incident that can help a staff
member resolve the situation and minimize the effects of critical incident stress.



BEFORE



Good mental and physical health before exposure to critical incidents enables a person to better cope with
the stress related to such incidents.  Unresolved family or personal problems will complicate the critical
incident stress and reduce your ability(ky to respond effectively.  A staff member who is unaware of the
conditions and risks of the mission may react more strongly to any incident which might occur.  Before a
mission assignment, pre-mission briefings and training related to critical incidents will help prepare staff
members to resolve the issues surrounding critical incident stress.



DURING



A critical incident may be brief or prolonged; but often the situation does not allow the individual
experiencing the incident to immediately stop and resolve it.  In these cases, the best solution is to
recognize the critical incident while carrying on with the tasks at hand.  Maintain a positive attitude and
focus.  Talking and working as a team can help staff members get through the immediate situation.  If
conditions fast for hours or days, taking care of oneself, including adequate breaks, food, personal hygiene
and rest, is essential.










AFTER



The most important action in resolving critical incident stress is the group meeting held immediately after
the event.  The first level is a defusing meeting.  It includes all the group members who experienced the
critical incident.  The defusing provides each person the opportunity to describe what he or she
experienced and how each one reacted (thought and felt) about the same incident.  The defusing reminds
those involved that human reactions after a critical incident are normal; only the situation is abnormal. 
Defusing informs them about the follow-up critical-incident-stress debriefing session and available support
services.  The defusing meeting should be directed by a trained, experienced critical incident stress
management professional.


The next level, which should take place 48 to 72 hours after the critical incident, is the more formal
debriefing led by a team specially trained to manage critical incident stress.  The debriefing provides those
involved with the incident an in-depth opportunity to talk about their experiences, and their physical and
mental reactions, in order to validate them.  The entire debriefing process helps to mitigate the long-term
effects of critical incident stress.  The debriefings are confidential and should be held in a safe, quiet
environment.  In many situations, follow-up sessions after the initial debriefing have proved to be helpful.


Relatives, friends and co-workers should be familiar with the delayed reactions common to critical incident
stress.  It is important that the individual have someone trusted with whom to discuss his or her concerns. 
This can be a relative, a close friend or a trained counsellor.





Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder



Critical incident stress is a major factor in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 
Preparations for and interventions following critical incidents reduce the onset potential of PTSD.



What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?



It is a medical diagnosis made by a medical professional according to specific criteria.  It may include
chronic symptoms of critical incident stress that interfere with work and social life long after the event.


PTSD occurs in only a small minority of people exposed to psychologically traumatic events and is
normally prevented by adequate critical incident stress management.










Part 5:  Homecoming




Changes and Expectations


With mission assignments comes change.   Knowing what to expect and how to deal with changes can
make reunion more enjoyable and less stressful.  Below are some hints you might find helpful.

	Expectations for UN Staff Members
	- you may want to talk about what you saw and did;
	    others may seem not to want to listen
	- or you may not want to talk about it when others keep asking
	- you may miss the excitement of the deployment for a while
	- some things may have changed while you were gone
	- roles may have changed in managing basic household chores
	- face-to-face communication may be hard at first
	- sexual closeness may also be awkward at first
	- children may have grown and may be different in many ways
	- spouses may have become more independent and learned new
	    coping skills
	- spouses may have new friends and support systems
	- you may have changed in your outlook and priorities in life


	Expectations for Spouses
	- UN staff members may have changed
	- UN staff members, used to the open spaces of the field,
	    may feel closed in
	- UN staff members also may be overwhelmed by the noise
	    and confusion of home life
	- UN staff members may be on a different schedule of sleeping
	    and eating (jet lag)
	- UN staff members may wonder if they still fit into the family
	- UN staff members may want to take back all the
	    responsibilities they had before they left
	- UN staff members may feel hurt when young children are
	    slow to hug them


	Expectations for Children
	- babies less than 1 year old may not know you and may cry
	    when held
	- toddlers (1 -3 yrs.) may hide from you and be slow to
	    come to you
	- preschoolers (3-5 wks.) may feel guilty over the separation
	    and be scared
	- school-age (6-12 yrs.) may want a lot of your time and attention
	- teenagers (I 3-1 8 yrs.) may be moody and may appear not to care
	- any age may feel guilty about not living up to your standards
	- some may fear your return ('Wait until Mommy/Daddy gets home!")
	- some may feel torn by loyalties to the spouse who remained












Reunion

	
Reunion is a part of the mission assignment cycle and is filled	with joy and
stress.  The following tips can help you have the best possible reunion.


Tips for Reunion

	Tips for UN Staff Members
	- support good things your family has done
	- take time to talk with your spouse and children
	- make individual time for each child and your spouse
	- go slowly when re-establishing your place in the family
	- be prepared to make some adjustments
	- romantic conversation can lead to more enjoyable sex
	- take time to listen and to talk with loved ones
	- go easy on partying


	Tips for Spouses
	- avoid scheduling too many things
	- go slowly in making adjustments
	- you and your mate may need time for yourselves
	- remind your mate that he or she is still needed in the family
	- discuss sharing of family chores
	- stick to your budget until you have had time to talk it through
	- along with time for the family, make individual time to talk
	- be patient with yourself and your partner


	Tips for Reunion with Children
	- go slowly; adapt to the rules and routines already in place
	- learn from how your spouse manages the children
	- be available to your child, with both time and your emotions
	- let the child set the pace for getting to know you again
	- delay making changes in rules and routines for a few weeks
	- expect the family will not be the same as before you left,
	    everyone has changed
	- focus on successes with your children; limit your criticisms
	- encourage children to tell you about what happened during
	    the separation
	- make individual time for each child and your spouse












Part 6:   Appendices



This handbook was published as a mission readiness tool to guide all United Nations staff members in
their preparation for peace-keeping mission assignments.  It is dedicated to them for their tireless efforts,
year after year, which have helped to make peace-keeping a success.





Acknowledgements/Credits:


The materials and information in this handbook were developed, in part, by the Staff Counsellor's Office
of MEAD/OHRM and the Training Service, United Nations Headquarters, New York.  Other information and
research materials came from UN staff members' peace-keeping-mission-related experiences and the
experiences of peace-keeping soldiers from the American, Canadian and European military.


OHRM extends a special appreciation to the Department of National Defence, Canada, and its Directorate
of Health Treatment Services for granting permission to use materials from their publications entitled
"Preparing for Deployment Stress" and "Preparing for Critical Incident Stress."










Appendix A


WORKSHEET FOR WILLS AND POWERS OF ATTORNEY


PERSONAL INFORMATION


Name		_______________________________________________________
Address		_______________________________________________________
		_______________________________________________________
Social Security Number	________________________
Date of Birth 	________________________________
Residence Phone ________________________________
Position/Occupation ___________________________________________________
Employer ______________________________________________________________
Address _______________________________________________________________
	_______________________________________________________________
Business Phone	________________________________




SPOUSE


Name		________________________________________________________
Address		________________________________________________________
Social Security Number	_________________________
Date of Birth	_________________________________




CHILD(REN)


Name		________________________________________________________
Address		________________________________________________________
		________________________________________________________
Social Security Number	_________________________
Date of Birth	_________________________________


Name		________________________________________________________
Address		________________________________________________________
		________________________________________________________
Social Security Number	_________________________
Date of Birth	_________________________________


Name		________________________________________________________
Address		________________________________________________________
		________________________________________________________
Social Security Number	_________________________
Date of Birth	_________________________________


Name		________________________________________________________
Address		________________________________________________________
		________________________________________________________
Social Security Number	_________________________
Date of Birth	_________________________________












WILL INFORMATION


Executor	________________________________________________________
Address		________________________________________________________
		________________________________________________________
Phone		_________________________________


Co-Executor	________________________________________________________
Address		________________________________________________________
		________________________________________________________
Phone		_________________________________



Alternate	________________________________________________________
Address		________________________________________________________
		________________________________________________________
Phone		_________________________________


Alternate	________________________________________________________
Address		________________________________________________________
		________________________________________________________
Phone		_________________________________


Location of Will	________________________________________________
			________________________________________________



LIVING WILL INFORMATION


Agent		________________________________________________________
Address		________________________________________________________
		________________________________________________________
Phone		_________________________________


Alternate	________________________________________________________
Address		________________________________________________________
		________________________________________________________
Phone		_________________________________


Location of Living Will
		________________________________________________________
		________________________________________________________










HEALTH-CARE POWER OF ATTORNEY INFORMATION


Agent		________________________________________________________
Address		________________________________________________________
		________________________________________________________
Phone		_________________________________


Location of Health-Care Power of Attorney
		________________________________________________________
		________________________________________________________








SPECIAL POWER OF ATTORNEY INFORMATION


Agent		________________________________________________________
Address		________________________________________________________
		________________________________________________________
Phone		_________________________________


Location of Special Power of Attorney
		________________________________________________________
		________________________________________________________








GENERAL POWER OF ATTORNEY INFORMATION


Agent		________________________________________________________
Address		________________________________________________________
		________________________________________________________
Phone		_________________________________


Location of Special Power of Attorney
		________________________________________________________
		________________________________________________________












Appendix B


TWO-WAY RADIO INFORMATION


If your assignment requires you to learn how to use a radio, it is suggested that you obtain a thorough
briefing on its operation and maintenance.  The phonetic alphabet provided below is required in most two-way-radio conversations.



PHONETIC ALPHABET


In spelling or when using letters in messages while transmitting or receiving with a radio unit, utilize the
phonetic alphabet.


When transmitting information, spell the names that are unusual.


Numbers should also be transmitted individually and then as a whole number.  For example, vehicle
license number U N S 1 2 is transmitted: U, N, S, 1, 2 (pause) UNIFORM, NOVEMBER, SIERRA, ONE,
TWO.


Whenever using the phonetic alphabet, say the letter first, and then use its identifier, as follows: "A" -
ALPHA, "B" - BRAVO, etc.



	A	ALPHA			N	NOVEMBER
	B	BRAVO			O	OSCAR
	C	CHARLIE			P	PAPA
	D	DELTA			Q	QUEBEC
	E	ECHO			R	ROMEO
	F	FOXTROT			S	SIERRA
	G	GOLF			T	TANGO
	H	HOTEL			U	UNIFORM
	I	INDIA			V	VICTOR
	J	JULIET			W	WHISKEY
	K	KILO			X	X-RAY
	L	LIMA			Y	YANKEE
	M	MIKE			Z	ZULU


All base stations shall identify themselves with their unique phonetic alphabet name followed by
CONTROL: Tango Control, Charlie Control, Foxtrot Control and Sierra Control.










Appendix C


AUTOMOBILE TROUBLESHOOTING


Peace-keeping mission life is often unpredictable.  You might have to learn how to operate a manual-shift,
transmission or four-wheel-drive vehicle.  You also need to consider what you would do if your vehicle
stopped working and there was no repairman around, Listed below is a basic trouble-shooting procedure
which might help you get your vehicle going again.

1.	Check your petroleum level.  Are you out of gas?
2.	Check your fan belt.  Is it broken?
3.	Check your battery cables.  Are they tightly fastened?
4.	Check your distributor wires.  Are they all connected
	to the distributor cap?
5.	Check your spark-plug wires.  Are they all firmly connected
	to the spark-plugs?


If you're not familiar with the above, we suggest taking your automobile to your local service centre
and asking your repairman to describe the location and function of each item.  Tell your repairman that
you are interested in basic automotive trouble-shooting and he may make useful suggestions for basic
repairs.










Appendix D


WELLNESS FACT SHEET


How well do you think you are?  Reviewing these wellness factors might help you decide to make some
lifestyle changes which could improve your health, fitness and wellness levels.



YOUR METABOLIC RATE


More Well	Generally elevated, more calories consumed in all
		activities, promotes leanness.


Less Well	Generally suppressed, fewer calories consumed
		per activity, tends to accumulate more fat.






YOUR HEART


More Well	Strengthened, circulates more blood per beat,
		 permits lower resting heart rate.


Less Well	Weakened, circulates less blood per beat,
		 requires higher resting heart rate.




YOUR BLOOD


More Well	Decreased cholesterol (fat), triglycerides, blood
		sugar, insulin, adrenaline clotting.


Less Well	Increased cholesterol (fat), triglycerides,
		 blood sugar, insulin, adrenaline clotting.




YOUR BLOOD VESSEL


More Well 	Larger, more elastic, less obstructed with fat,
		 freer circulation, lower blood pressure.


Less Well	Constricted, inelastic, clogged with excess fat,
		reduced circulation, elevated blood pressure.






YOUR MUSCLES


More Well	Stronger, more firm, defined and efficient,
		 tending to burn more calories.


Less Well	Weaker, less toned and efficient, tending to
		burn fewer calories, less sensitive to insulin.




YOUR LUNGS


More Well	Expanded capacity for oxygen absorption and
		waste expulsion.


Less Well	Restricted capacity for oxygen absorption and
		waste expulsion.












YOUR BONES


More Well	Stronger, more dense and resilient.


Less Well	Weaker, more porous and brittle.




YOUR JOINTS


More Well	Capable of a wide range of fluid motion.


Less Well	Stiff, restricted, sometimes painful motion.




YOUR BODY COMPOSITION


More Well	Lean, with proportionally more muscle and bone.


Less Well	Fat, with proportionally less muscle and bone.




YOUR RISK OF ILLNESS


More Well	Decreased risk due to healthier heart, lungs, blood
		vessels, liver, bones, muscle and body composition


Less Well	Increased risk of diseases of heart, lungs, blood
		vessels and liver; of diabetes, stroke, accidents and
		broken bones.




YOUR MENTAL FUNCTIONING


More Well	Alert, more clear and concentrated, less boredom
		and fatigue
Less Well	Dull, worried and distracted, more boredom
		and fatigue




YOUR EMOTIONS


More Well	More patient, tolerant, relaxed and enthusiastic.


Less Well	Impatient, critical, tense and depressed.




YOUR SELF-CONCEPT


More Well	More confident with positive appreciation of self.


Less Well	Less certain, more doubtful and self-conscious.




YOUR QUALITY OF LIFE


More Well	More active, generating greater vitality and
		endurance, tending toward health.


Less Well	Inactive, generating less vitality and endurance,
		tending toward illness.






Enjoy the many lasting benefits of living a life of health, fitness and wellness.